我国高校遗传学教材的出版与使用现状的调查

利用国家图书馆“文津”搜索系统发现, 我国自恢复高考以来, 累计出版遗传学教材895部, 其中理论教材588部(65.7%)、实验教材122部(13.6%)、教学参考资料185部(20.7%)。这些教材中, 医学遗传学最多, 普通遗传学其次, 动植物微生物遗传学较少。对教材的名称、第一编(著)者和出版机构的分析发现, 名称为“医学遗传学”的教材有91部, 左伋教授编写了9部教材, 是编写教材最多的“第一编(著)者”, 科学出版社共出版了179部(占20%)教材, 是遗传学教材出版的主力军。利用问卷调查发现, 戴灼华等主编的《遗传学》(第二版)是目前使用最广泛的理论教材, 实验教材则多用自编讲义或教材。文章也对教材中存在的问题, 如更新周期长、配套落后、同名严重、遗传学故事写得太少、特色插图凤毛麟角、印刷页字数过满等进行了剖析, 并提出了解决途径。     

美国BSCS A Human Approach生物学教材的编写特色

BSCS（Biology Science Curriculum Study）教材是由美国生物科学课程研究会编写的美国高中生物学系列教材,包括BSCS A molecular Approach教材、BSCS A Human Approach教材、BSCS An Ecological Approach教材等。简要介绍了美国高中生物学教材Biology A Human Approach的主要编写特色。     

《青春期指导》(小学生用)教材介绍

对小学生的青春期指导进行了研究,编写出适合小学生用的专题教育教材<青春期指导>,针对<青春期指导>(小学生用)教材的编写指导思想、教材设计思路、教材特点、体系结构、体例设计等进行了探索与阐释.     

新课程标准教材的使用

新课程教材的编写体现了新课程的理念以及编写者对课程标准的深刻理解,也尽可能地考虑了对各地的普适性,但面对教学实际还是需要对教材作适当处理的.通过教材处理,对教材课程资源进行2次开发,使教学内容、教学方法等更趋合理,充分实现课程的教育教学功能.结合自身的教学和经历.阐述了教材处理的原则和体会.     

我国高职教材建设的思考

从高职教材编写的特征和编写的基本要求入手,结合高职教材建设应体现时代发展的要求和符合对高等技术应用型人才培养的需求,阐述了高职教材编写必须以"重能力、求创新"为思路,提出了高职教材建设的具体措施及对策。     

评析美国《Focus On Life Science》教材中学习栏目的设置

学习栏目作为教材的重要组成部分,可反映教材编写团队的设计理念及教育期望。结合案例,分析了美国加州初中生物学教材《Focus On Life Science》中学习栏目的类型及特色,希望为我国初中生物学教材的编写提供启示和借鉴。     

中外微生物学教材建设状况调查与分析比较

优秀教材是高水平课程教学的前提与基础.本文对国内外微生物学教材的建设和发展状况进行了调查研究和分析比较,希望能为今后我国选择、引进、利用国外优秀英文版微生物学教材,以及加强我国自身高水平微生物学教材建设的工作提供借鉴.     

美国生物学教材(Biology-the web of life)中习题的特色分析

习题是教材的重要组成部分,具有多种教育功能。目前我国对生物学教材中习题的研究仍很薄弱,针对这一现状研究了美国中学生物学教材(Biology-the web of life)中习题的设计特点,希望能对我国中学生物学教材习题的编制有一些启示。     

中西文化交融之下的清末中学生物学教材

教材的编写水平在一定程度上反映了一个国家的教育观和教育发展水平。清末新政时期,是我国近代中学教材编撰和发展的起点。对当时中学生物学教材出版的总体情况、编写特点和教材的教育价值进行了评析,为当今生物学教育工作者了解我国生物学课程发展历史提供依据。     

