多鳞白甲鱼X型凝集素(OmITLN)基因克隆及在抗菌免疫中的功能研究

为探究秦巴山溪半洞穴鱼类——多鳞白甲鱼的先天性免疫因子X型凝集素的免疫功能,研究从多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)肝脏转录组数据库筛选出一种Intelectin基因片段,通过克隆鉴定获得Intelectin基因cDNA序列全长,命名为OmITLN;采用qRT-PCR分析OmITLN基因在健康多鳞白甲鱼8个组织和嗜水气单胞菌感染后两个免疫组织的表达情况;构建OmITLN基因的原核表达载体并在大肠杆菌BL21中诱导表达,获得Om ITLN重组蛋白,采用ELISA法以及荧光标记法检测Om ITLN对病原菌的凝集效果及糖结合情况。结果显示, OmITLN是一种X型凝集素基因,其cDNA全长960 bp,编码315个氨基酸。Om ITLN蛋白含有1个N端的纤维蛋白原相关结构域(Fibrinogen-Related Domain, FReD)和1个C端Intelectin特异性区域,不具有信号肽和跨膜区。系统进化树分析发现, Om ITLN与鲫、团头鲂、鳙、草鱼等鲤科鱼类的Intelectin聚为一支,亲缘关系最近。OmITLN基因在所检测组织均有表达,且在脾脏和肝脏中的...     

双孢蘑菇野生种质资源营养成分分析与评价

为了评价双孢蘑菇野生种质资源的营养成分,筛选具有较好或特殊营养成分的种质,为双孢蘑菇育种提供科学的参考依据。以3份主栽品种为对照,分析评价了93份双孢蘑菇野生种质材料的蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪酸的营养成分含量,并以营养成分含量均高于均值为依据筛选营养高效均衡的种质资源。结果表明,双孢蘑菇野生种质的蛋白质含量为29.50-37.60 g/100g,必需氨基酸含量为4.51-8.89 g/100g,必需氨基酸的比例为24.69%-40.59%,亚油酸含量为4086.55-14190.28 mg/kg,不饱和脂肪酸的比例为77.63%-87.47%。氨基酸的平均变异系数21.05%,亚油酸的变异系数22.93%。93份双孢蘑菇野生种质资源中氨基酸、脂肪酸含量存在丰富的变异,基于实验结果筛选到14份营养高效均衡的种质资源,可为双孢蘑菇品质提升定向育种提供亲本材料。     

濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞特征

为了研究濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼（Onychostoma rara）外周血细胞的特征,以采自长江中游沅江水系清水江共计21尾稀有白甲鱼的血液为材料,采用常规方法对稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞的组成、形态、大小和数量进行了观测。结果显示,稀有白甲鱼红细胞数量为（1.75±0.44）×106 个/ L,白细胞数量为（4.91±1.95）×105 个/ L。在血涂片上共计观察到了5种白细胞,包括淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。其5种白细胞数量比例差异较大,其数量比例关系为：淋巴细胞>血栓细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>单核细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞。这5种白细胞的大小也有所不同,其大小关系为：单核细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞>淋巴细胞>血栓细胞。与已报道的鱼类相比,稀有白甲鱼白细胞的数量明显较高,红细胞数量较多、体积相对较小,可能与其适应流水生活相关。     

