体外培养人胎肝细胞生物学功能及免疫细胞的测定

目前,人胎肝细胞已用于治疗肝病,但存在着肝细胞来源困难和免疫排斥等问题。为此我们对人胎肝细胞进行了体外培养观察,并对其生长及生物活性的变化进行了测定。 取4～6个月胎龄水囊引产胎儿肝脏,机械研磨法制备单个胎肝细胞悬液,用完全1640     

Toll样受体在肝脏疾病中的功能

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)是一类可以识别病原体并迅速启动天然免疫反应的跨膜蛋白,它们也可以调节机体的获得性免疫及组织的炎症反应,是机体感知、抵御及清除病原体的关键分子。近来发现TLR在多种肝脏疾病的发生、发展及恢复过程中起着重要的调节作用,这方面的研究为许多慢性肝病的治疗提供了新的线索。该文综述了TLR在酒精性肝病、脂肪肝、病毒性肝炎、肝硬化以及肝细胞癌的病理生理学中的作用,展望了将来需重点研究的问题。     

极化上皮细胞中转运蛋白的分选

上皮组织细胞必须极化其表面区域以执行其转运生理功能。不同膜转运蛋白定位于细胞膜的不同区域,而细胞与细胞之间则须通过紧密连接复合体紧密连接成极化区域,并调节旁细胞途径的通透性。精密的机体要求上皮细胞具备一个筛选装置,用于将新合成的转运蛋白定位于合适的表面区域;转运蛋白本身也必须内含规定其功能位置的分选信号。目前上皮细胞蛋白分选和蛋白质之间相互作用已被逐渐阐明。上皮细胞通过细胞信号转导途径形成极化初始状态,将自己定位于特定位置,调节细胞与细胞之间、细胞与基质之问的相互作用。最近研究发现其信号转导通路的一个成员是一种AMP激活的蛋白激酶（AMP-stimulated protein kinase．AMPK）,它也是细胞能量感受器。     

血管新生在肝脏疾病发生与发展中作用的研究进展

血管新生是在现有血管的基础上,通过多种细胞因子的调控进而形成新的毛细血管的过程。近年来研究发现,血管新生不仅在组织修复过程中发挥其重要作用,而且在肝脏疾病的发生发展中扮演着重要的角色。本文就血管新生的概念以及其在各类肝脏疾病,如:酒精性肝病、非酒精性脂肪肝炎、病毒性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝细胞癌中的作用机制及研究进展作一综述,旨在为肝病的预防及治疗提供新的思路,并且为药物的开发提供一定的理论支持。     

肝细胞的异质性：葡萄糖和酮体在大鼠肝脏的代谢

用大鼠肝脏门静脉或肝静脉周围的肝细胞来研究葡萄糖和酮体生成的区域分布。肝细胞通过毛地黄皂苷－胶原酶灌流技术分离。门静脉周围肝细胞的ｒ谷氨酰转肽酶的活性比肝静脉周围肝细胞高２．４倍;而谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性则相反,肝静脉周围肝细胞高出５６倍。门静脉周围肝细胞的内源性葡萄糖合成比肝静脉周围肝细胞高１．５７倍。给予刺激葡萄糖异性的底物,门静脉周围肝细胞的葡萄糖合成则增加１．７－２．１倍。肝静脉周围肝细胞的     

干细胞在肝脏疾病治疗中的临床应用及分子机制

干细胞是指一群具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞,是最有治疗潜力的细胞资源,已成为再生医学领域的研究热点。目前,已有多种干细胞用于肝脏疾病的治疗,能有效改善患者血清指标,减少并发症发生,并提高生活质量。这些干细胞在细胞来源、移植途径及治疗效果等多个方面各有特点,但其治疗肝脏疾病的机制尚不清楚。本文将对目前已用于肝病治疗的各种干细胞的临床应用以及可能的分子机制进展进行阐述。     

肠道菌群在慢性肝脏疾病中作用的研究进展

随着肠—肝轴机制研究的不断深入,肠道菌群与多种慢性肝脏疾病如非酒精性脂肪性肝病、酒精性肝病、肝硬化等相关性研究日益增多。肠道菌群通过肠道菌群失调、物质能量代谢改变及免疫反应激活等机制在多种肝脏疾病发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文对肠道菌群与慢性肝脏疾病关系的研究进展进行综述。     

间充质干细胞在肝脏疾病应用的研究现况

间充质干细胞（MSC）属于成体干细胞的一种,是一类具有自我更新和多向分化能力的多能干细胞。其来源丰富,免疫原性低,目前体内外实验均发现MSC可促进损伤肝脏修复,改善症状,提高存活率。通过调节肝脏局部和全身炎症反应和免疫紊乱发挥治疗作用。本文就MSC治疗肝脏疾病的研究现况进行综述。     

