不同麻醉方法对降低草鱼捕捉应激的作用

正应激(Stress)指生物受到外源或内源刺激后内稳态改变而产生的一系列反应~[1]。在鱼类养殖中,各种操作对鱼产生的惊扰及环境变化均会导致鱼类应激~[2,3]。应激使鱼类代谢强度增加,免疫和生长性能下降~[4,5]。有关人类和哺乳动物的应激研究已积累了大量的资料,相比之下,鱼类应激方面     

书讯

正由林浩然院士和张勇、卢丹琪、李水生完成的译著《鱼类应激生物学》(ISBN 978-7-306-06706-7)已于近日由中山大学出版社出版发行。本书为美国科学出版社2016年出版的"鱼类生理学"系列专著中的第35卷《鱼类应激生物学》(Biology of Stress in Fish)。它全面收集和总结了近三十多年来在鱼类应激生物学方面发表的科学著作和研究成果,内容包括:一、对应激的综合性论述—应激的概念,应激反应的生理特性,影响     

外来养殖鱼类的入侵风险评估及防控对策——以尼罗罗非鱼为例

[目的]筛选合适的指标建立一套外来养殖鱼类的生物入侵风险评估体系,并对外来养殖鱼类的生物入侵防控提出对策建议。[方法]通过文献资料的收集和整理,对外来养殖鱼类中典型入侵物种的入侵过程、影响危害和入侵生物学特性进行分析和归纳,从适应能力、繁殖能力、扩散能力3方面指示其入侵性;从对生物的影响和对环境的影响2方面指示其生态影响;从自然因素和人为因素2方面指示环境可入侵性,以上述3方面为框架进行评估体系构建。[结果]筛选20个指标构建了外来养殖鱼类的生物入侵风险评估体系,并举例说明该评估体系的应用。从法规政策、科学研究、治理技术和公众参与等4个方面针对性地提出外来养殖鱼类生物入侵风险防控对策。[结论]防范和治理入侵生物是一个系统工程。对于外来养殖鱼类的管理,既不能只考虑经济效益而置生态风险于不顾,也不能片面放大外来养殖良种的入侵风险。科学管控的关键在于完善制度建设、加强风险评估、发展防治手段、促进公众参与,使外来鱼类养殖业在严格受控的前提下发挥其经济效益,将其潜在的生态危害效应降到最低。     

拥挤胁迫对草鱼血浆皮质醇,血糖及肝脏中抗坏血酸含量的影响

由于环境胁迫引起的鱼类应激反应常常是导致养殖鱼类对病原敏感性增高的重要原因［‘］。养殖鱼类遭受的环境胁迫主要有：水质恶化、个体间的相互竞争、水温变化以及因养殖密度过高造成的拥挤胁迫等同。有关应激反应在鱼病发生发展中的作用,国外学者已有不少研究。在国内虽也正逐步受到学者们的认识和重视,但尚未见有这方面的研究报道。据来自哺乳动物的研究认为,应激反应对机体的危害与应激因素的性质、强度、持续时间以及动物的种类等有关。由于血浆皮质醇的增高是应激反应的主要特征,而且是导致机体抵抗力下降的重要机理。本文拟从血…     

《长江重要鱼类生物多样性和保护研究》介绍

《长江重要鱼类生物多样性和保护研究》（上海科学技术出版社2001年12月出版）是我国首卷系统阐述有关长江重要经济鱼类生物多样性及其面临问题和保护对策的专著。该书共分 13章,约 20万字。作者从长江生物多样性入手,渐次深入到主要经济和珍稀鱼类的遗传变异,逐层讨论了就地保护、异地保护和开发利用等问题。该书从群体、个体、细胞及分子水平,以及渔业生物学、群体遗传学和保护生物学相结合,深入介绍和探讨了长江重要经济鱼类的遗传多样性与保护利用,具有较高的学术价值和实用参考价值。     

养殖鱼类致病诺卡氏菌研究进展*

综述了国内外有关养殖鱼类诺卡氏菌病的发生情况及其病原生物学、分类学、致病性、组织病理学、诊断检测技术和防治等方面的研究进展,提出了一些问题和建议,以为相关研究提供参考。     

养殖鱼类致病诺卡氏菌研究进展

综述了国内外有关养殖鱼类诺卡氏菌病的发生情况及其病原生物学、分类学、致病性、组织病理学、诊断检测技术和防治等方面的研究进展,提出了一些问题和建议,以为相关研究提供参考。     