银鲳4野生群体肌肉营养成分的比较分析与评价

4个野生银鲳(Pampus argenteus)群体样本于2008年5月分别采集于河北黄骅、江苏连云港、浙江舟山、广东惠来4地沿海海域,分别对其肌肉的主要营养成分进行了分析和评价.结果表明,浙江舟山与河北黄骅银鲳群体肌肉的粗蛋白含量差异显著(P<0.05),其他各群体银鲳肌肉间粗蛋白含量差异不显著.肌肉粗脂肪含量在4群体银鲳间无显著性差异(P>0.05).氨基酸及必需氨基酸总量以江苏连云港群体肌肉中含量最高,分别占干重的65.14%和27.32%,浙江舟山群体(64.31%和26.42%)其次,河北黄骅群体(60.32%和25.47%)最低,4群体间差异显著(P<0.05).江苏连云港及浙江舟山群体银鲳肌肉的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)均高于另外2群体.4群体银鲳肌肉间饱和脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸总量呈现显著性差异(P<0.05).江苏连云港及浙江舟山群体银鲳肌肉的多不饱和脂肪酸含量要高于另外2群体.综合比较,江苏连云港及浙江舟山群体银鲳肌肉的营养价值要优于河北黄骅和广东惠来群体.从银鲳4野生群体的聚类分析结果可以看出:就氨基酸含量来说,浙江舟山与江苏连云港群体差异最小,与广东惠来群体差异最大;就脂肪酸差异来讲,浙江舟山与河北黄骅群体相似性较高,与广东惠来之间的差异最大.     

野生植物云木香的营养成分

The analysis of nutrients in Aucklandia lappa Decne.showed that there were mineral elements,fiber,proteins,carbohydrates and vitamins including β-carotene,and at least 17 kind of amino acids.In which,the amount of total sugar,Glu,VB2 and calcium is relatively high.It provided the basic data for utilization of the wild plants.     

三叶虫茶营养成分的分析与评价

通过与老鹰茶虫酿茶和一些品牌绿茶的对比,对三叶虫茶的一般营养成分、茶的生化特征、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成、维生素、矿物质元素进行分析和营养评价,为开发三叶虫茶提供科学依据。方法:用常规方法分析其主要营养素和生化成分;用氨基酸分析仪分析氨基酸组成,并采用WHO推荐的蛋白质模式对蛋白质进行营养评价;维生素和矿物元素含量直接说明其营养功能。三叶虫茶含有36.44%的水浸出物,16.28%的茶多酚、1.39%的氨基酸;氨基酸的种类较为齐全,总含量与传统茶叶相当,9种人体必需氨基酸的总量达到0.722%,是传统茶叶的3~12倍,特别是赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸的含量远远高于常规茶叶,而这4种氨基酸在一般植物食品中都是限制性氨基酸;但其茶氨酸、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸的含量远远低于常规茶叶,而这3种氨基酸对改善茶汤滋味具有重要作用;三叶虫茶中脂肪酸含量为1.23%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸占35.25%;钙、磷、镁含量较高,铁、铜、锌、锰等的含量丰富;维生素C和维生素E含量与普通茶叶相当。三叶虫茶营养丰富,具备常规茶叶的一些生化特征,可作为茶饮料的代用品;若与普通茶叶混合使用,能在滋味和营养价值上实现互补。     

橄榄蚶软体部营养成分分析与评价

测定了橄榄蚶(EsteUarca olivacea)软体部的基本生化成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量.结果表明,橄榄蚶软体部含水量为81.36%,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总糖和灰分分别占软体部干重的63.64%、10.95%、13.55%和8.97%.橄榄蚶软体部含有18种氨基酸,总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占软体部干重的54.83%、19.80%和27.54%,总氨基酸占软体部蛋白质的86.13%,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的36.11%和56.52%.橄榄蚶的限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸和色氨酸.橄榄蚶软体部含28种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PuFA)及"w-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸(w-3PUFA)分别占脂肪酸的41.31%、23.06%、18.25%和10.54%,DHA和EPA分别占脂肪酸的2.82%和4.59%.     

基于线粒体基因组的白甲鱼属分子系统发育学研究

从基本形态上分类, 白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)隶属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鲃亚科(Barbinae), 其中包含19个种。然而, 白甲鱼属内的分子系统发育学关系并不是很清楚。基于整个线粒体基因组序列, 以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)为外类群, 分析了8种白甲鱼属的分子系统发育学关系。结果表明, 白甲鱼属内的8个物种不是1个单类群, 其中包括3个分支: 多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)、小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)、粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatum)和台湾白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatulum)为一个分支, 南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)和白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)一个分支, 稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)和高身白甲鱼(Onychostoma alticorpus)为一个分支。研究结果和传统的形态学分类学结果大致一样, 均分为3个分支。研究使用线粒体全基因组进行白甲鱼属系统发育学研究, 为白甲鱼属的系统发育学填补相关方面空白。     

