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黑脊倒刺鲃卵子发生中生殖质的产生 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
采用光学和电子显微镜对黑脊倒刺的卵原细胞和各期卵母细胞中生殖质的形成过程进行观察。仅在卵原细胞和Ⅱ时相卵中观察到了生殖质的产生过程 ,在Ⅲ、Ⅳ时相卵中未观察到生殖质的产生过程。生殖质来源于核仁。它从细胞核中释放出来 ,进入细胞质。卵原细胞和卵母细胞产生生殖质的方式不同。在卵原细胞的生殖质形成过程中 ,生殖质的前体物质先移到核膜内侧 ,核膜解体 ,形成囊泡 ,随后 ,在生殖质前体物质所在处的内侧重新形成核膜 ,这样 ,细胞核表面就形成一个凹陷 ,生殖质前体物质位于核表面的凹陷之中 ,就这样被隔离于细胞核之外而进入细胞质中 ,成为生殖质。生殖质形成后 ,在细胞质中与线粒体相结合。生殖质的这种形成方式与精原细胞中拟染色体的形成方式相似。而在卵母细胞的生殖质形成过程中 ,生殖质的前体物质移到核膜内侧之后 ,核膜并无囊泡化 ,核孔明显 ,生殖质的前体物质通过核孔离开细胞核 ,位于细胞核表面 ,形成生殖质。生殖质产生之后也与线粒体结合。以后 ,生殖质连同线粒体离开细胞核。生殖质最终与线粒体分离 ,分散于细胞质中。在Ⅲ时相卵中 ,生殖质细小 ;在Ⅳ时相卵中 ,几乎见不到生殖质 相似文献
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酵母真核表达系统是常用的安全性较高的外源蛋白表达系统。酵母细胞内存在翻译后糖基化修饰过程,对其糖基化修饰系统进行改造可用于生产人源糖蛋白。研究表明,可以通过基因工程手段消除酵母特有的内源糖基化反应、引入哺乳动物细胞表达系统中糖基化类型等方法对酵母糖基化路径进行改造。近年来许多研究通过对酵母菌株糖基化位点突变、基因缺失等方法对酵母糖基化系统进行改造,探究糖基化修饰对蛋白质功能的影响,这为利用酵母生产治疗性蛋白和新型糖基化疫苗提供了新的思路。本综述将对近年来酵母糖基化改造成果及研究进展进行综述。 相似文献
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酵母表达人源化糖蛋白研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
与人体天然复杂型糖蛋白相比,使用酵母生产的药用蛋白带有高甘露糖型N-糖链。这一差异在临床应用中产生了许多不良影响。目前,可以通过消除酵母特有的内源糖基化反应,引入哺乳动物细胞中的一系列糖基转移酶及转运蛋白对酵母糖基化路径进行改造,从而使其表达出人源化的复杂型N-聚糖。本文介绍了酵母N-糖基化特点、糖基化不均一性,综述了近年来利用基因工程改造酵母N-糖基化路径获得特定的人源N-连接糖蛋白以及使用内切糖苷酶生产人源糖蛋白的研究进展,并且对存在的问题及今后的发展前景进行了讨论。 相似文献
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蛋白质O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰对tau蛋白磷酸化修饰的影响 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
蛋白质的O位N-乙酰葡萄糖胺(O-GlcNAc)糖基化修饰是一种新近发现的广泛存在于细胞核蛋白与细胞浆蛋白的蛋白质翻译后修饰.其性质与经典的膜蛋白和分泌蛋白的糖基化修饰不同,而与蛋白质磷酸化修饰更相似.O-GlcNAc糖基化和磷酸化均修饰tau蛋白的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基,通过改变O-GlcNAc糖基化供体底物浓度以及其关键酶活性等方法,改变分化后成神经细胞样的PC12细胞中的蛋白质O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰水平,然后用特异性识别不同位点磷酸化的tau蛋白抗体,进行蛋白质印迹分析来检测tau蛋白磷酸化水平的变化.结果发现细胞内蛋白质O-GlcNAc糖基化对tau蛋白磷酸化的影响,在不同的磷酸化位点其影响不同.增加蛋白质O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰导致tau蛋白大多数磷酸位点的磷酸化水平降低,反之亦然.这些结果说明,tau磷酸化在大多数位点受到O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰的负性调节.这一研究为阐明调节tau蛋白磷酸化水平的机理和阿尔茨海默病脑中tau异常过度磷酸化的分子机制提供了新的线索. 相似文献
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细胞核穿壁现象过去一直认为是一种在显微镜下观察时的假象,现已确定了这是一种细胞特有的过程。核物质穿过细胞壁转移到邻近细胞核中去,在薄壁组织中完成有机物在细胞间短距离运输。在教学中我们观察核穿壁采用卡宝品红染色、取葱或洋葱外层表皮进行镜检。然而效果不是很好,往往长时间都找不到一个发生了核穿壁的细胞。对此,作者反复实验,找到了采用30%蔗糖溶液或5%氯化钠溶液先让细胞发生质壁分离再寻找核穿壁细胞的方法,而且该方法简单有效地证明了在光镜下核穿壁不是假象。现介绍如下: 相似文献
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细胞核、细胞质和线粒体之间不断地进行物质和信息的交流;层连蛋白能改变核膜的结构,对细胞核内外大分子的分布起调节作用。核孔复合体是调节细胞核-胞浆大分子运转的主要作用部位。核苷三磷酸酶位于异染色质中,能为某些致癌物所诱导;亲核蛋白依靠自身所特有的运输信号穿越核膜。 相似文献
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水稻淀粉胚乳细胞编程性死亡中细胞核变化特征 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