淡水鱼类种质资源与生物技术国家重点实验室

淡水鱼类种质资源与生物技术实验室设在湖北省沙市中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所,实验室主任为张兴忠教授,学术委员会主任为黄忠志教授。该实验室主要从事鱼类种质资源及其利用保存和鱼类细胞工程、基因工程等方面的基础研究与应用基础研究。主要研究内容淡水鱼类种质资源方面: 1.淡水养殖鱼类和主要经济鱼类遗传学及种群遗传结构研究;     

两年来淡水养殖鱼类优良品种选育和基础理论研究简况

在毛主席革命路线指引下,自1972年第一次养殖鱼类优良品种选育及基础理论研究协作会议以来,各地鱼类优良品种的选育工作出现了一个新的可喜面貌,为今后继续开展鱼类选育工作打下了良好的基础。现在我们根据各地情况综合整理如下,供参考。 一、主要养殖鱼类优良品种系统选育 各地在进行鱼类的系统选育方面,着重以草、鲢、鳙、青、鲤、鲫、鲮等养殖鱼类为主要对象,进行了良种     

活泼与不活泼褐牙鲆尾部神经系统UI表达差异的研究

日本褐牙鲆是主要的广盐性底栖鱼类,主要分布于我国的黄渤海及东海和朝鲜半岛、日本、俄罗斯等地区,是我国重要的经济鱼类之一。本研究运用行为学方法筛选得到了活泼与不活泼褐牙鲆,并从呼吸代谢的生理方面比较了两者的差异,呼吸代谢研究显示活泼褐牙鲆的标准代谢率(SMR),最大代谢率(MMR)和绝对有氧范围(AAS)都比不活泼褐牙鲆高。免疫组化和QPCR共同显示在隔离应激的条件下,不活泼褐牙鲆尾部神经系统UI的表达量要高于活泼牙鲆,表明在相同应激条件下,不活泼褐牙鲆神经内分泌活动表现更强,较活泼褐牙鲆更易受到外界的影响。研究不同个性的褐牙鲆对于牙鲆的选育与养殖具有一定的意义。     

Alcohol Impairs Predation Risk Response and Communication in Zebrafish

The effects of ethanol exposure on Danio rerio have been studied from the perspectives of developmental biology and behavior. However, little is known about the effects of ethanol on the prey-predator relationship and chemical communication of predation risk. Here, we showed that visual contact with a predator triggers stress axis activation in zebrafish. We also observed a typical stress response in zebrafish receiving water from these conspecifics, indicating that these fish chemically communicate predation risk. Our work is the first to demonstrate how alcohol effects this prey-predator interaction. We showed for the first time that alcohol exposure completely blocks stress axis activation in both fish seeing the predator and in fish that come in indirect contact with a predator by receiving water from these conspecifics. Together with other research results and with the translational relevance of this fish species, our data points to zebrafish as a promising animal model to study human alcoholism.     

淡水鱼类入侵种的分布、入侵途径、机制与后果

生物入侵已经成为全球面临的三大环境问题之一。鱼类入侵现象也随全球经济一体化的进程日益严重。本文综述了全球淡水鱼类入侵的现状和研究进展, 包括鱼类入侵的定义及分布、入侵途径和机制、产生的生态和社会经济影响以及预防措施等。据统计, 目前全球外来鱼类达624种, 该数量超过30年前的两倍。外来鱼类主要通过水产养殖(51%)、观赏渔业(21%)、休闲垂钓(12%)、渔业捕捞运输(7%)等多种途径被引进。入侵鱼类对本地种产生了捕食、种内种间竞争、杂交和疾病传播等负面影响, 破坏本地生态系统, 但是其正面的生态及社会经济影响也不可忽略。近20年来全球鱼类入侵日益受到重视, 相关论文发表数量翻了8倍。值得提出的是, 近10年来全球鱼类入侵风险评价系统的研究显著增加, 一些鱼类入侵模型已应用于五大洲的多个国家。我国淡水外来鱼类共计439种。然而, 我国关于鱼类入侵的研究起步较晚, 发表文献数仅占全球的3.7%, 且主要研究方向仍集中在入侵物种的分布及生物学特性等基础研究上, 缺乏对于鱼类入侵机制及风险评价预测的研究。因此, 我们建议: (1)开展全国范围的本底调查并建立数据库, 实现数据共享, 明确鱼类入侵的历史与分布现状; (2)联合多个政府部门和机构, 对鱼类入侵进行长期观测, 从整个水生生态系统的角度出发, 深入了解其入侵机制及其产生的正面和负面生态和社会经济影响; (3)加强增殖放流的科学研究和管理; (4)构建区域性外来鱼类入侵风险评价系统, 有效预测鱼类入侵活动, 评价入侵种的危害, 并为相关政府部门的决策提供科学依据。     