野生湖南山核桃的营养成分研究

对野生湖南山核桃果仁的油脂及其组分、总糖、蛋白质及其氨基酸组成、维生素E、维生素B1、钙、铁、锌、铜、钼等元素含量进行分析.果仁中粗脂肪、总糖、粗蛋白质、维生素E、维生素B1的含量分别为56.57%、3.51%、8.18%、3.06 mg/100 g和1.19 mg/100 g;钙、铁、锌、铜、钼元素含量的含量分别为114.6 mg/100 g、3.26 mg/100g、5.14 mg/100g、1.69 mg/100g和0.12 mg/100g.果仁的脂肪主要由软脂酸、油酸,亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸组成,其含量分别为6.41%,71.80%,19.28%,1.82%和0.69%;果仁中蛋白质氨基酸有16种,其中9种人体必需氨基酸都含有.     

野生植物白木通营养成分的研究及应用

本文对野生植物白木通的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,白木通中含有多种营养成分,丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其β-胡罗卜素。白木通中至少含有17种氨基酸。旨在为开发利用植物资源提供科学依据。     

Energy response and fatty acid metabolism in Onychostoma macrolepis exposed to low-temperature stress

Temperature is a key environmental factor, and understanding how its fluctuations affect physiological and metabolic processes is critical for fish. The present study characterizes the energy response and fatty acid metabolism in Onychostoma macrolepis exposed to low temperature (10 °C). The results demonstrated that cold stress remarkably disrupted the energy homeostasis of O. macrolepis, then the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could strategically mobilize carbohydrates and lipids. In particular, when the O. macrolepis were faced with cold stress, the lipolysis was stimulated along with the enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation for energy, while the fatty acid synthesis was supressed in the early stage. Additionally, the fatty acid composition analysis suggested that saturated fatty acid (SFA) might accumulate while monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in storage lipids (mainly containing non-polar lipid, NPL) could be utilized to supply energy during cold acclimation. Altogether, this study may provide some meritorious for understanding the cold-tolerant mechanism of fish in the viewpoint of energy balance combined with fatty acid metabolism, and thus to contribute to this species rearing in fish farms in the future.     

6种石斛属植物氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为比较不同种石斛的氨基酸组成差异,作出营养评价,使用氨基酸自动分析仪检测6种石斛的氨基酸含量,分析其必需氨基酸组成成分,并通过计算氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)及氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)等非生物指标进行营养评价。结果表明:石斛中氨基酸种类齐全、营养丰富,均含有被检测的17种氨基酸。6种石斛氨基酸总量存在差异,介于3.58%～8.09%。必需氨基酸组成总含量介于42.62%～47.23%之间,明显高于WHO/FAO模式值(35.00%),其中,化学评分显示其限制氨基酸均为半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸。6种石斛药用氨基酸含量相差较大(2.24%～5.37%),其中蜻蜓石斛含量最高,为含量最低细叶石斛的2.40倍,但在总氨基酸中所占的比例基本一致(60.96%～66.47%)。对6种石斛进行聚类分析可分为4类,其中杓唇石斛、叠鞘石斛、细叶石斛可视为高品质蛋白质种。综上所述,石斛氨基酸具有重要的营养价值,6种石斛氨基酸差异显著。该结果可为石斛营养价值评价、品种选育及药用开发提供理论指导。     

野生豆腐柴叶营养成分分析及评价

豆腐柴(ＰｒｅｍｎａｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａＴｕｒｃｚ.)为多年生落叶灌木,其鲜叶可提取果胶;鲜叶汁可加工成凉豆腐或清凉饮料;根、茎和叶具有清热解毒、消肿止血的功效,主治毒蛇咬伤、无名肿毒和创伤出血[1,2]。我国豆腐柴野生资源丰富,分布广泛,但长期以来处于自生自灭状态,未能得到合理开发和利用。为此,本文对豆腐柴叶的营养成分进行了分析和评价,以期为野生豆腐柴资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。1　材料与方法1.1　材料豆腐柴叶2000年7月采集于皖南山区,经安徽师范大学邵建章教授鉴定。采集后水洗,自然风干,碾碎,过20目筛,瓶装…     

