斑马鱼模型在药物筛选中的应用

斑马鱼具有子代数量多、体外受精、胚胎透明、可以做大规模遗传突变筛选等生物学特性, 因此成为一种良好的脊椎动物模式生物。随着研究的深入, 斑马鱼不仅应用于遗传学和发育生物学研究, 而且拓展和延伸到疾病模型和药物筛选领域。作为一种整体动物模型, 斑马鱼能够全面地检测评估化合物的活性和副作用, 实现高内涵筛选。近年来, 科学家们不断地发展出新的斑马鱼疾病模型和新的筛选技术, 并找到了一批活性化合物。这些化合物大多数在哺乳动物模型中也有相似的效果, 其中前列腺素E2(dmPGE2)和来氟米特(Leflunomide)已经进入临床实验, 分别用来促进脐带血细胞移植后的增殖和治疗黑素瘤。这些成果显示了斑马鱼模型很适合用于药物筛选。文章概括介绍了斑马鱼模型的特点和近年来在疾病模型和药物筛选方面的进展, 希望能够帮助人们了解斑马鱼在新药研发中的应用, 并开展基于斑马鱼模型的药物筛选。     

浙江省有了首个国际斑马鱼新药筛选平台

新药筛选,就是用动物实验来筛选、淘汰某种研制药物中药性评价结果不佳的候选成分。一般每10万个候选成分中只有2到3个可以成为最终成功上市的药物。以往新药筛选动物实验用得最多的是小白鼠,现在斑马鱼进入研究人员的视线,它是一种易于饲养的淡水热带鱼,是继老鼠、人类之后第三大脊椎类模式生物,其与人类基因同源性高达85%。传化集团孵化的环特生物公司专门研究斑马鱼药物筛选。浙江省"千人计划"专家、环特生物总裁李春启博士说,斑马鱼实验一周内就可完成,其成本只有老鼠实验的十分之一到百分之一。研发时间短、成本低使得斑马鱼被应用于抗癌类、心血管类和抗癫痫类等新药的筛选。     

细胞自噬在斑马鱼中的研究进展

细胞自噬是一种维持细胞内稳态的重要方式,并被发现与许多人类疾病相关。由于其具有重大的理论研究价值和潜在应用前景,是近年来生命科学领域的热点之一。细胞自噬的功能与机制在物种间是高度保守的,对它的研究已在多种模式生物中展开。斑马鱼是一种常用的脊椎模式动物,具有影像学、遗传学和发育生物学等学科研究的优势,也可用于高通量药物筛选,是研究细胞自噬的理想材料。目前在斑马鱼中展开的细胞自噬相关研究取得了很多进展。本研究首先简要地描述了自噬的发生过程,重点综述应用于斑马鱼中的自噬检测方法,以及利用斑马鱼模型进行的与自噬相关人类疾病的研究。     

斑马鱼发育毒性与致畸性相关实验研究进展

自1994年Science、Nature等杂志发表专题评述,至2009年野生型AB品系斑马鱼全基因组测序完成,斑马鱼已经成为一种公认的新型模式生物。斑马鱼模式生物在发育毒性与致畸性研究中引人注目的优势是胚胎发育的透明性,基于高通量的检测体系,以及短时-高效-低费筛选,用于中药毒理和重大疾病中中药活性成分筛选,以及小分子化合物的大规模新药筛选研究。随着"3R原则"的推行与实施,斑马鱼可能发展成为发育毒性与致畸性试验哺乳动物替代模型。概括介绍了国内外斑马鱼发育毒性与致畸性研究最新进展。     

斑马鱼研究走向生物医学

1972年美国俄勒冈大学George Streisinger教授开始研究斑马鱼(Danio rerio)至今, 斑马鱼以其独特的优点, 已经成为现代遗传学、发育生物学研究的重要模式动物。世界范围内斑马鱼研究群体的工作已奠定了较为完善的胚胎学、分子遗传学研究基础, 并且斑马鱼已被应用于开发人类重大疾病模型和药物筛选平台, 取得了许多有价值的研究成果。文章简述了斑马鱼成为模式动物的历史, 侧重介绍了业已建立的白血病、黑色素瘤、感染免疫疾病、神经疾病等斑马鱼模型, 以及利用斑马鱼进行小分子化合物/药物筛选和研发的现状。斑马鱼研究向生物医学方向的拓展, 必将为人类理解重大疾病发生机制、寻找疾病治疗方法, 为维护人类卫生、健康做出贡献。     

高通量药物筛选技术进展及新药开发策略

新药研发过程中．通过筛选而获得具有生物活性的先导化合物．是创新药物研究的关键．目前药物筛选模型已经从传统的整体动物、器官和组织水平发展到细胞和分子水平。创新药物的发现都离不开采用适当的药物作用靶点对大量化合物样品进行筛选．而且筛选规模越大,发现新药的机会就越多。随着计算机技术、生物芯片、蛋白质组学、组合化学等的发展．高通量药物筛选技术应运而生。高通量筛选体系在创新药物筛选中的应用是新药开发研究的一个重要领域。     