Global distribution,entry routes,mechanisms and consequences of invasive freshwater fish

Biological invasion is now considered one of the three major environmental issues worldwide. Freshwater fish invasion becomes more serious with globalization of the world economy. We reviewed the current status of global freshwater fish invasions and discussed the definitions, distributions, introduction pathways, mechanisms, ecological and economic impacts, and risk assessments of freshwater fish invasions. Non-native fish are mainly introduced through food aquaculture (51%), as ornamental fish (21%), or for sport fishing (12%) and fisheries (7%). The number of introduced fish has reached 624 species, doubled the number found thirty years ago. Successful invasions may bring many negative ecological consequences, such as predation, hybridization, structure and function alteration of local freshwater ecosystems, as well as diseases transmission. However, it also brings positive biological and economic values. The number of fish invasion studies has increased eight times over the last 20 years, with studies mainly focusing on biology and the biological impact of invasive fish species. Risk assessments of freshwater fish invasions were studied over the last 10 years, and fish invasiveness screening models have been applied in countries of five continents. The number of non-native freshwater fish in China totaled 439. However, research papers on freshwater fish invasions in China was only 3.7% of the global total, and these researches were mainly on the distribution and biology of invasive fish species, and very few studies included risk assessments. Therefore, we suggest investigating the history, distribution, and mechanisms of invasive species at the national level, evaluating both the positive and negative effects of freshwater fish invasions, and also reinforcing studies of risk assessments in China.     

Novel evolutionary relationship among four fish model systems

Knowledge of the correct phylogenetic relationships among animals is crucial for the valid interpretation of evolutionary trends in biology. Zebrafish, medaka, pufferfish and cichilds are fish models for development, genomics and comparative genetics studies, although their phylogenetic relationships have not been tested rigorously. The results of phylogenomic analysis based on 20 nuclear protein-coding genes confirmed the basal placement of zebrafish in the fish phylogeny but revealed an unexpected relationship among the other three species, contrary to traditionally held systematic views based on morphology. Our analyses show that medaka (Beloniformes) and cichlids (Perciformes) appear to be more closely related to each other than either of them is to pufferfish (Tetraodontiformes), suggesting that a re-interpretation of some findings in comparative biology might be required. In addition, phylogenomic analyses show that fish typically have more copies of nuclear genes than land vertebrates, supporting the fish-specific genome duplication hypothesis.     

Lipotropes Protect against Pathogen-Aggravated Stress and Mortality in Low Dose Pesticide-Exposed Fish

The decline of freshwater fish biodiversity corroborates the trends of unsustainable pesticide usage and increase of disease incidence in the last few decades. Little is known about the role of nonlethal exposure to pesticide, which is not uncommon, and concurrent infection of opportunistic pathogens in species decline. Moreover, preventative measures based on current knowledge of stress biology and an emerging role for epigenetic (especially methylation) dysregulation in toxicity in fish are lacking. We herein report the protective role of lipotropes/methyl donors (like choline, betaine and lecithin) in eliciting primary (endocrine), secondary (cellular and hemato-immunological and histoarchitectural changes) and tertiary (whole animal) stress responses including mortality (50%) in pesticide-exposed (nonlethal dose) and pathogen-challenged fish. The relative survival with betaine and lecithin was 10 and 20 percent higher. This proof of cause-and-effect relation and physiological basis under simulated controlled conditions indicate that sustained stress even due to nonlethal exposure to single pollutant enhances pathogenic infectivity in already nutritionally-stressed fish, which may be a driver for freshwater aquatic species decline in nature. Dietary lipotropes can be used as one of the tools in resurrecting the aquatic species decline.     

四种鲤科鱼类对捕食胁迫行为响应的种间比较

为了比较早期捕食胁迫经历和当前环境中存在的捕食者对鱼类行为的影响, 并考查这些影响是否存在种间差异, 研究分别考查了测定环境(有、无捕食者存在)对有、无捕食胁迫经历的鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)等4种鲤科鱼类探索性、活跃性和勇敢性的影响。结果发现: 早期捕食胁迫经历与当前环境条件对鱼类行为产生截然不同的影响, 且存在较大的种间差异。无捕食胁迫经历的鳊、草鱼和中华倒刺鲃均会对陌生的捕食者乌鳢(Channa argus)做出行为响应, 提示这3种鱼可能对陌生捕食者具有一定的识别能力, 但这种识别与猎物鱼通过捕食胁迫经历获得的识别仍具有一定差距; 具有捕食胁迫经历的鳊和中华倒刺鲃在空白环境中未表现出反捕食行为, 可能是节约能量的一种策略。总体而言, 草鱼对捕食胁迫经历和测定环境处理反应更为敏感, 而中华倒刺鲃的反应则相对保守。但当周围环境中存在捕食者时, 4种鲤科鱼类均会通过维持较高运动状态的方式来应对捕食者。维持这种应激状态可能对猎物鱼保持与捕食者的距离, 并随时保持警惕较为关键。     

