发展菜籽油制备生物柴油产业的一种有效对策

菜籽油是生产生物柴油的主要原料之一,目前用菜籽油生产生物柴油的主要瓶颈是原料成本较高,一般占到总生产成本的75%左右。在介绍国内外菜籽油制备生物柴油产业发展现状和存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了利用现有冬闲田生产高芥酸油菜籽,以高芥酸菜籽油为原料联产制备生物柴油、芥酸及其系列衍生产品和甘油、甾醇类化合物等高值副产品的对策,并从产品用途与市场需求潜力、企业经济效益、生产技术和条件、原料来源等几方面分析了这一发展对策的可行性。该对策的实施,将实现我国菜籽油制备生物柴油产业的兴起和可持续发展,提高生物柴油产品品质,带动我国生物化工和其它诸多行业的共同发展,为我国社会主义新农村建设作出贡献。     

小球藻生产生物柴油的研究

<正>生物柴油是一种以动植物油脂为原料制备、可替代化石柴油的绿色新能源。然而,以动植物油脂为原料的生物柴油其原料成本占总生产成本的75%左右,并且消耗大量可食用的植物油脂;以餐饮废弃油脂为原料虽然可有效降低生产成本,但原料来源有限,难以满足大规模生产的需要,且产品的质量难以保证。微藻是一类单细胞藻类,其在特定的条件下可大量积累油脂,而且藻油具有与一般植物油脂类似的脂肪酸结构,因此被认为是一种具有巨大潜力的新型生物柴油油脂原料[1]。     

利用木质纤维素生产丁醇的研究进展

随着化石燃料的逐年减少,以生物质为原料的生物能源研究近年来成为能源领域的研究热点,充分利用可再生生物质为发展经济的生物燃料生产工艺提供了一个极好的机会。与燃料乙醇和生物柴油相比,生物丁醇更具有优越性,以可再生木质纤维素生物质为原料进行发酵生产丁醇在近年来被广泛的研究。对于利用可再生生物质为原料生产丁醇,需要解决原料的选择、产品收率低、抑制物对生产菌株毒性等问题。本文对以木质纤维素生物质为原料进行生物丁醇发酵过程中的原料预处理、抑制物对丁醇生产菌的影响,以及水解液的脱毒和耐抑制物菌株的选育等方面进行综述,并对以木质纤维素生产燃料丁醇所面临的机遇与问题进行了简要评述。     

我国微藻生物柴油的研究背景与发展战略

生物柴油是可再生能源开发利用的重要发展方向。藻类制备生物柴油具有产油量高、生长速度快、环境适应能力强、不与农作物争夺农田和淡水资源等优势。从微藻制备生物柴油着手,简要介绍了生物柴油的生产原料与发展历程、微藻油脂的组成与生物合成途径、微藻制备柴油的工艺与瓶颈及解决策略,最后对微藻制备生物柴油技术提出了近中远期发展目标及展望。     

遗传改造微生物代谢途径生产新型柴油燃料的研究进展

生物柴油是一种能替代柴油的可再生燃料,然而通过植物油料化学转酯化生产的第一代生物柴油在性能和生产工艺上有很多缺点。近年来随着合成生物学和代谢工程的迅速发展,通过选择合适的微生物并利用各种生物技术改造其代谢合成途径,如脂肪酸合成途径、异戊二烯合成途径,研究人员能利用微生物直接生产性能更加优越、品质更高的新型第二代生物柴油——长链烷烃。文章总结了目前遗传改造微生物代谢途径生产新型柴油的研究进展,并指出目前该领域存在的问题以及今后的发展方向。     