基于学习科学理论 落实核心素养目标——浙科版高中生物学教材的设计意图和教学取向

《普通高中生物学课程标准(2017年版)》于2018年正式颁布,基于全新课程目标的教学实践将在举国范围展开。本文旨在说明浙江科技出版社出版的高中生物学教材编写团队如何利用学习科学的成果,将学科核心素养的全面落实作为教材研发的目标,力图设计并研制务实管用、追求更好课堂教学实践的教材。介绍了该教材研制的指导思想和编写原则、理论依据和教材意图、栏目设计和教学指向,以期通过教材栏目的设计思路说明生物学教师需掌握的理论基础和实践中的努力方向,提出教学建议,期望对浙科版《生物学》教材的使用者和未能接触到该教材的教师均有所启迪。     

VEGETATION AND FLORAL COLORS REVEALED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT: INTERPRETATIONAL DIFFICULTIES FOR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

The importance of measuring floral colors as insects might see them is often ignored. Ultraviolet, only one of the wavebands visible to insects, is often recorded in vacuo, without reference to the insect visual spectrum, without quantification, and without reference to background coloration and ambient lighting. Such oversights may lead to serious errors in interpreting the functional significance of floral colors and color patterns.     

华中农业大学《微生物学》系列教材的特点及发展

优秀教材是高水平课程教学的前提与基础.在此之前针对我国农业微生物学系列教材建设,国内外尚未有学者进行系统的总结和研究.本文对华中农业大学出版的《微生物学》系列教材的建设和发展状况进行了调查研究和分析比较,发掘和提炼老一辈微生物学家的教材建设思想,汲取其教学思想和教学改革的精华,以期为高等院校的农业微生物学教育和科研提供...     

The role of mutants in metabolic regulation

Many Indian students of biochemistry and molecular biology do not appreciate the role of mutants in elucidation of metabolic pathways in general and metabolic regulation in particular. One reason is that a majority of biochemistry and enzymology textbooks used in India do not give adequate emphasis and importance to the role of biochemical genetics in unravelling metabolic pathways and their regulation. Teachers and students depend heavily on these textbooks. Many teachers pay little attention to the experimental strategies employed for the elucidation of metabolic/enzyme regulation. Asking specific questions about metabolic regulation, and requiring the students to read some important and key review articles for the answers could effectively rectify this malady.     

Trickle-down evolution: an approach to getting major evolutionary adaptive changes into textbooks and curricula

Although contemporary high school and college textbooks of biologygenerally cover the principles and data of microevolution (geneticand populational change) and speciation rather well, coverageof what is known of the major changes in evolution (macroevolution),and how the evidence is understood is generally poor to nonexistent.It is critical to improve this because acceptance of evolutionby the American public rests on the understanding of how weknow what we know about the emergence of major new taxonomicgroups, and about their adaptations, behaviors, and ecologiesin geologic time. An efficient approach to this problem is toimprove the illustrations in college textbooks to show the consilienceof different lines of fossil, morphological, and molecular evidencemapped on phylogenies. Such "evograms" will markedly improvetraditional illustrations of phylogenies, "menageries," and"companatomies." If "evograms" are installed at the collegelevel, the basic principles and evidence of macroevolution willbe more likely taught in K-12, thus providing an essential missingpiece in biological education.     

gemini: software for testing the effects of genotyping errors and multitubes approach for individual identification

Improvements in the determination of individual genotypes from samples with low DNA quantity and quality are of prime importance in molecular ecology and conservation for reliable genetic individual identification (molecular tagging using microsatllites loci). Thus, errors (e.g. allelic dropout and false allele) appearing during samples genotyping must be monitored and eliminated as far as possible. The multitubes approach is a very effective but a costly and time‐consuming solution. In this paper, we present a simulation software that allows evaluation of the effect of genotyping errors on genetic identification of individuals and the effectiveness of a multitubes approach to correct these errors.     

Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases.