肝细胞的异质性：葡萄糖和酮体在大鼠肝脏的代谢

用大鼠肝脏门静脉或肝静脉周围的肝细胞来研究葡萄糖和酮体生成的区域分布。肝细胞通过毛地黄皂苷－胶原酶灌流技术分离。门静脉周围肝细胞的γ谷氨酰转肽酶的活性比肝静脉周围肝细胞高２．４倍;而谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性则相反,肝静脉周围肝细胞高出５６倍。门静脉周围肝细胞的内源性葡萄糖合成比肝静脉周围肝细胞高１．５７倍。给予刺激葡萄糖异生的底物,门静脉周围肝细胞的葡萄糖合成则增加１．７－２．１倍。肝静脉周围肝细胞的内源性酮体生成比门静脉周围肝细胞高１．３倍。给予能明显刺激酮体生成的辛酸盐,肝静脉周围肝细胞的酮体生成仅略为增加。我们的结果证实,在基础和刺激的条件下,葡萄糖的异生在门静脉周围肝细胞中优先,而酮体生成仅在肝静脉周围肝细胞占微弱的优势。     

肝细胞生长因子Kringle的三维结构模建及与功能的关系

利用同源模建的方法模拟得到了肝细胞生长因子4个Kringle域的三维结构。结果表明,HGFKringle与纤溶酶原Kringle的氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,其功能区附近的序列比较保守。HGF的Kringlel和3与其它具有Lys结合功能的Kringle相比,功能区的残基发生了变化,可能丧失了结合Lys的功能,而2和4仍具有一定的该功能。根据Kringle 1的模建结构,推测该Kringle功能区的结构为一个通道,该通道的底部和一侧有部分疏水残基,同时两侧还分布着少量酸性或碱性残基,该通道可能具有结合特定肽链的功能,从而与Kringle 2一起实现HGF与受体结合的作用。     

Advances on liver cell-derived exosomes in liver diseases

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which contain several donor cell-associated proteins as well as mRNA, miRNA, and lipids and coordinate multiple physiological and pathological functions through horizontal communication between cells. Almost all types of liver cells, such as hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, are exosome-releasing and/or exosome-targeted cells. Exosomes secreted by liver cells play an important role in regulating general physiological functions and also participate in the onset and development of liver diseases, including liver cancer, liver injury, liver fibrosis and viral hepatitis. Liver cell-derived exosomes carry liver cell-specific proteins and miRNAs, which can be used as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets of liver disease. This review discusses the functions of exosomes derived from different liver cells and provides novel insights based on the latest developments regarding the roles of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.     

Hepatocyte polarity establishment and apical lumen formation are organized by Par3, Cdc42, and aPKC in conjunction with Lgl

Hepatocytes differ from columnar epithelial cells by their multipolar organization, which follows the initial formation of central lumen-sharing clusters of polarized cells as observed during liver development and regeneration. The molecular mechanism for hepatocyte polarity establishment, however, has been comparatively less studied than those for other epithelial cell types. Here, we show that the tight junction protein Par3 organizes hepatocyte polarization via cooperating with the small GTPase Cdc42 to target atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) to a cortical site near the center of cell–cell contacts. In 3D Matrigel culture of human hepatocytic HepG2 cells, which mimics a process of liver development and regeneration, depletion of Par3, Cdc42, or aPKC results in an impaired establishment of apicobasolateral polarity and a loss of subsequent apical lumen formation. The aPKC activity is also required for bile canalicular (apical) elongation in mouse primary hepatocytes. The lateral membrane-associated proteins Lgl1 and Lgl2, major substrates of aPKC, seem to be dispensable for hepatocyte polarity establishment because Lgl-depleted HepG2 cells are able to form a single apical lumen in 3D culture. On the other hand, Lgl depletion leads to lateral invasion of aPKC, and overexpression of Lgl1 or Lgl2 prevents apical lumen formation, indicating that they maintain proper lateral integrity. Thus, hepatocyte polarity establishment and apical lumen formation are organized by Par3, Cdc42, and aPKC; Par3 cooperates with Cdc42 to recruit aPKC, which plays a crucial role in apical membrane development and regulation of the lateral maintainer Lgl.     