应用透射电子显微镜技术 ,观察了水稻 (OryzasativaL .)淀粉胚乳细胞编程性死亡过程中核的变化特征。伴随胚乳的发育进程 ,淀粉胚乳细胞核表现出衰退特征 :核变形、染色质凝缩、核膜多处被降解破坏、核基质外泄等。DNALadder显示核内大片段DNA呈严重的弥散状拖尾现象 ,而核内和胞质中在 14 0~ 180bp处有明显的条带。在核衰退的同时 ,其胞质中的粗面内质网、淀粉质体和线粒体等细胞器具有正常的代谢功能 ,细胞仍在合成并积累营养物质 ,淀粉胚乳细胞一边衰退一边行使其功能 ,直至死亡。这些结果表明 ,水稻淀粉胚乳在核衰退的同时 ,细胞仍在积极合成与积累贮藏产物 ,表现为一种特殊形式的植物细胞编程性死亡现象。此外 ,对淀粉胚乳细胞特有的核质关系、植物细胞编程性死亡过程中细胞核的变化等问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛+农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3.04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2.14。 相似文献
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China, under highly varied ecological conditions resulted from wide latitudinal and altitudinal ranges and from the adequate precipitation, has developed a
very rich flora of great diversity. As far as flowering plants are concerned, there are
2980 genera, 214 of which, belonging to 64 families, are endemic. Among these endemic genera, there are 9 genera of taxads and conifers, 19 genera of monocots and
others of dicots. Of the approximately 129 herbaceous endemic genera in the Chinese
flora as a whole, about 22 (17%) are annual and 107 (83%) are biennial or perennial.
In the present paper the ecological distribution, the nature of endemic genera and the
centers of endemism are discussed.
1. Three types of endemic genera are distinguished, neoendemics, palaeoendemics
and active epibiotics, The endemic genera in the flora of China are, for the most part,
considered to be very old ones, and most of them are of temperate nature.
2. the degree of endemism in our 22 floristic regions is shown in Figure 1. The
areas richest in endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole are the 13, 16 and 17
regions. The poorest are the 2, 4, 9 and 10 regions, and no one in the 1 and 3 regions
These results on floristic richness are of general applicability.
As shown in table 1, the difference in the degree of endemism among the seven
Chinese floristic subkingdoms are most pronounced. 101 endemic genera are known
to occur in one subkingdom, 72 to occur in two subkingdoms, and 3 to occur in four
subkingdoms, only one genus widely distributed in five subkingdoms. However, there
is no genus occurring in seven subkingdoms. The difference in the degree of endemism
in each subkingdom reveals that the distribution of endemic genera is not well-distributed in the Chinese flora as a whole.
Analysis of the vertical distribution of the 200 endemic genera of the Chinese
flora bears out that there is no evident increase in endemism as a whole with altitude.
3. Three centers of endemism are found (Fig. 2). These are as follows:
a). Eastern Sichuan-western Hubei center.
b). Southeastern Yunnan-western Guangxi center.