The effects of tryptophan supplementation on stress and aggression in Nile tilapia

Nile tilapia farmers must deal with production challenges, such as increased aggressiveness and high stress levels, which potentially diminishes fish welfare. Tryptophan supplementation is a strategy to cope with such problems. However, data is scarce on how tryptophan affects the aggressiveness of this species and other aspects need to be understood on how it influences stress in fish. In this study, we investigate how a 1× (0.32%), 4× (1.28%) and 8× (2.56%) supplemented tryptophan diet affects aggressiveness and stress in Nile tilapia. Aggressiveness in fish was assessed after short-term exposure (7 days) to a tryptophan supplemented diet while stress in fish was assessed after long-term exposure (60 days). The 4x and 8x diets reduced aggressiveness in fish, while the 8x diet reduced aggressiveness more effectively than the 4x diet. Also, long-term exposure to the 8x diet reduced stress in fish, before and after they were exposed to an acute stress. In conclusion, this study showed that a tryptophan supplemented diet can diminish aggressiveness and stress in Nile tilapia, thus demonstrating a potential to improve fish welfare.     

Multiple hypotheses testing of fish incidence patterns in an urbanized ecosystem

Ecological and evolutionary theories have focused traditionally on natural processes with little attempt to incorporate anthropogenic influences despite the fact that humans are such an integral part of virtually all ecosystems. A series of alternate models that incorporated anthropogenic factors and traditional ecological mechanisms of invasion to account for fish incidence patterns in urban lakes was tested. The models were based on fish biology, human intervention, and habitat characteristics. However, the only models to account for empirical patterns were those that included fish invasiveness, which incorporated species-specific information about overall tolerance and fecundity. This suggests that species-specific characteristics are more important in general distributional patterns than human-mediated dispersal. Better information of illegal stocking activities is needed to improve human-mediated models, and more insight into basic life history of ubiquitous species is needed to truly understand underlying mechanisms of biotic homogenization.     

Behavioral and ecological correlates of foureye butterflyfish, Chaetodon capistratus, (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae) infected with Anilocra chaetodontis (Isopoda: Cymothoidae)

We observed the behavior and ecology of Chaetodon capistratus infected and uninfected with the ectoparasitic isopod Anilocra chaetodontis to assess whether there may be parasite induced alterations in host biology, host defenses against infection, and/or pathology related to infection. We also examined habitat related differences in infection rates. Infected fish had higher rates of interaction with conspecifics and spent more time in low flow environments (which might improve transmission of juvenile parasites to new hosts). Butterfly fish without isopods were chased more frequently by damselfishes, fed more, and had larger territories. Time spent near conspecifics, and fish condition and gonadosomatic index did not vary between infected and uninfected fish. These results suggest that foureye butterfly fish behavior is altered by the isopod parasite in order for the isopods to more easily gain mates or transmit offspring to new hosts.     

Heat shock protein expression in fish

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins expressed in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stressors. They are thus also referred to as stress proteins. Their extraordinarily high degree of identity at the amino acid sequence level and the fact that this cellular stress response has been described in nearly all organisms studied, make this group of proteins unique. We provide a brief historical overview of HSP research, as a background to summarizing what is known about HSP expression in fish. The expression of HSPs in fish has been described in cell lines, primary cultures of various cells, and in the tissues of whole organisms. Collectively, the data show that the expression of HSPs are affected in a wide variety of fish cells and tissues, in response both to biological stressors such as infectious pathogens, as well as to abiotic stressors such as heat and cold shock, and environmental contaminants. HSP research in fish is in its early stages and many studies are describing the expression of proteins in response to various stressors. Several studies have contributed to our understanding of the molecular nature and the molecular biology of HSPs in fish. Recent studies have shown a relationship between HSP expression and the generalized stress response in fish, but further research is needed to clarify the complex relationships between stress hormones and the cellular HSP response. In general, the HSP response seems to be related to the sensing of the stressor and the subsequent cellular effects which may adapt the cells to cope with the stressors. Consequently, such data may be of central importance in understanding the significance of HSP expression to the whole organism. We conclude with sections on laboratory methods used in HSP research and on potential applications of this knowledge in biomonitoring.