Over the years physicians have attempted to classify skin diseases. Plenck and Willan were the first to outline clearly the basic components of skin diseases and to devise classifications based on living gross pathologic features. With the development of molecular biology, etiologic classification--a system unrelated to that of clinical appearance--was begun. Most current textbooks present combinations of these two systems and those based on location or on other concepts.     

Jane goodall and the chimpanzees of gombe: An analysis of publications and their impact on teaching science

Five types of introductory university textbooks (N=37) were analyzed for references and citations pertaining to research on wild chimpanzees. Jane Goodall's publications were cited about three times as often as the publications from field sites other than Gombe and approximately five times more often than other Gombe researchers. Biological anthropology textbooks cited Goodall's work most often, followed by textbooks in general anthropology and cultural anthropology. Psychology and biology textbooks cited Goodall least often. Goodall's most comprehensive work, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (1986), was the most often cited publication about Gombe's apes, and tool-use was the most cited topic. The number of citations to wild chimpanzees tripled from publications in the 1960s to those in the 1980s, suggesting a growing recognition of primatology in the teaching of science.     

Do recommended textbooks contain adequate information about bile salt transporters for medical students?

Several studies have recently highlighted a number of limitations in medical textbooks. The aims of this study were to 1) to assess whether available medical textbooks provided students with adequate information about bile salt transporters, 2) compare the level of detail and the amount of information provided in current textbooks on hepatic transport mechanisms with those available in the literature, and 3) compare the amount of information provided in medical textbooks on hepatocyte transport mechanisms with those involving other transporters e.g., those found in the nephron. Seventy medical textbooks from disciplines including physiology, pathology, cell biology, medicine, pediatrics, pharmacology, pathophysiology, and histology published during the past six years were examined. The literature on bile salt transport has been searched mainly from the Internet (MEDLINE and PubMed). Most textbooks failed to provide any information on transporters found in the basolateral and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes. There are also deficiencies in information on bile salt transporters in the terminal ileum. However, up to the end of 2002, 3,610 articles and reviews had been published on hepatobiliary and enterocyte transport of bile salts. During the same period (from 1965), 10,757 articles had been published on renal transport. Thus the contents of textbooks may reflect the overall volume of research knowledge on renal transport. However, despite our current understanding of hepatic and intestinal transport of bile salts and extensive research, particularly over the past 12 years, there are major deficiencies in textbooks in this area. These findings indicate that there is an imbalance in the contents of current textbooks and a lack of information about hepatobiliary physiology, bile salt transporters, bile formation, and mechanisms underlying cholestasis and drug-induced injury. Authors, editors, and publishers of medical textbooks should consider the need to update the information provided on bile salt transporters.     

Molecular handles on adaptive mutation

In one experimental system, several handles on the molecular mechanism of apparent adaptive mutation have emerged. The system is reversion of a lac frame-shift mutation in Escherichia coli . The molecular handles include a requirement for homologous recombination; the implication of DNA double-strand breaks as a molecular intermediate; a unique sequence spectrum of −1 deletions in mononucleotide repeats which implies polymerase errors, and also implies a failure of post-synthesis mismatch repair on those errors; and the involvement of sexual functions at some stage of the process. These molecular handles are revealing an unexpected new mechanism of mutagenesis.     

Detection of unrealistic molecular environments in protein structures based on expected electron densities

Understanding the relationship between protein structure and biological function is a central theme in structural biology. Advances are severely hampered by errors in experimentally determined protein structures. Detection and correction of such errors is therefore of utmost importance. Electron densities in molecular structures obey certain rules which depend on the molecular environment. Here we present and discuss a new approach that relates electron densities computed from a structural model to densities expected from prior observations on identical or closely related molecular environments. Strong deviations of computed from expected densities reveal unrealistic molecular structures. Most importantly, structure analysis and error detection are independent of experimental data and hence may be applied to any structural model. The comparison to state-of-the-art methods reveals that our approach is able to identify errors that formerly remained undetected. The new technique, called RefDens, is accessible as a public web service at .