拟南芥SNARE因子在膜泡运输中的功能

高等植物细胞含有复杂的内膜系统, 通过其特有的膜泡运输机制来完成细胞内和细胞间的物质交流。膜泡运输主要包括运输囊泡的出芽、定向移动、拴留和膜融合4个过程。这4个过程受到许多因子的调控, 如Coat、SM、Tether、SNARE和Rab蛋白等, 其中SNARE因子在膜融合过程中发挥重要功能。SNARE因子是小分子跨膜蛋白, 分为定位于运输囊泡上的v-SNARE和定位于靶位膜上的t-SNARE, 两类SNARE结合形成SNARE复合体, 促进膜融合的发生。SNARE蛋白在调控植物体生长发育以及对外界环境响应等生理过程中起重要作用。该文对模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)SNARE因子的最新细胞内定位和功能分析等研究进展进行了概述。     

拟南芥SNARE因子在膜泡运输中的功能

高等植物细胞含有复杂的内膜系统,通过其特有的膜泡运输机制来完成细胞内和细胞间的物质交流。膜泡运输主要包括运输囊泡的出芽、定向移动、拴留和膜融合4个过程。这4个过程受到许多因子的调控,如Coat、SM、Tether、SNARE和Rab蛋白等,其中SNARE因子在膜融合过程中发挥重要功能。SNARE因子是小分子跨膜蛋白,分为定位于运输囊泡上的v-SNARE和定位于靶位膜上的t-SNARE,两类SNARE结合形成SNARE复合体,促进膜融合的发生。SNARE蛋白在调控植物体生长发育以及对外界环境响应等生理过程中起重要作用。该文对模式植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）SNARE因子的最新细胞内定位和功能分析等研究进展进行了概述。     

囊泡转运蛋白SM蛋白家族的研究进展

真核细胞中含有多种不同功能的转运囊泡。虽然转运途径和携带物质各异,但细胞转运的基本分子机制却呈现出高度相似性和保守性。大多数转运途径都需要一种SNARE（Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor）蛋白质复合体介导转运膜泡与靶膜的融合。同时,另一个蛋白家族,Secl／Muncl8蛋白（SM蛋白）也在囊泡运输中发挥重要作用。但是相比于对SNARE蛋白的认识的一致性,在不同的研究中SM蛋白的功能及其与SNARE复合体的相互作用方式却不尽相同。以下综述近年来有关SM蛋白结构和功能的研究进展,并归纳SM蛋白分子的作用机制、功能以及应用。     

植物Qa-SNARE蛋白研究进展

高等植物细胞通过其特有的内膜系统和膜泡运输机制完成细胞内外的物质与信息交流。SNARE是膜泡运输过程中运输囊泡与靶膜之间融合的重要调节因子。根据氨基酸序列特性,SNARE分为Q-SNARE和R-SNARE两类。Q-SNARE又分为Qa-、Qb-和Qc-SNARE三类。其中,Qa-SNARE在SNARE复合体形成乃至整个膜融合过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文对Qa-SNARE在植物生长发育和响应环境变化的最新研究进展进行概述。     

Exocyst复合体的结构与功能研究进展

囊泡运输是真核细胞内细胞器间物质交流的重要手段,主要包括出芽、转运、拴系及膜融合四个环节.拴系因子调控运输囊泡与靶膜的初始接触,建立两者间的连接,并能够促进SNARE介导的膜融合过程.Exocyst是一个保守的八亚基拴系复合体,主要在胞吐过程中介导囊泡与细胞质膜的拴系过程.本文主要介绍exocyst复合体的结构和组装机...     

Sec1/Munc18蛋白的研究进展

大多数细胞包含许多种转运到不同目的地的囊泡.尽管存在许多特定的转运途径,根本的分子原则非常相似并在进化中保守.有充足的证据表明,膜融合除需要SNARE蛋白家族的参与外,也需要Sec1/Munc18(SM)蛋白;但是与SNARE蛋白功能的一致清楚相反,不同的实验系统得到的不同研究数据,使人们对于不同的SM蛋白的确切作用、作用位点和它们与SNARE蛋白的作用方式持不同观点.不同的SM蛋白与SNARE蛋白存在三种不同的作用模式.最近的研究确定,Munc18-1直接促进融合,并且它可能以所有三种模式与SNARE蛋白相互作用.本文综述了该领域的最新研究进展.     