Broad Distribution of Hepatocyte Proliferation in Liver Homeostasis and Regeneration

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肝细胞极性与膜蛋白分选的分子机制

肝细胞是高度特化的极性上皮细胞,细胞质膜蛋白的分选和极性转运对于肝细胞极性的建立与维持至关重要.首先,膜蛋白在内质网中合成,随后经高尔基体加工修饰,再由反面高尔基体进一步分选,最后通过膜泡运输等不同的机制分别转运到胆汁腔面或窦状隙面,行使其特殊的功能.近些年来,细胞内负责转运的细胞器和主要的分选信号已逐步被揭示.特别是循环内体也被证明参与了胆汁腔面和窦状隙面膜蛋白的极性分选和转运.肝细胞的极性一旦遭到破坏,将会引起胆汁分泌障碍以及其他肝脏功能的损伤,从而可能导致肝脏糖脂代谢紊乱,甚至丧失正常的生理功能.因此,深入研究肝脏细胞极性的形成与维持机制,将为多种肝脏疾病的预防和治疗寻找到新的方向和靶点,具有重要的理论和临床实践意义.     

Neoductular progenitor cells regenerate hepatocytes in severely damaged liver: a comparative ultrastructural study

In severely injured liver, stem cells give rise to progeny that tend to replace lost hepatocytes. Neoductular reaction appears as an inherent stage of liver reconstruction following severe damage caused by different pathological mechanisms. Few ultrastructural types of progenitor cells have been described, and some molecular phenotypes of progenitor stages have been characterized, but the details of the differentiation process are largely unknown. We prepared for light and electron microscopy examination human liver from biopsies of patients with chronic active hepatitis, and rat liver with allyl alcohol-induced periportal necrosis. We found that progenitor neoductular cells acquire the hepatocytic polarity pattern during a multi-step process apparently involving cell migration and dissolution of neoductular basement membrane. An intermediate stage with "mixed" ductular and hepatocytic polarity was described.     

肠道菌群来源细胞外囊泡在肝脏疾病中的作用研究进展

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是一类具有脂质双分子层的膜性囊泡,可以被各种类型细胞分泌,是生物体通信的重要介质,参与原核生物和真核生物细胞之间的信号传输。在肠道微生态中,微生物-宿主的双向通信通常不需要细胞直接接触,微生物群来源EVs是这种“跨界”对话的关键参与者。肠-肝轴是连接肠道微生物与肝脏的桥梁,参与包含酒精性脂肪性肝病在内的多种肝脏疾病的发生与发展,近年研究发现肠道菌群来源的EVs在肝脏疾病的进程中具有重要的调控作用。本文概述了肠道菌群来源EVs的研究进展,特别是EVs的产生机制、包裹的内容物、在细菌-宿主互作以及在肝脏疾病中的作用。     

Growth potential of adult hepatocytes in mammals: highly replicative small hepatocytes with liver progenitor-like traits

The liver is one of the few organs that is capable of completely regenerating itself without using a stem cell population. When damaged, growth factors and cytokines are released, stimulating terminally differentiated adult hepatocytes and making them re-enter the cell cycle. We have been developing a series of studies on the growth potential of rat and human hepatocytes to identify a population of hepatocytes that is responsible for the regeneration of the injured liver. For this purpose, we established an appropriate culture method for hepatocytes by which growth and differentiation capacities are practically examined under various experimental conditions. This in vitro assay system allows us to identify small hepatocytes that are prominently replicative compared to large hepatocytes. Non-parenchymal cells play critical roles in the proliferation of small hepatocytes. These hepatocytes are present in both rat and human liver and are located in portal regions there. Phenotypic features were examined at morphological and gene/protein levels in detail, which showed the phenotypic plasticity in vitro. Mammalian liver includes a population of small hepatocytes in normal adults with a minute occupancy rate. We speculate that small hepatocytes play a role in regenerating the injured liver and in compensating for apoptotic hepatocytes in the physiological turnover of hepatocytes.     

Abnormal transaminase and lipid profiles in coexisting diseases in patients with fatty liver: a population study in Sichuan

Among chronic liver diseases, fatty liver has the highest incidence worldwide. Coexistence of fatty liver and other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, is common in clinical practice. The present study was conducted to analyze the prevalence and association of coexisting diseases in patients with fatty liver and to investigate how coexisting diseases contribute to abnormal transaminase and lipid profiles. We enrolled participants who were diagnosed with fatty liver via ultrasound in the physical examination center of West China Hospital. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios (ORs). We found that 23.6% of patients who underwent physical examinations were diagnosed with fatty liver. These patients had higher risks of metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hypertension and a lower risk of HBV infection. The risks of Hp infection and hyperthyroidism did not statistically differ. When fatty liver coexisted with T2DM, MetS and thyroid dysfunction, it conferred a higher risk of elevated transaminase. Fatty liver was positively correlated with triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and negatively correlated with HBV; thus, HBV had a neutralizing effect on lipid metabolism when coexisting with fatty liver. In conclusion, patients with fatty liver that coexists with T2DM, MetS and thyroid dysfunction are more prone to elevated transaminase levels. Patients with both fatty liver and HBV may experience a neutralizing effect on their lipid metabolism. Thus, lipid alterations should be monitored in these patients during antiviral treatment for HBV.