越冬期大鸨粪便氨基酸组成与消化能力分析

为评估陕西黄河湿地大鸨越冬期营养状况,于2012年1～2月收集大鸨新鲜粪便并对粪便中的蛋白质、灰分和氨基酸含量等做了测定.结果显示,粪便中粗蛋白、粗灰分含量分别为40.25％、19.81％.谷氨酸含量最高,为0.55％,组氨酸含量最低,为0.10％.粪便中豆苗、豆瓣、麦苗、麦粒、玉米、杂物的干物质比重分别为0.47％、4.05％、84.80％、6.75％、2.86％、1.07％.结果表明,麦苗是粪便干物质的主要成分,但相对大鸨越冬食性而言,麦苗粗蛋白含量偏低.粪便中谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天门冬氨酸和丙氨酸含量较大,这对优化大鸨对食物的选择方面起一定作用.     

Chromosome‐level genome assembly of a cyprinid fish Onychostoma macrolepis by integration of nanopore sequencing,Bionano and Hi‐C technology

Onychostoma macrolepis is an emerging commercial cyprinid fish species. It is a model system for studies of sexual dimorphism and genome evolution. Here, we report the chromosome‐level assembly of the O.macrolepis genome obtained from the integration of nanopore long‐read sequencing with physical maps produced using Bionano and Hi‐C technology. A total of 87.9 Gb of nanopore sequence provided approximately 100‐fold coverage of the genome. The preliminary genome assembly was 883.2 Mb in size with a contig N50 size of 11.2 Mb. The 969 corrected contigs obtained from Bionano optical mapping were assembled into 853 scaffolds and produced an assembly of 886.5 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 16.5 Mb. Finally, using the Hi‐C data, 881.3 Mb (99.4% of genome) in 526 scaffolds were anchored and oriented in 25 chromosomes ranging in size from 25.27 to 56.49 Mb. In total, 24,770 protein‐coding genes were predicted in the genome, and ~96.85% of the genes were functionally annotated. The annotated assembly contains 93.3% complete genes from the BUSCO reference set. In addition, we identified 409 Mb (46.23% of the genome) of repetitive sequence, and 11,213 non‐coding RNAs, in the genome. Evolutionary analysis revealed that O. macrolepis diverged from common carp approximately 24.25 million years ago. The chromosomes of O. macrolepis showed an unambiguous correspondence to the chromosomes of zebrafish. The high‐quality genome assembled in this work provides a valuable genomic resource for further biological and evolutionary studies of O. macrolepis.     

核桃杂交后代群体及优选单株种仁中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量的遗传特性

为明确核桃(Juglans regia L.)种仁中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量的遗传特性,分别对品种‘元林’(母本)和‘青林’(父本)及其杂交后代群体种仁的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量及其遗传参数进行了测定及分析;并在此基础上,比较分析了15个优选单株种仁的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量以及种仁油的脂肪酸组成.结果显示:‘元林’和‘青林’及其杂交后代群体种仁中粗蛋白质含量均值分别为17.61％、19.28％和19.70％,变异系数分别为4.25％、7.99％和18.75％;粗脂肪含量均值分别为61.03％、59.28％和57.61％,变异系数分别为10.54％、4.93％和9.56％.杂交后代群体种仁的粗蛋白质及粗脂肪含量的各遗传参数均有较大差异;单株间粗蛋白质含量差异极显著(P≤0.01),遗传力(H2)和相对遗传增益(△G’)分别为0.93和33.12％;粗脂肪含量差异显著(P≤0.05),H2和△G’分别为0.92和19.06％.15个优选单株种仁的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量分别为15.78％ ～25.22％和50.41％ ～64.69％,其中,单株6-7、5-19和3-19的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量均较高.优选单株种仁油由亚油酸、油酸、α-亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、顺-11-二十碳烯酸和花生酸组成,以亚油酸相对含量最高(61.57％),不饱和脂肪酸总相对含量达87.48％.研究结果表明:与亲本相比,核桃杂交后代种仁的粗蛋白质含量较高、粗脂肪含量较低;对杂交后代进行优良单株筛选可获得粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量较高的遗传增益.     