模式动物斑马鱼在神经系统疾病研究中的应用

近年来,斑马鱼作为一种新型模式动物被广泛地应用于发育学、遗传学、行为学和分子生物学等研究领域。其具有繁殖能力强、发育迅速且同步、体外受精和幼体透明等生物学和形态学特点,经广泛培养和筛选突变品种,目前斑马鱼品系资源丰富。与其他非脊椎模式动物相比,它与人类有更高的同源性。本文主要介绍斑马鱼作为一种理想的模式动物,结合其特殊的行为学检测手段和分子生物学特点,在研究神经系统疾病的发病机制、构建疾病模型和相应药物筛选等方面的应用。     

斑马鱼作为骨骼疾病模型的研究进展

斑马鱼作为一种优良的动物模型已被广泛应用于人类相关疾病机理及药物筛选的研究。由于斑马鱼骨骼发育过程和调控机制与哺乳动物高度保守,目前已成功构建斑马鱼骨骼疾病模型。本文首先介绍斑马鱼骨骼发育过程和分子调控机制,并对斑马鱼模型骨骼研究的基本方法及在骨骼药物筛选中的研究现状进行分析和总结,以期对斑马鱼作为骨骼疾病模型进行药物筛选或基础研究提供参考。     

斑马鱼在抗肿瘤血管生成研究中的应用

近年来,斑马鱼作为一种新的模式生物,在胚胎的分子发育机制、疾病模型的构建以及药物筛选等研究中受到了广泛重视。随着先进的基因诱导技术和共聚焦显微观察技术的发展,斑马鱼已经在抗肿瘤血管生成药物研究中得到广泛应用。就斑马鱼在抗肿瘤血管生成药物筛选及其在肿瘤血管生成机制方面研究的应用作一综述。     

基于斑马鱼模式生物的中药主要成分抑制血管生成的活性筛选

利用荧光转基因斑马鱼模型筛选来源于不同药性中药的主要成分,比较其抑制血管生成的作用差异,为研发抗肿瘤新药提供先导化合物。以TG(VEGFR2:GFP)系荧光转基因斑马鱼作为筛选模型,18种来源于不同药性中药的主要成分,按照25、50、100μg/m L的药物浓度分别作用于斑马鱼胚胎,观察对斑马鱼体节间血管(ISVs)生成的影响,并进行定量分析。结果发现,18种中药成分均有不同程度的抑制斑马鱼血管生成作用,其中来源于寒性和热性中药的主要成分抑制作用比较明显,来源于平性中药的成分抑制作用比较弱,5种效果很明显的成分分别是汉防己甲素、木通皂苷D、阿魏酸、丹参酮IIA、儿茶素,且具有一定的量效关系。本研究从中药寒热药性理论的角度,探讨了来源于不同药性中药的主要成分抑制血管生成的活性,筛选出的5种中药成分,具有很明显的抑制斑马鱼体节间血管(ISVs)生成作用,可以为抗肿瘤药物的研发提供先导化合物,为抗肿瘤先导化合物的筛选提供新的思路。     

计算机虚拟筛选技术在害虫行为调节剂研究中的应用

害虫行为调节剂是一种以嗅觉系统为靶标的绿色农药,在害虫的田间管理中发挥着重要的作用。然而,其先导化合物的发现通常依赖一系列生物测定的方法,不仅费时费力,且发现效率低。近年来,随着昆虫嗅觉功能数据的积累和结构生物学的飞速发展,以机器学习技术和分子对接为代表的2种基于计算机的药物虚拟筛选方法在害虫行为调节剂的先导化合物研究中发挥着重要的作用,极大地促进了先导化合物的发现效率,减少了筛选的盲目性。本文系统综述了2种虚拟筛选方法及其在害虫行为调节剂先导化合物研究中的应用,并对2种筛选策略在实际应用中存在的问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

New perspectives on the use of nucleic acids in pharmacological applications: inhibitory action of extracellular self-DNA in biological systems

The research for new products against pathogens, parasites and infesting species, in both agriculture and medicine, implies huge and increasing scientific, industrial and economic efforts. Traditional approaches are based on random screening procedures searching for bioactive compounds. However, the success of such methodologies in most cases has been strongly limited by side-effects of the potential new drugs, especially toxicity and pharmacological resistance. The use of nucleic acids in drug development has been introduced searching for target-specific effect. In addition, a recent discovery revealed that randomly fragmented extracellular self-DNA may act as highly species-specific inhibitory product for different species, suggesting an unprecedented use of DNA for biological control. On this base, a new scenario of pharmacological applications is discussed.     