细胞内膜泡运输中拴系因子的功能

膜泡运输是不同细胞器间进行物质传递的基本方式,分为4个重要步骤：囊泡的出芽、转运、拴系和融合。在此过程中,有许多相关因子参与调控,如包被蛋白、Rab蛋白、拴系因子、SM蛋白和SNARE等。拴系因子在运输囊泡和靶位膜发生接触的最初阶段起重要调控作用,多数拴系因子形成大的多亚基复合体发挥功能。目前,关于拴系因子的功能已经有了一定的了解,在此,我们对酵母、哺乳动物以及植物细胞中的已知拴系因子的特点和功能进行了概述。     

囊泡运输的分子细胞机制

内膜系统构成了细胞及细胞器之间的天然屏障,保证重要的生命活动在相对独立的空间内进行。细胞内膜性细胞器之间的物质(如蛋白质、脂类)的运输主要是通过囊泡完成的。囊泡运输需要货物分子、运输复合体、动力蛋白和微管等的参与以及多种分子的调节,包括出芽、锚定和融合等过程。从上世纪60年代开始,人们认识到细胞分泌的蛋白需要先进入内质网,再到高尔基体,然后分泌到其作用部位。之后,信号肽假说被提出和证明。随后的研究完善了囊泡运输的过程,包括经内质网到高尔基体的蛋白质分泌运输过程中关键的调控基因及其作用环节、蛋白质复合物SNARE(可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感的融合蛋白附着蛋白受体)在囊泡锚定和融合中的作用机制等。在囊泡运输中的具有代表性的神经细胞突触囊泡中,触发突触囊泡融合的钙感受器(synaptotagmin)能快速准确地将钙信号传递到突触囊泡,通过与SNARE复合体等作用,实现与细胞膜融合并释放神经递质,最终完成神经信息的传递。该文从囊泡运输的研究历史回顾、已有研究成果以及未来展望等三个方面对囊泡运输分子细胞机制进行了阐述。     

驱动细胞膜融合的发动机——SNAREs蛋白

主要介绍了SNARE蛋在在膜融合过程中的核心驱动作用。自1980s后期SNARE蛋白被发现以后,SNAREs就作为细胞膜融合蛋白复合体的关键组分而获得普遍认同。尽管不同SNARE蛋白的基因组成序列存在差异,但它们的功能在进化上似乎是保守的,均涉及细胞生长、膜修复、细胞骨架动力学和突触传递等许多方面的细胞膜融合活动。从这些发现可以看到,膜融合机制展示了SNARE蛋白复合体作为一种超级微型机器工作的迷人画卷。     

Complexin 蛋白的研究进展

细胞中囊泡释放过程的SNARE假说认为SNARE(SolubleN ethyl maleimidesensitivefusionpro teinattachmentproteinreceptor)复合体是在突触囊泡和突触前膜融合过程中的基本元件。在这个过程中 ,还有许多蛋白质分子参与调控 ,如目前认为作为钙感受器的Synaptotagmin ,调节Syntaxin结合状态的nSec1,与NSF一起调节SNARE复合体解聚的alpha SNAP ,以及能与alpha SNAP竞争结合SNARE复合体的Complexin。本文就Complexin的研究状况作一介绍。     

Function of SM protein in vesicle transport

Most cells contain various transport vesicles that target to different destinations. The underlying molecular mechanisms are highly conserved in evolution. Sec1/Munc-18 (SM) proteins play an important role on regulating vesicle transport by interacting with soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) at each vesicle fusion sites. SM proteins interact with syntaxin, an important component in SNARE complex, to regulate the assembly of SNARE complex, and promote overall membrane fusion process together with SNARE complex. This review summaries new research progresses of structure and function of SM protein.     

An InCytes from MBC Selection: Yeast Sec1p Functions before and after Vesicle Docking

Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins bind cognate soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes and stimulate vesicle membrane fusion. Before fusion, vesicles are docked to specific target membranes. Regulation of vesicle docking is attributed to some but not all SM proteins, suggesting specialization of this earlier function. Yeast Sec1p seems to function only after vesicles are docked and SNARE complexes are assembled. Here, we show that yeast Sec1p is required before and after SNARE complex assembly, in support of general requirements for SM proteins in both vesicle docking and fusion. Two classes of sec1 mutants were isolated. Class A mutants are tightly blocked in cell growth and secretion at a step before SNARE complex assembly. Class B mutants have a SNARE complex binding defect, with a range in severity of cell growth and secretion defects. Mapping the mutations onto an SM protein structure implicates a peripheral bundle of helices for the early, docking function and a deep groove, opposite the syntaxin-binding cleft on nSec1/Munc-18, for the interaction between Sec1p and the exocytic SNARE complex.     

Vesicle trafficking: pleasure and pain from SM genes

Most cells contain a variety of transport vesicles traveling to different destinations. Although many specific transport routes exist, the underlying molecular principles appear to be rather similar and conserved in evolution. It has become evident that formation of protein complexes named SNARE complexes between vesicle and target membrane is a central aspect of the final fusion reaction in many, if not all, routes and that SNARE complexes in different routes and species form in a similar manner. It is also evident that a second gene family, the Sec1/Munc18 genes (SM genes), plays a prominent role in vesicle trafficking. But, in contrast to the consensus and clarity about SNARE proteins, recent data on SM proteins in different systems produce an uncomfortable heterogeneity of ideas about their exact role, their site of action and their relation to SNARE proteins. This review examines whether a universal principle for the molecular function of SM genes exists and whether the divergence in SM gene function can be related to the unique characteristics of different transport routes.     