c). Western Sichuan-northwestern Yunnan center. The degree of endemism andcharacters of endemic genera in each center are discussed. 相似文献
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桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities. 相似文献
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土壤微量营养元素对武夷肉桂茶品质的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对丹岩区和名岩区各5个取样点的武夷肉桂茶树鲜叶生化成分进行分析。结果表明,名岩区肉桂茶树鲜叶中茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱含量总体均高于丹岩区,名岩区的茶树鲜叶具有比丹岩区更优的物质基础。名岩区产的肉桂成品茶的主要生化成分茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量亦略高于丹岩区,其他成分差异不显著。测定武夷肉桂茶树鲜叶和成品茶微量营养元素表明,二者在全铜含量上呈显著性相关,且丹岩区肉桂茶树鲜叶的Cu含量显著高于名岩区。对土壤微量营养元素分析表明,丹岩区的Cu、Zn含量显著高于名岩区,而Fe、Mn含量差异不显著。 相似文献
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采用同位素示踪和肠道离体灌流方法,研究了草鱼离体肠道对亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)的吸收转运与利用。实验结果表明:当Leu浓度从1.0mmol/L增加到5.0mmol/L、10mmol/L时,肠道吸收转运的速度表现出“高浓度抑制”效应,运输到肠道外的比例为83%、66%和35%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为2%、5%和13%;肠道组织内游离形式的比例为9%、28%和49%;其他形式的比例为6%、1%和3%。Tyr浓度从0.5mmol/L增加到1.5mmol/L、2.5mmol/L时,肠道对Tyr的吸收转运速度也随之增加,运输到肠道外的比例为52%、55%和55%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为17%、15%和16%:肠道组织内游离形式的比例为7%、10%和16%;其他形式的比例为24%、20%和13%。肠道在吸收转运Leu和Tyr的同时,也利用它们合成蛋白质的和其他方面,Leu的吸收利用受灌流试验氨基酸浓度影响较大、而Tyr受影响较小;随着肠道内灌流的试验氨基酸浓度增加,吸收转运到肠道外的比例下降、留存于肠道内的比例增加,肠道合成的蛋白质绝对量也增加。
相似文献
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江西木兰科植物的初步整理 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
通过野外采集及标本的整理鉴定, 确认江西产木兰科植物7 属22 种1 亚种, 其中3 种为江西特有种, 5 种为江西地理新分布。对各分类群进行了分类检索, 记载了其地理分布, 并列出凭证标本。 相似文献
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Wood, bark and stem anatomy of New World species of Gnetum 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
SHERWIN CARLQUIST F.L.S. 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1996,120(1):1-19
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 11 collections of six species. The wide range of character states for the species is presented in the form of a key to emphasize their potential systematic correlations. Distinctive among these are phcllem characteristics. Fibre-tracheids are newly reported for lianoid Gnetum species. Cells previously thought to be like companion cells in secondary phloem are shown to be uniseriate rays, counterparts to uniseriate xylem rays. Laticifers are abundant in most of the species, and are newly described for secondary tissues of Gnetum. Presence of tyloses in laticifers of two species is apparently a new report for vascular plants. Tori are present in two New World Gnetum species, adding to the report in African species. Perforation plates are simple except near or in primary xylem, where they are simple or foraminate. Torus presence and foraminate perforation plate presence are features more reminiscent of Ephedra and other gymnosperms than of angiosperms. The bark of Gnetum is also very similar to that of Ephedra. 相似文献
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中国罗汉松属叶角质层微形态结构及其分类意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用扫描电镜对罗汉松属8种2变种植物叶角质层内外表面进行了细致观察。发现罗汉松属植物叶角质层结构具有许多相似特征,表皮细胞较为规则,长方形或多边形,边缘波状弯曲;气孔器排列成带状,长轴均与叶脉一致,气孔器具较为明显的气孔塞和伏罗林环,气孔器保卫细胞极延伸明显,通常具有2~4个副卫细胞、不具极副卫细胞。但罗汉松属叶角质层结构也具有明显的种间差异,镰叶罗汉松和洛杉矶罗汉松同其它种类差异最大,这两种植物叶两面均具气孔器,角质层内表面垂周壁直,角质层凸缘不明显;贺氏罗汉松最为显著的特征是近轴面和远轴面表皮细胞的垂周壁角质层厚且凸缘均极其发达;小叶罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列较为规则,多数为方形,长轴与叶脉垂直,垂周壁之间的角质层突起较为显著,延伸到皮下层;兰屿罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列较不规则,多边形,细胞的角端比较钝,没有棱角;大理罗汉松气孔带间隔较小,有时两条气孔带挤在一起,使副卫细胞紧连,近轴面表皮细胞较短,方形或长方形,垂周壁之间的角质层较不发达;海南罗汉松角质层气孔带间隔较宽,气孔器形状为阔椭圆形,近轴面表皮细胞均为细长方形;变种短叶罗汉松和狭叶罗汉松与罗汉松也具有明显差异,短叶罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列不规则,垂周壁深波状弯曲,凸缘极为明显,但原种罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列较为规则,垂周壁浅波状弯曲,凸缘不明显,而狭叶罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞方形或长方形,比罗汉松的表皮细胞短,垂周壁直或略弯曲,角质层极厚。这些角质层微形态特征差异可以作为罗汉松属内种类分类鉴定的依据。 相似文献