共生真菌Simplicillium lanosoniveum促进衣藻生长和脂类合成

【背景】藻类是生产生物柴油的主要原料,而一些真菌和细菌能够与藻类共生并提高生物柴油产量,因此藻-菌共生培养技术成为国内外研究的热点。【目的】研究共生真菌Simplicilliumlanosoniveum对衣藻Chlamydomonas reinhardtii细胞生长和脂类合成的影响。【方法】将分离的蓝藻共生真菌和衣藻混合(共生)培养。【结果】与衣藻单独培养相比,混合培养衣藻的比生长速率(0.20 d-1)、细胞产率[0.17 g/(L·d)]和生物量(2.85 g/L)分别提高了10.3%、51.3%和55.7%;脂类比合成速率[0.68 mg/(g·d)]、合成速率[1.95 mg/(L·d)]和含量(220.4 mg/g)分别提高了33.3%、107.5%和32.0%,并且脂类中的饱和脂肪酸以及单不饱和脂肪酸C18-1和C18-2的比例上升,有利于生物柴油的加工。【结论】真菌Simplicilliumlanosoniveum能够促进衣藻的生长和脂类合成,因此藻-菌混合培养可用于生物柴油原料的生产。     

适于沙漠地下水培养的耐碳酸氢钠产油微藻

<正>能源危机是全世界面临的共同问题,采用可再生能源替代化石能源是出路之一。生物柴油作为一种清洁可再生能源备受瞩目[1—3]。目前,生物柴油主要以大豆和油菜、油棕和麻风树等油料植物以及动物油脂、废餐饮油等作为原料。但是动物油脂、废餐饮油原料有限,而油料植物生产油脂存在占地面积大、生产周期长等缺点,不宜作为未来生物柴油的主要来源。相比之下,产油微藻具有生长周期短、单位面积产量高等优点[4],被认为是生物柴油     

我国生物柴油原料来源的多样性探讨

生物柴油作为一种重要的生物质能源已引起世人关注,其生产和应用已成为缓解能源危机的重要组成部分。本文分析了我国生物柴油生产原料多样性的必要性,阐述了可用于生物柴油生产的原料类型和应用开发现状,以及用于生产时所存在的问题,提出了相应的解决对策,最后对生物柴油的应用前景给予了展望。     

生物柴油研究进展

介绍了国内外生物柴油的发展现状,探讨了我国发展生物柴油的原料来源途径,包括木本油料植物、转基因油料作物、废弃油脂、微生物油脂和微藻油脂等,综述了制备生物柴油的化学法、酶法、超临界法等生产技术及其进展,概括了当前生物柴油主要的品质问题与改性对策,分析了生物柴油副产物的高值化利用策略,指出了我国生物柴油产业化面临的原料、技术和生物炼制方面的主要问题。     

微生物在生物能源生产中的应用(英文)

生物可再生能源是最有前景的石油替代品之一.生物能源的生产原料包括:植物、有机废弃物和微生物.微生物在生物能源生产上有着广泛的应用,利用微生物制备的主要生物能源包括:生物柴油、生物乙醇、生物甲烷等.某些微生物如微藻和真菌可以生产大量油脂,这些油脂可以转化为生物柴油;有些微生物如酵母可以将糖类、淀粉以及纤维素转化为燃料乙醇,添加乙醇的汽油或柴油燃烧排放明显降低;还有些厌氧微生物可以将有机废弃物转化为甲烷,可用做家用燃气、车用燃气或发电.除此之外微生物还具有在生产能源的同时治理环境污染的优势.总之研究开发微生物在生物能源生产中的应用有利于世界可持续发展.     

Biodiesel production—current state of the art and challenges

Biodiesel is a clean-burning fuel produced from grease, vegetable oils, or animal fats. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of oils with short-chain alcohols or by the esterification of fatty acids. The transesterification reaction consists of transforming triglycerides into fatty acid alkyl esters, in the presence of an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, and a catalyst, such as an alkali or acid, with glycerol as a byproduct. Because of diminishing petroleum reserves and the deleterious environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum diesel, biodiesel has attracted attention during the past few years as a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel. Since biodiesel is made entirely from vegetable oil or animal fats, it is renewable and biodegradable. The majority of biodiesel today is produced by alkali-catalyzed transesterification with methanol, which results in a relatively short reaction time. However, the vegetable oil and alcohol must be substantially anhydrous and have a low free fatty acid content, because the presence of water or free fatty acid or both promotes soap formation. In this article, we examine different biodiesel sources (edible and nonedible), virgin oil versus waste oil, algae-based biodiesel that is gaining increasing importance, role of different catalysts including enzyme catalysts, and the current state-of-the-art in biodiesel production. JIMB 2008: BioEnergy—special issue.     

Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties

Biodiesel, which is a new, renewable and biological origin alternative diesel fuel, has been receiving more attention all over the world due to the energy needs and environmental consciousness. Biodiesel is usually produced from food-grade vegetable oils using transesterification process. Using food-grade vegetable oils is not economically feasible since they are more expensive than diesel fuel. Therefore, it is said that the main obstacle for commercialization of biodiesel is its high cost. Waste cooking oils, restaurant greases, soapstocks and animal fats are potential feedstocks for biodiesel production to lower the cost of biodiesel. However, to produce fuel-grade biodiesel, the characteristics of feedstock are very important during the initial research and production stage since the fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock properties. This review paper presents both biodiesel productions from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. JIMB 2008: BioEnergy - Special issue.     

研究开发燃料油植物生产生物柴油的几个策略

能源短缺和环境污染是目前人类社会所面临的巨大挑战, 而生物柴油的应用和推广正是现阶段解决能源替代问题的较佳手段。现今国外生物柴油产业发展十分迅速, 产量逐年增长, 而我国的生物柴油产业才刚刚起步。本文介绍了极具潜力的5种木本油料植物麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)、光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)、文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolia)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)和欧李(Cerasus humilis)和1种野生草本油料植物海篷子(Salicornia bigelivii), 进而提出运用转基因技术提高燃料油植物种子含油量的优势, 归纳总结了生产生物柴油的4种不同工艺。最后建议政府应对燃料油植物种植和生产加工产业实施补贴和免税等扶植政策。本文对我国生物质能源产业的发展提供了有价值的实施策略, 具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

研究开发燃料油植物生产生物柴油的几个策略

能源短缺和环境污染是目前人类社会所面临的巨大挑战,而生物柴油的应用和推广正是现阶段解决能源替代问题的较佳手段。现今国外生物柴油产业发展十分迅速,产量逐年增长,而我国的生物柴油产业才刚刚起步。本文介绍了极具潜力的5种木本油料植物麻疯树（Jatropha curcas）、光皮树（Cornus wilsoniana）、文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolia）、黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）和欧李（Cerasus humilis）和1种野生草本油料植物海篷子（Salicornia bigelivii）,进而提出运用转基因技术提高燃料油植物种子含油量的优势,归纳总结了生产生物柴油的4种不同工艺。最后建议政府应对燃料油植物种植和生产加工产业实施补贴和免税等扶植政策。本文对我国生物质能源产业的发展提供了有价值的实施策略,具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

Use of solvent mixtures for total lipid extraction of Chlorella vulgaris and gas chromatography FAME analysis

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - Lipid extraction is the bottleneck step for algae-based biodiesel production. Herein, 12 solvent mixture systems (mixtures of three non-polar and two polar...     

Biodiesel fuel from microalgae-promising alternative fuel for the future: a review

The use of organic matter such as vegetable oil to produce biodiesel fuel has been a practical technology for a number of years. However, the search for new technologies and raw materials for biodiesel fuel production has gained increased attention recently because of financial and environmental concerns. Of particular interest are raw materials that are not food-related. Microalgae have gained a great deal of attention as a potential biodiesel raw material because of their high growth rates and ability to accumulate oil, bind carbon dioxide, and remove contaminants from wastewater. This article is a literature review of technologies for biodiesel production from microalgae. The technologies relate to microalgal cultivation, microalgal growth enhancement to simultaneously increase biomass and reduce pollution, the preparation of microalgal biomass for biodiesel production, and biodiesel production itself.     