Haemonchus contortus: in vitro drug screening assays with the adult life stage

Motility and feeding assays were assessed as in vitro systems for screening of novel compounds for anthelmintic activity against adult Haemonchus contortus. The study aimed to develop an assay with the parasitic adult stage of this species that could be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, the free-living larval stage screens commonly used for drug discovery with many parasitic nematode species. The feeding assay showed limitations due to the apparent continuation of a significant degree of feeding in worms showing greatly reduced motility in the presence of some drugs. Hence, it appeared most likely that the feeding assay would underestimate the toxicity of these drugs. The motility assay was able to detect toxicity of known anthelmintics, including the 'slow-acting' benzimidazoles. A small-scale screening exercise used the motility assay to detect toxicity towards adult parasites in 10 compounds out of a group of 200 chemicals (selected due to known toxic effects in larval development assays). The motility assay appeared suitable for drug screening against adult H. contortus. The use of the adult stage for drug screening in this way ensures that the drug is toxic towards the parasite life stage to be targeted in vivo. A lack of activity in subsequent in vivo trials could, therefore, be most likely attributable to host pharmacokinetic factors rather than an intrinsic lack of activity of the drug towards the adult parasite.     

Zebrafish as a model system for biomedical studies

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is now firmly recognized as a powerful research model for many areas of biology and medicine. Here, we review some achievements of zebrafish-based assays for modeling human diseases and for drug discovery and development. For drug discovery, zebrafish is especially valuable during the earlier stages of research as its represents a model organism to demonstrate a new treatment’s efficacy and toxicity before more costly mammalian models are used. This review considers some examples of known compounds which exhibit both physiological activity and toxicity in humans and zebrafish. The major advantages of zebrafish embryos consist in their permeability to small molecules added to their incubation medium and chorion transparency that enables the easy observation of the development. Assay of acute toxicity (LC₅₀ estimation) in embryos can also include the screening for developmental disorders as an indicator of teratogenic effects. We have used the zebrafish model for toxicity testing of new drugs based on phospholipid nanoparticles (e.g. doxorubicin). Genome organization and the pathways involved into control of signal transduction appear to be highly conserved between zebrafish and humans and therefore zebrafish may be used for modeling of human diseases. The review provides some examples of zebrafish application in this field.     

秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）在药物筛选中的应用

基于靶点的体外药物筛选操作相对简单,成本较低,但是由于药物在体内的作用并不仅仅取决于其与靶点的作用程度,吸收、分布、代谢、排泄特征和毒性均会对早期先导物能否进入临床使用产生极大的影响,因此,药物的体内筛选受到重视。本文重点综述了秀丽隐杆线虫（C.elegans）在抗衰老、抗感染药物筛选中的应用情况。秀丽隐杆线虫结构简单、易于培养和可实现高通量筛选,在未来的药物筛选中必将发挥更重要的作用。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">ADDME – Avoiding Drug Development Mistakes Early</Emphasis>: central nervous system drug discovery perspective

The advent of early absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) screening has increased the attrition rate of weak drug candidates early in the drug-discovery process, and decreased the proportion of compounds failing in clinical trials for ADMET reasons. This paper reviews the history of ADMET screening and its place in pharmaceutical development, and central nervous system drug discovery in particular. Assays that have been developed in response to specific needs and improvements in technology that result in higher throughput and greater accuracy of prediction of human mechanisms of absorption and toxicity are discussed. The paper concludes with the authors' forecast of new models that will better predict human efficacy and toxicity.     

Small Molecule Screening in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Terminal Cell Types

A need for better clinical outcomes has heightened interest in the use of physiologically relevant human cells in the drug discovery process. Patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells may offer a relevant, robust, scalable, and cost-effective model of human disease physiology. Small molecule high throughput screening in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells with the intent of identifying novel therapeutic compounds is starting to influence the drug discovery process; however, the use of these cells presents many high throughput screening development challenges. This technology has the potential to transform the way drug discovery is performed.     

Application of mass spectrometry technologies for the discovery of low-molecular weight modulators of enzymes and protein-protein interactions

In recent years, mass spectrometry has gained widespread use as an assay and screening technology in drug discovery because it enables sensitive, label-free detection of low-molecular weight modulators of biomolecules as well as sensitive and accurate detection of high-molecular weight modifications of biomolecules. Electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are the most widely used ionization techniques to identify chemical compounds interfering with enzymatic function, receptor-ligand binding or molecules modulating a protein-protein interaction of interest. Mass spectrometry based techniques are no longer restricted to screening in biochemical assay systems but have now become also applicable to imaging of biomolecules and chemical compounds in cell-based assay systems and even in highly complex tissue sections.     

Using NMR for ligand discovery and optimization

Several recent technology-driven advances in the area of NMR have rekindled an interest in the application of the technology to problems in drug discovery and development. A unique aspect of NMR is that it has applicability in broadly different areas of the drug discovery and optimization processes. NMR techniques for screening aimed at the discovery of novel ligands or low molecular weight structures for fragment-based build up procedures are being applied commonly in the industry. Application of NMR in structure-guided drug design and metabonomics are also becoming routine. We present an overview of some of the most recent NMR developments in these areas.