程序性细胞死亡

程序性细胞死亡石法武,李德玲,周廷冲（军事医学科学院基础医学研究所北京１００８５０）细胞生物学有三大问题：细胞分裂（增殖）,细胞分化和细胞死亡。细胞死亡可分为两类,一类是病理性死亡,它主要是由有害信号的极度刺激造成细胞损伤引起的,另一类是生理性的细胞...     

程序性细胞死亡

“程序性细胞死亡”(ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄｃｅｌｌｄｅａｔｈ,ＰＣＤ)由于与人类健康和某些重大疾病有密切关系而成为生物工程研究的热门课题。2002年诺贝尔生理学、医学奖授予英国的悉尼·布雷内、约翰·苏尔斯顿和美国的罗伯特·霍维茨,以表彰他们在“器官发育”和“程序性细胞死亡”中的重大发现,则明确反映出了这项研究的重要性。他们在线虫中发现了控制细胞死亡的关键基因,并阐明了这些基因如何在细胞死亡过程中...     

程序性细胞死亡

程序性细胞死亡是机体内普通存在的一种不同于细胞坏死的特殊的细胞死亡形式,在机体发育、病毒感染及肿瘤发生等方面起十分重要的作用。本文介绍了细胞程序死亡的生物学特征,并综述了细胞程序死亡基因调节研究的最新进展。     

程序性细胞死亡与疾病

程序性细胞死亡（PCD）是有别于病理性细胞死亡——坏死（necrosis）的一种生理性细胞死亡。目前已知,PCD在多细胞生物的发展和成年机体的代谢中均有重要作用。PCD在生物界普遍存在。近年发现PCD异常与某些疾病密切相关。PCD异常主要表现为PCD抑制和PCD过度两方面。PCD的发生由细胞的基因所控制,但是很多细胞外因素均可诱发PCD。弄清PCD在疾病发病中的作用有助于阐明疾病发病机制和探索新型疗法。1PCD与肿瘤PCD受抑制可诱发肿瘤,而通过一定方式诱发癌细胞的PCD又可有助于癌症治疗。肿瘤的发生是细胞内DNAbe变累积的结果…     

与程序性细胞死亡有关的基因

程序性细胞死亡是在基因控制下细胞的主动死亡,存在主动合成蛋白质的过程。研究发现许多与程序性细胞死亡有关的基因,可分为对程序性细胞死亡有促进作用的基因,抑制程序性细胞死亡的基因和协助程序性细胞死亡完成的基因。     

程序性细胞死亡相关基因及调节作用

程序性细胞死亡是基因调节的主动过程。本文简要综述了其相关基因的生理功能和调控机能。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤耐药

细胞自噬是一种细胞自我降解的过程,在适应代谢应激、保持基因组完整性及维持内环境稳定方面发挥重要作用. 在肿瘤治疗中,凋亡耐受是产生肿瘤耐药的重要机制. 细胞自噬可防止抗肿瘤药诱导的凋亡,促进肿瘤耐药. 然而,自噬性细胞死亡可能是凋亡耐受肿瘤细胞的一种死亡方式. 因此,细胞自噬对肿瘤细胞的耐药性有双重影响. 本文综述了细胞自噬的分子机制、细胞自噬与凋亡的关系、细胞自噬与肿瘤耐药以及治疗的主要研究进展.     

程序性细胞死亡的基因调控

程序性细胞死亡的基因调控宝福凯（昆明医学院免疫学教研室昆明６５００３１）细胞死亡是细胞生命现象不可逆的终止,按其特点可分为两类：程序性细胞死亡（ＰＣＤ）和细胞的病理性死亡──坏死。ＰＣＤ是多细胞生物的一种生理性细胞死亡,是广泛存在的一种由细胞特定基因...     

细胞培养中的程序性细胞死亡

许多在商业上广泛应用的细胞株,包括杂交瘤和骨髓瘤细胞,在细胞培养中都会发生程序性死亡,这使培养效率降低。本文简要介绍程序性细胞死亡的特征、与这一过程有关的基因、细胞培养中如何抑制程序性死亡以及常用的检测方法。     

细胞程序性死亡与生态适应

细胞程序性死亡是多细胞有机生命周期中正常的组成部分,细胞程序性死亡过程的存在对生物体是一种保护机制。它是在生物进化过程中形成的,也是生物对环境的适应方式之一。     

Programmed cell death in plants: distinguishing between different modes

Programmed cell death (PCD) in plants is a crucial componentof development and defence mechanisms. In animals, differenttypes of cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) havebeen distinguished morphologically and discussed in these morphologicalterms. PCD is largely used to describe the processes of apoptosisand autophagy (although some use PCD and apoptosis interchangeably)while necrosis is generally described as a chaotic and uncontrolledmode of death. In plants, the term PCD is widely used to describemost instances of death observed. At present, there is a vastarray of plant cell culture models and developmental systemsbeing studied by different research groups and it is clear fromwhat is described in this mass of literature that, as with animals,there does not appear to be just one type of PCD in plants.It is fundamentally important to be able to distinguish betweendifferent types of cell death for several reasons. For example,it is clear that, in cell culture systems, the window of timein which ‘PCD’ is studied by different groups varieshugely and this can have profound effects on the interpretationof data and complicates attempts to compare different researcher'sdata. In addition, different types of PCD will probably havedifferent regulators and modes of death. For this reason, inplant cell cultures an apoptotic-like PCD (AL-PCD) has beenidentified that is fairly rapid and results in a distinct corpsemorphology which is visible 4–6 h after release of cytochromec and other apoptogenic proteins. This type of morphology, distinctfrom autophagy and from necrosis, has also been observed inexamples of plant development. In this review, our model systemand how it is used to distinguish specifically between AL-PCDand necrosis will be discussed. The different types of PCD observedin plants will also be discussed and the importance of distinguishingbetween different forms of cell death will be highlighted. Key words: Apoptosis, apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD), Arabidopsis, autophagy, mitochondria, necrosis, programmed cell death (PCD) Received 5 June 2007; Revised 13 September 2007 Accepted 20 September 2007     

