Molecular analysis of fecal microbiota in elderly individuals using 16S rDNA library and T-RFLP

Fecal microbiota in six elderly individuals were characterized by the 16S rDNA libraries and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Random clones of 16S rRNA gene sequences were isolated after PCR amplification with universal primer sets from total genomic DNA extracted from feces of three elderly individuals. These clones were partially sequenced (about 500 bp). T-RFLP analysis was performed using 16S rDNA amplified from six subjects. The lengths of the terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) were analyzed after digestion by HhaI and MspI. Among 240 clones obtained, approximately 46% belonged to 27 known species. About 54% of the other clones were 56 novel "phylotypes" (at least 98% homology of clone sequence). These libraries included 83 species or phylotypes. In addition, about 13% (30 phylotypes) of these phylotypes were newly discovered in these libraries. A large number of species that are not yet known exist in the feces of elderly individuals. 16S rDNA libraries and T-RFLP analysis revealed that the majority of bacteria were Bacteroides and relatives, Clostridium rRNA cluster IV, IX, Clostridium rRNA subcluster XIVa, and "Gammaproteobacteria". The proportion of Clostridium rRNA subcluster XIVa was lower than in healthy adults. In addition, although Ruminococcus obeum and its closely related phylotypes were detected in high frequency in healthy young subjects, hardly any were detected in our elderly individuals. "Gammaproteobacteria" were detected at high frequency.     

16S rDNA Pyrosequencing Analysis of Bacterial Community in Heavy Metals Polluted Soils

Soil contamination with heavy metals is a widespread problem, especially prominent on grounds lying in the vicinity of mines, smelters, and other industrial facilities. Many such areas are located in Southern Poland; they are polluted mainly with Pb, Zn, Cd, or Cu, and locally also with Cr. As for now, little is known about most bacterial species thriving in such soils and even less about a core bacterial community—a set of taxa common to polluted soils. Therefore, we wanted to answer the question if such a set could be found in samples differing physicochemically and phytosociologically. To answer the question, we analyzed bacterial communities in three soil samples contaminated with Pb and Zn and two contaminated with Cr and lower levels of Pb and Zn. The communities were assessed with 16S rRNA gene fragments pyrosequencing. It was found that the samples differed significantly and Zn decreased both diversity and species richness at species and family levels, while plant species richness did not correlate with bacterial diversity. In spite of the differences between the samples, they shared many operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and it was possible to delineate the core microbiome of our sample set. The core set of OTUs comprised members of such taxa as Sphingomonas, Candidatus Solibacter, or Flexibacter showing that particular genera might be shared among sites ~40 km distant.     

基于16S rDNA的系统发育分析在微生物进化关系中的应用

系统发育树的构建是现代生命科学研究中的重要技术,是分析未知菌种与其他菌种的亲缘关系,为进一步了解生物的进化关系的重要依据。对系统发育树的构建进行了详细的介绍。并对其在微生物进化研究中的具体应用进行了阐述。     

FastGroup: A program to dereplicate libraries of 16S rDNA sequences

Background

Ribosomal 16S DNA sequences are an essential tool for identifying and classifying microbes. High-throughput DNA sequencing now makes it economically possible to produce very large datasets of 16S rDNA sequences in short time periods, necessitating new computer tools for analyses. Here we describe FastGroup, a Java program designed to dereplicate libraries of 16S rDNA sequences. By dereplication we mean to: 1) compare all the sequences in a data set to each other, 2) group similar sequences together, and 3) output a representative sequence from each group. In this way, duplicate sequences are removed from a library.

Results

FastGroup was tested using a library of single-pass, bacterial 16S rDNA sequences cloned from coral-associated bacteria. We found that the optimal strategy for dereplicating these sequences was to: 1) trim ambiguous bases from the 5' end of the sequences and all sequence 3' of the conserved Bact517 site, 2) match the sequences from the 3' end, and 3) group sequences >=97% identical to each other.

Conclusions

The FastGroup program simplifies the dereplication of 16S rDNA sequence libraries and prepares the raw sequences for subsequent analyses.     