4种野生蔬菜的氨基酸含量及其营养价值评价

野生蔬菜具有独特的口味,丰富的营养,有些还具有防病治病的功能,对人体有良好的保健作用.白子菜[Gynura divaricata (L.) DC.]茎叶有消热、舒筋及止血祛瘀的作用,用于镇咳、风湿性关节痛、骨折、创伤止血,痈肿疮疥等症,在民间还作抗癌草使用[1].红凤菜(Gynura bicolor DC.)茎叶有活血止血,解毒消肿的功效,治痛经,血崩,咳血,创伤出血,溃疡久不收口[2].诸葛菜[Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) Schulz]作为野生蔬菜在江苏、安徽民间有很长的食用历史,测定结果表明,该种含有黄酮类化合物[3].马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)具有清热解毒、消炎、利尿、消肿的功效,民间还用于白发症、糖尿病、心血管疾病的治疗[4],中国卫生部将它列为药食同用的植物.     

Amino acid composition and protein dimension

There is indirect evidence that the amino acid composition of proteins depends on their dimension. The amino acid composition of a nonredundant set of about 550,000 proteins was determined and it was observed that, in the range of 50-200 residues, the percentage of occurrence of most of the residue types significantly depends on protein dimension. This result should prove useful in analyzing protein sequences and genomics.     

Fat source and dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio influences milk fatty-acid composition in lactating cows

On the basis of the potential benefits to human health there is an increased interest in producing milk containing lower-saturated fatty acid (SFA) and higher unsaturated fatty acid (FA) concentrations, including cis-9 18:1 and cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in two experiments according to a completely randomized block design, with 21-day periods to examine the effects of incremental replacement of prilled palm fat (PALM) with sunflower oil (SFO) in high-concentrate diets containing 30 g/kg dry matter (DM) of supplemental fat (Experiment 1) or increases in the forage-to-concentrate (F : C) ratio from 39 : 61 to 48 : 52 of diets containing 30 g/kg DM of SFO (Experiment 2) on milk production, digestibility and milk FA composition. Replacing PALM with SFO had no effect on DM intake, but tended to increase organic matter digestibility, yields of milk, protein and lactose, and decreased linearly milk fat content. Substituting SFO for PALM decreased linearly milk fat 8:0 to 16:0 and cis-9 16:1, and increased linearly 18:0, cis-9 18:1, trans-18:1 (Δ4 to 16), 18:2 and CLA concentrations. Increases in the F : C ratio of diets containing SFO had no effect on intake, yields of milk, milk protein or milk lactose, lowered milk protein content in a quadratic manner, and increased linearly NDF digestion and milk fat secretion. Replacing concentrates with forages in diets containing SFO increased milk fat 4:0 to 10:0 concentrations in a linear or quadratic manner, decreased linearly cis-9 16:1, trans-6 to -10 18:1, 18:2n-6, trans-7, cis-9 CLA, trans-9, cis-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA, without altering milk fat 14:0 to 16:0, trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA or 18:3n-3 concentrations. In conclusion, replacing prilled palm fat on with SFO in high-concentrate diets had no adverse effects on intake or milk production, other than decreasing milk fat content, but lowered milk fat medium-chain SFA and increased trans FA and polyunsaturated FA concentrations. Increases in the proportion of forage in diets containing SFO increased milk fat synthesis, elevated short-chain SFA and lowered trans FA concentrations, without altering milk polyunsaturated FA content. Changes in fat yield on high-concentrate diets containing SFO varied between experiments and individual animals, with decreases in milk fat secretion being associated with increases in milk fat trans-10 18:1, trans-10, cis-12 CLA and trans-9, cis-11 CLA concentrations.