Programmed cell death in cereal aleurone

Progress in understanding programmed cell death (PCD) in the cereal aleurone is described. Cereal aleurone cells are specialized endosperm cells that function to synthesize and secrete hydrolytic enzymes that break down reserves in the starchy endosperm. Unlike the cells of the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells are viable in mature grain but undergo PCD when germination is triggered or when isolated aleurone layers or protoplasts are incubated in gibberellic acid (GA). Abscisic acid (ABA) slows down the process of aleurone cell death and isolated aleurone protoplasts can be kept alive in media containing ABA for up to 6 months. Cell death in barley aleurone occurs only after cells become highly vacuolated and is manifested in an abrupt loss of plasma membrane integrity. Aleurone cell death does not follow the apoptotic pathway found in many animal cells. The hallmarks of apoptosis, including internucleosomal DNA cleavage, plasma membrane and nuclear blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies, are not observed in dying aleurone cells. PCD in barley aleurone cells is accompanied by the accumulation of a spectrum of nuclease and protease activities and the loss of organelles as a result of cellular autolysis.     

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death in health and disease

Apoptosis is a normal physiological cell death process of eliminating unwanted cells from living organisms during embryonic and adult development. Apoptotic cells are characterised by fragmentation of nuclear DNA and formation of apoptotic bodies. Genetic analysis revealed the involvement of many death and survival genes in apoptosis which are regulated by extracellular factors. There are multiple inducers and inhibitors of apoptosis which interact with target cell specific surface receptors and transduce the signal by second messengers to programme cell death. The regulation of apoptosis is elusive, but defective regulation leads to aetiology of various ailments. Understanding the molecular mechanism of apoptosis including death genes, death signals, surface receptors and signal pathways will provide new insights in developing strategies to regulate the cell survival/death. The current knowledge on the molecular events of apoptotic cell death and their significance in health and disease is reviewed.     

Autophagy and cell death

Autophagy exerts dual functions in cancer, acting as both a tumor suppressor, for example, by preventing the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles, and as a tumor promoter that supports tumor growth. Many anticancer therapies engage autophagy as part of a cellular response. However, the question of whether or not autophagic activity in cells undergoing cell death is the cause of death or whether it is actually an attempt to support survival in response to cellular stress conditions has been discussed with great controversy.     

泛素/26S蛋白酶体系统介导的细胞程序化死亡

在一定的生理或者病理条件下,细胞为了自身发育或者抵御不良刺激,会采取细胞程序化死亡（programmed cell death,PCD）的方式结束生命。泛素/26S蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin-26S proteasome system,UPS）作为生物体中重要的翻译后蛋白质调节系统,对PCD起着关键的调节作用。该文介绍UPS通过两条细胞凋亡信号转导通路以及天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶来调控PCD的研究进展。     

Programmed cell death in neurotumour cells involves the generation of ceramide

Ceramide has been typically thought of as the membrane anchor for the carbohydrate in glycosphingolipids but many studies have suggested that it may cause apoptosis. Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is thought to be responsible for the death of one-half of neurons surviving the development of the nervous system. The potential involvement of the sphingomyelin-ceramide signaling process as an integral part of PCD was therefore examined in several neurotumour cell lines. We show that synthetic C2-ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine), a soluble ceramide analogue, can rapidly trigger PCD in these cells, characterized by: 1) classic DNA laddering on agarose gels; 2) DNA fragmentation as determined by Hoechst Dye; and 3) cell viability (mitochondrial function and intact nuclei) assays. We report that staurosporine can both activate PCD (by all three criteria above) in neurotumour cells and increase both the formation of ceramide and ceramide mass. Both ceramide formation and the induction of PCD were further enhanced by the co-addition of a ceramidase inhibitor oleoylethanolamine (25 µM). Staurosporine and oleoylethanolamine were similarly effective in inducing ceramide formation and PCD in immortalized hippocampal neurons (HN-2) and immortalized dorsal root ganglion cells (F-11). Our data suggests that formation of ceramide is a key event in the induction of PCD in neuronally derived neurotumour cells.Abbreviations PCD programmed cell death - PKC protein kinase C - HPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatography - DETAPAC diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid - DMEM Dubelco's modified Eagle's medium - FCS fetal calf serum - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - DAG diacylglycerol - DDI distilled-deionized - Cer ceramide - SM sphingomyelin Dedicated to Dr Sen-itiroh Hakomori in celebration of his 65th birthday.     

Programmed cell death in cell cultures

In plants most instances of programmed cell death (PCD) occur in a number of related, or neighbouring, cells in specific tissues. However, recent research with plant cell cultures has demonstrated that PCD can be induced in single cells. The uniformity, accessibility and reduced complexity of cell cultures make them ideal research tools to investigate the regulation of PCD in plants. PCD has now been induced in cell cultures from a wide range of species including many of the so-called model species. We will discuss the establishment of cell cultures, the fractionation of single cells and isolation of protoplasts, and consider the characteristic features of PCD in cultured cells. We will review the wide range of methods to induce cell death in cell cultures ranging from abiotic stress, absence of survival signals, manipulation of signal pathway intermediates, through the induction of defence-related PCD and developmentally induced cell death.