DNA指纹图谱技术在土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

土壤中的微生物多样性是十分丰富的,传统培养方法对土壤微生物多样性的研究有很大局限性。近年来,各种基于16S rDNA基因的指纹图谱分析技术取得了长足的进步,并广泛应用于土壤微生物多样性的研究。这些技术主要有变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)/温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)、单链构象多态性(SSCP)、随机引物扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)和扩增核糖体DNA限制性分析(ARDRA)等。对这些技术近年来在土壤微生物多样性研究领域的应用予以简短综述,并初步探讨未来几年土壤微生物分子生态学发展的方向。     

Cultivable Bacterial Community from South China Sea Sponge as Revealed by DGGE Fingerprinting and 16S rDNA Phylogenetic Analysis

The cultivable bacterial communities associated with four South China Sea sponges—Stelletta tenuis, Halichondria rugosa, Dysidea avara, and Craniella australiensis in mixed cultures—were investigated by microbial community DNA-based DGGE fingerprinting and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. Diverse bacteria such as α-, γ-, δ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were cultured, some of which were previously uncultivable bacteria, potential novel strains with less than 95% similarity to their closest relatives and sponge symbionts growing only in the medium with the addition of sponge extract. According to 16S rDNA BLAST analysis, most of the bacteria were cultured from sponge for the first time, although similar phyla of bacteria have been previously recognized. The selective pressure of sponge extract on the cultured bacterial species was suggested, although the effect of sponge extract on bacterial community in high nutrient medium is not significant. Although α- and γ-Proteobacteria appeared to form the majority of the dominant cultivable bacterial communities of the four sponges, the composition of the cultivable bacterial community in the mixed culture was different, depending on the medium and sponge species. Greater bacterial diversity was observed in media C and CS for Stelletta tenuis, in media F and FS for Halichondria rugosa and Craniella australiensis. S. tenuis was found to have the highest cultivable bacterial diversity including α-, γ-, δ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, followed by sponge Dysidea avara without δ-Proteobacteria, sponge Halichondria rugosa with only α-, γ-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and sponge C. australiensis with only α-, γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Based on this study, by the strategy of mixed cultivation integrated with microbial community DNA-based DGGE fingerprinting and phylogenetic analysis, the cultivable bacterial community of sponge could be revealed effectively.     

甘草根瘤菌的16S rDNA全序列测定及系统进化分析

通过对西北干旱半干旱地区68株甘草根瘤菌的表型多样性和抗逆性分离研究,发现1个新类群和1个具有较高抗逆性的菌株。对其中心菌株CCNWGX022和高抗性菌株CCNWGX035进行16S rDNA全序列测定及系统进化研究。结果表明,CCNWGX022和CCNWGX035与中慢生根瘤菌属内参比菌株的16S rDNA相似性分别大于96．8％和98．3％,因此它们均属于中慢生根瘤菌属。     

地衣芽孢杆菌16S rRNA基因的TD-PCR扩增及系统发育分析

运用16SrRNA基因序列分析了中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)保存的30株地衣芽孢杆菌的系统发育关系,结果显示:24株菌株位于地衣芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;3株菌株位于蜡状芽孢杆菌-苏云金芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;1株菌株位于枯草芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;2株菌株与其它地衣芽孢杆菌菌株间序列同源性为96.4%~97.4%,明显低于其它地衣芽孢杆菌菌株间同源性,分类地位不明确,有待进一步讨论。通过比较分析16SrRNA基因5′端500bp、3′端500bp以及其全基因的系统发育树,表明16SrRNA基因5′端500bp可以很好的代表全基因序列进行系统发育研究,可用于区分地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以及蜡状芽孢杆菌分支。     

一株抗重金属铜镉细菌的分离、鉴定及其16S rDNA的序列分析

从湖北省大冶市矿区土壤中分离到一株高抗铜和镉的菌株,命名为NTG-01。该菌株可以单抗4.5mmol/L的铜和2mmol/L的镉,因此它是研究抗铜或镉机制的重要菌株。对分离到的NTG-01进行了形态学观察和生理生化鉴定以及16S rDNA序列分析。结果显示菌株NTG-01为细菌,革兰氏染色阴性,短杆状,鞭毛周生,菌体大小约为0.8μm×2.0μm,V-P实验阳性,甲基红实验阴性,利用葡萄糖产酸产气;通过对菌株NTG-01的16S rDNA序列进行测定和同源性比对,发现它与产气肠杆菌的16S rDNA有高达99%的同源性,结合形态和生理生化指标,将其鉴定为产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)。通过测定NTG-01对9种重金属的M IC值,可知它对多种重金属具有普遍较高的抗性。     