Cyanobacteria cultivation in industrial wastewaters and biodiesel production from their biomass: a review

As an alternative fuel biodiesel has become increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and adverse environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum-fueled engines. Recently, research interest has focused on the production of biofuel from microalgae. Cyanobacteria appeared to be suitable candidates for cultivation in wastes and wastewaters because they produce biomass in satisfactory quantity and can be harvested relatively easily due to their size and structure. In addition, their biomass composition can be manipulated by several environmental and operational factors to produce biomass with concrete characteristics. Herein, we review the culture of cyanobacteria in wastewaters and also the potential resources that can be transformed into biodiesel successfully for meeting the ever-increasing demand for biodiesel production.     

Relative quantitative PCR to assess bacterial community dynamics during biodegradation of diesel and biodiesel fuels under various aeration conditions

The degradation of diesel fuel, B20 blend and biodiesel in liquid cultures by a seven-member bacterial consortium was compared under conditions with full aeration or with limited aeration with nitrate added as main electron acceptor. Community dynamics was assessed employing real-time PCR and the ddCt method for relative quantification. Biodegradation rates increased with increasing biodiesel content, but were significantly reduced under conditions with nitrate. Despite large variations in biodegradation rates, magnitude changes in population numbers were typically observed only from zero to one order, regardless the type of fuel and electron acceptor. Only Comamonadaceae and Variovorax sp. distinctly preferred aerobic conditions, and during aerobic growth showed suppression as fuel contained more biodiesel. Thus, the consortium is relatively stable and most of the degraders can shift their metabolism from hydrocarbons to biodiesel. The stability of the consortium is of interest in the context of biodiesel-mediated biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic and chromatographic studies of sunflower oil biodiesel using optimized base catalyzed methanolysis

Methyl esters from vegetable oils have attracted a great deal of interest as substitute for petrodiesel to reduce dependence on imported petroleum and provide an alternate and sustainable source for fuel with more benign environmental properties. In the present study biodiesel was prepared from sunflower seed oil by transesterification by alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. The fuel properties of sunflower oil biodiesel were determined and discussed in the light of ASTM D6751 standards for biodiesel. The sunflower oil biodiesel was chemically characterized with analytical techniques like FT-IR, and NMR (¹H and ¹³C). The chemical composition of sunflower oil biodiesel was determined by GC–MS. Various fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified by retention time data and verified by mass fragmentation patterns. The percentage conversion of triglycerides to the corresponding methyl esters determined by ¹H NMR was 87.33% which was quite in good agreement with the practically observed yield of 85.1%.     

Plant triacylglycerols as feedstocks for the production of biofuels

Triacylglycerols produced by plants are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available from nature. Given their chemical similarities, plant oils represent a logical substitute for conventional diesel, a non-renewable energy source. However, as plant oils are too viscous for use in modern diesel engines, they are converted to fatty acid esters. The resulting fuel is commonly referred to as biodiesel, and offers many advantages over conventional diesel. Chief among these is that biodiesel is derived from renewable sources. In addition, the production and subsequent consumption of biodiesel results in less greenhouse gas emission compared to conventional diesel. However, the widespread adoption of biodiesel faces a number of challenges. The biggest of these is a limited supply of biodiesel feedstocks. Thus, plant oil production needs to be greatly increased for biodiesel to replace a major proportion of the current and future fuel needs of the world. An increased understanding of how plants synthesize fatty acids and triacylglycerols will ultimately allow the development of novel energy crops. For example, knowledge of the regulation of oil synthesis has suggested ways to produce triacylglycerols in abundant non-seed tissues. Additionally, biodiesel has poor cold-temperature performance and low oxidative stability. Improving the fuel characteristics of biodiesel can be achieved by altering the fatty acid composition. In this regard, the generation of transgenic soybean lines with high oleic acid content represents one way in which plant biotechnology has already contributed to the improvement of biodiesel.