Characteristics of SNARE proteins are defined by distinctive properties of SNARE motifs

BackgroundSyntaxin-1A and Sso1 are syntaxin family SNARE proteins engaged in synaptic vesicle fusion and yeast exocytosis. The syntaxin-1A SNARE motif can form a fusogenic SNARE complex with Sso1 partners. However, a chimera in which the SNARE motif in syntaxin-1A is introduced into Sso1 was not functional in yeast because the chimera is retained in the ER. Through the analysis of the transport defect of Sso1/syntaxin-1A chimeric SNAREs, we found that their SNARE motifs have distinctive properties.MethodsSso1, syntaxin-1A, and Sso1/syntaxin-1A chimeric SNAREs were expressed in yeast cells and their localization and interaction with other SNAREs are analyzed.ResultsSNARE proteins containing the syntaxin-1A SNARE motif exhibit a transport defect because they form a cis-SNARE complex in the ER. Ectopic SNARE complex formation can be prevented in syntaxin-1A by binding to a Sec1/Munc-18-like (SM) protein. In contrast, the SNARE motif of Sso1 does not form an ectopic SNARE complex. Additionally, we found that the SNARE motif in syntaxin-1A, but not that in Sso1, self-interacts, even when it is in the inactive form and bound to the SM protein.ConclusionsThe SNARE motif in syntaxin-1A, but not in Sso1, likely forms ectopic SNARE complex. Because of this property, the SM protein is necessary for syntaxin-1A to prevent its promiscuous assembly and to promote its export from the ER.General significanceProperties of SNARE motifs affect characteristics of SNARE proteins. The regulatory mechanisms of SNARE proteins are, in part, designed to handle such properties.     

The Sec1p/Munc18 (SM) protein,Vps45p,cycles on and off membranes during vesicle transport

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1, Glc7p) functions in the final stage of SNARE-mediated vesicle transport between docking and fusion. During this process, trans-SNARE complexes, formed between molecules in opposing membranes, convert to cis-complexes, with all participants in the same lipid bilayer. Here, we show that glc7 mutant cells accumulate SNARE complexes. These complexes are clearly different from those found in either wild-type or sec18-1 cells as the Sec1p/Munc18 (SM) protein Vps45p does not bind to them. Given that PP1 controls fusion, the SNARE complexes that accumulate in glc7 mutants likely represent trans-SNARE complexes. Vps45p dissociates from the membrane in the absence of PP1 activity, but rapidly reassociates after its reactivation. These data reveal that SM proteins cycle on and off membranes in a stage-specific manner during the vesicle transport reaction, and suggest that protein phosphorylation plays a key role in the regulation of this cycle.     

Molecular dissection of the Munc18c/syntaxin4 interaction: implications for regulation of membrane trafficking

Sec1p/Munc18 (SM) proteins are believed to play an integral role in vesicle transport through their interaction with SNAREs. Different SM proteins have been shown to interact with SNAREs via different mechanisms, leading to the conclusion that their function has diverged. To further explore this notion, in this study, we have examined the molecular interactions between Munc18c and its cognate SNAREs as these molecules are ubiquitously expressed in mammals and likely regulate a universal plasma membrane trafficking step. Thus, Munc18c binds to monomeric syntaxin4 and the N-terminal 29 amino acids of syntaxin4 are necessary for this interaction. We identified key residues in Munc18c and syntaxin4 that determine the N-terminal interaction and that are consistent with the N-terminal binding mode of yeast proteins Sly1p and Sed5p. In addition, Munc18c binds to the syntaxin4/SNAP23/VAMP2 SNARE complex. Pre-assembly of the syntaxin4/Munc18c dimer accelerates the formation of SNARE complex compared to assembly with syntaxin4 alone. These data suggest that Munc18c interacts with its cognate SNAREs in a manner that resembles the yeast proteins Sly1p and Sed5p rather than the mammalian neuronal proteins Munc18a and syntaxin1a. The Munc18c-SNARE interactions described here imply that Munc18c could play a positive regulatory role in SNARE assembly.     

Sly1 binds to Golgi and ER syntaxins via a conserved N-terminal peptide motif

Sec1/munc18-like proteins (SM proteins) and SNARE complexes are probably universally required for membrane fusion. However, the molecular mechanism by which they interact has only been defined for synaptic vesicle fusion where munc18 binds to syntaxin in a closed conformation that is incompatible with SNARE complex assembly. We now show that Sly1, an SM protein involved in Golgi and ER fusion, binds to a short, evolutionarily conserved N-terminal peptide of Sed5p and Ufe1p in yeast and of syntaxins 5 and 18 in vertebrates. In these syntaxins, the Sly1 binding peptide is upstream of a separate, autonomously folded N-terminal domain. These data suggest a potentially general mechanism by which SM proteins could interact with peptides in target proteins independent of core complex assembly and suggest that munc18 binding to syntaxin is an exception.