应用16S rDNA克隆文库解析人工快速渗滤系统细菌种群多样性

本文出不穷通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库开展了人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统表层(10cm深)细菌种群多样性研究,结果表明,在CRI系统表层填料中细菌多样性十分丰富,存在7个主要类群,其中不可培养的酸杆菌纲(uncultured Acidobacteria)和其它不可培养细菌(uncultured bacteria)在整个克隆文库中比例最大,比例为53.72%,其次是浮霉菌纲(uncultured planctomycete)和β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacterium),分别占文库比例的13.89%和8.33%;克隆文库中反硝化菌的比例高于亚硝化单胞菌属细菌(O.925%),没有出现Nitrospira属的克隆子.本文通过16S rDNA克隆文库揭示了在生物膜上存在的优势茵为不可培养菌,而假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和紫色色杆菌(Chromobacterium sp.)等在平板分离培养中出现的频率较高,两种方法之间的结果存在差异.本研究采用16S rDNA克隆文库方法揭示的结果,将为CRI系统生物降解的进一步提高提供依据.     

应用16S rDNA克隆文库解析人工快速渗滤系统细菌种群多样性

本文通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库开展了人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统表层(10 cm深)细菌种群多样性研究, 结果表明, 在CRI系统表层填料中细菌多样性十分丰富, 存在7个主要类群, 其中不可培养的酸杆菌纲(uncultured Acidobacteria)和其它不可培养细菌(uncultured bacteria)在整个克隆文库中比例最大, 比例为53.72%, 其次是浮霉菌纲(uncultured planctomycete)和β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacterium), 分别占文库比例的13.89%和8.33%; 克隆文库中反硝化菌的比例高于亚硝化单胞菌属细菌(0.925%), 没有出现Nitrospira属的克隆子。本文通过16S rDNA克隆文库揭示了在生物膜上存在的优势菌为不可培养菌, 而假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和紫色色杆菌(Chromobacterium sp.)等在平板分离培养中出现的频率较高, 两种方法之间的结果存在差异。本研究采用16S rDNA克隆文库方法揭示的结果, 将为CRI系统生物降解的进一步提高提供依据。     

Application of Basic Isotope Equations to Describe the Dynamics of Microbiological Processes: Deuterium Redistribution

Biophysics - Basic isotope dynamics equations based on maintaining deuterium equilibrium were used to analyze the dynamics of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (NDAMO) in two laboratory...     

The use of 16S and 16S-23S rDNA to easily detect and differentiate common Gram-negative orchard epiphytes

The identification of Gram-negative pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria commonly isolated from an orchard phylloplane may result in a time consuming and tedious process for the plant pathologist. The paper provides a simple "one-step" protocol that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify intergenic spacer regions between 16S and 23S genes and a portion of 16S gene in the prokaryotic rRNA genetic loci. Amplified 16S rDNA, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) following EcoRI digestion produced band patterns that readily distinguished between the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora (causal agent of fire blight in pear and apple) and the orchard epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans (formerly E. herbicola). The amplified DNA patterns of 16S-23S spacer regions may be used to differentiate E. amylovora at the intraspecies level. Isolates of E. amylovora obtained from raspberries exhibited two major fragments while those obtained from apples showed three distinct amplified DNA bands. In addition, the size of the 16S-23S spacer region differs between Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The RFLP pattern generated by HaeIII digestion may be used to provide a rapid and accurate identification of these two common orchard epiphytes.     

瘤胃甲硫氨酸降解菌的分离及其16 S rDNA全序列分析

为分析研究山羊瘤胃液中甲硫氨酸降解菌群的物种资源,对经分离纯化获得的一株甲硫氨酸降解菌MB6-1,采用PCR方法扩增其16 S rDNA基因,并测定其基因的核苷酸全序列。基于16 S rDNA序列的同源性比较和系统发育学分析(ribosomal database projectⅡ;简称RDPⅡ数据库),发现MB6-1可能是普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)中的一个新种。菌株MB6-1的16 S rDNA序列已经被GenBank数据库收录,其序列号为DQ436917。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BS224的16S rDNA序列测定及系统进化分析

利用细菌通用引物,通过PCR的方法,对菌株BS224的16S rDNA基因进行扩增,PCR产物经胶回收试剂盒纯化后测序,测序结果与GenBank上已登录的高同源16S rDNA序列进行比较,并构建系统进化树,结果BS224与Bacillus subtilisstrain ZHA9相似性最高,达到99.38%,与模式菌株Bacillus subtilisstrain 168的相似性也达到98.55%,结合其形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性的分析结果,可以确定BS224属于枯草芽孢杆菌属。     

拮抗放线菌B-20的种类鉴定及其16S rDNA序列分析

对分离自东北蔬菜保护地土壤的1株拮抗放线菌菌株B-20进行了形态特征、培养特征、生理生化、细胞壁组分分析及16S rDNA序列分析。基内菌丝无横隔、不断裂,气生菌丝多分枝;孢子丝波曲至螺旋形,孢子椭圆形,表面光滑。细胞壁化学组分Ⅰ型。以16s rDNA序列为基础构建了包括13株相关种属细菌在内的系统发育树。根据多相分类鉴定结果表明,放线菌B-20的上述特征与淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)的高度一致。二者的16S rDNA序列的相似性达到了99%。因此,可将链霉菌B-20定名为淡紫灰链霉菌B-20 (S.lavendulae B-20)。     

Community analysis of high- and low-nucleic acid-containing bacteria in NW Mediterranean coastal waters using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing

The ecological significance of the marine bacterial populations distinguishable by flow cytometry on the basis of the fluorescence (FL) of their nucleic acid (NA) content and proxies of cell size (such as side scatter, SSC) remains largely unknown. Some studies have suggested that cells with high NA (HNA) content and high SSC (HS) represent the active members of the community, while the low NA (LNA) cells are inactive members of the same phylogenetic groups. But group-specific activity measurements and phylogenetic assignment after cell sorting have suggested this is not be the case, particularly in open-ocean communities. To test the extent to which the different NA subgroups are similar, and consequently the extent to which they likely have similar ecological and biogeochemical roles in the environment, we analysed the phylogenetic composition of three populations after cell sorting [high NA-high SC (HNA-HS), high NA-low SC (HNA-LS), low NA (LNA)] by 454 pyrosequencing in two contrasting periods of the year in NW Mediterranean coastal waters (BBMO, Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory) where these three populations have recurrent seasonal patterns. Statistical analyses showed that summer and winter samples were significantly different and, importantly, the sorted populations within a sample were composed of different taxa. The majority of taxa were associated with one NA fraction only, and the degree of overlap (i.e. OTUs present simultaneously in 2 fractions) between HNA and LNA and between summer and winter communities was very small. Rhodobacterales, SAR116 and Bacteroidetes contributed primarily to the HNA fraction, whereas other groups such as SAR11 and SAR86 contributed largely to the LNA fractions. Gammaproteobacteria other than SAR86 showed less preference for one particular NA fraction. An increase in diversity was observed from the LNA to the HNA-HS fraction for both sample dates. Our results suggest that, in Blanes Bay, flow cytometric signatures of natural communities track their phylogenetic composition.     

苯酚降解菌phen8的分离筛选及其16SrDNA序列分析

为筛选高效苯酚降解菌株 ,从炼油厂排污废水中分离筛选到 1株苯酚降解菌 phen8。利用PCR方法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测到 phen8菌中苯酚羟化酶基因片段的特异性条带 ,从基因水平上证实了 phen8菌的苯酚降解功能的遗传基础。应用PCR技术克隆到 16SrDNA片段 ,其核苷酸序列分析结果表明 ,该菌株的 16SrDNA全序列与斯氏假单胞菌DSM 5 0 2 2 7和DSM 5 0 2 38的同源性为 98% (在GenBank中的登记号为AF 2 8476 4)。初步确立了该菌在微生物系统发育学上的地位 ,暂定为假单胞菌 (Pseudomonassp .) phen8。