Penicillin production by solid state fermentation

Summary Penicillin was produced by a non-sterile solid state fermentation (SSF) on bagasse impregnated with culture medium. The use of concentrated media greatly enhanced the antibiotic production in this system. It was observed that adequate initial moisture content (70%) of the impregnated solid medium results in higher production. A comparison between solid and liquid fermentation showed superior yield and productivity.     

Production of Cyclosporin A by solid state fermentation

The production of Cyclosporin A using wheat bran as the solid substrate was attempted using Tolypocladium sp. and it was found that the yield was 10 times more than the yield obtained by submerged fermentation. Hydrolysing the wheat bran using dilute HCl was found to increase the yield. Different solvents were used for the optimization of extraction of Cyc A from the fermented bran.     

樟芝固态发酵产物抗氧化性分析

本文对樟芝谷物固态发酵产物抗氧化性能及活性成分进行了研究.在所选谷物中,樟芝青稞固态发酵产物的乙醇提取物总抗氧化性最好,较未发酵青稞提高了4.02倍.通过无水乙醇50℃水浴振荡提取80 min,其总抗氧化性达到了769.60 U/g.对其抗氧化性能分析发现,樟芝青稞固态发酵乙醇提取物为6 mg/L时,对DP P H自由基、羟基自由基以及超氧阴离子的去除率分别为91.9%、51.2%、61.3%,对铁离子的螯合能力为79.5%.相对于未发酵谷物,大米、小米、玉米以及青稞的樟芝发酵产物中总酚含量均有显著的提升,其中青稞乙醇提取和水提取物中总酚含量分别提高了2.36倍和4.23倍.通过HP LC分析可知,樟芝固态发酵产物含有丰富的活性化合物,包括马来酸衍生物(Antrodin)以及泛醌类衍生物(Antroquinonol),且各组分含量较为均衡;而樟芝液态发酵菌丝体乙醇提取物中主要活性成分为马来酸衍生物,不含有泛醌类化合物.     

Production of Aspergillus terreus alpha-L-rhamnosidase by solid state fermentation

AIMS: The study of production of Aspergillus terreus CECT 2663 alpha-L-rhamnosidase in solid state fermentation using wheat bran, washed sugar cane bagasse and polyurethane foam as substrates or supports for the enzyme production. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cultures were carried out in Petri dishes under controlled temperature and humidity. Naringin or rhamnose were the enzyme inducers and carbon sources. The enzyme activity to inducer ratio was appreciably greater when using sugar cane bagasse or polyurethane foam than wheat bran. The influence of inoculum size, inducer, airflow, humidity and temperature were determined. Under optimum conditions, about four units of enzyme per ml nutrient solution were obtained after 4-6 d. CONCLUSIONS: The activity to inducer ratio was higher, and the cultivation time was shorter in solid state fermentation than those observed in submerged cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Solid cultures, using naringin as inducer, can be appropriate alpha-L-rhamnosidase production.     

Production of a chloramphenicol-resistant mutant of Lysinibacillus sphaericus by solid state fermentation

A highly active mosquitocidal mutant of Lysinibacillus sphaericus Ahmed 2362, namely, UCR-146, was efficiently produced on cottonseed meal (CSM) medium, using sand as a carrier under solid state fermentation (SSF). The optimum CSM concentration for the highest sporulation and toxin formation was 12%. The maximum toxicity of the tested organism against second instar larvae of Culex pipiens was obtained at 25% moisture content, initial pH 6–7, 1% sodium acetate, 18.9×10⁶ CFU/g inoculum and 6 days incubation period at 30°C. Pilot scale production of UCR-146 under the optimum SSF conditions was assessed in aluminium trays. Spore count, mortality of larvae and LC₅₀ of the final product were 5.5×10¹⁰ CFU/g, 72% at 1 part per million (PPM) and 0.54 PPM, respectively. These results were comparable with those obtained from bench-scale production (in flasks). The cost of 1 kg of this bio-larvicide was estimated at US $0.34.     

Engineering aspects of solid state fermentation

Engineering aspects of solid state fermentation have not been available in spite of the recent interest in the technique and the appearance of a number of reviews on this subject. The present state of the art regarding substrate uptake, oxygen transfer, growth characteristics, growth estimation, control systems for maintaining parameters, mathematical models, design of fermenters and automation of fermentations does not provide a detailed insight. The work carried out at the Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, on the development of a large-scale solid state fermenter, comparative cost estimation of SSF and submerged fermentation as well as development of know-how for production of a variety of food enzymes, has led to the commercial exploitation of the technology by industry. Future R&D needs in this area, neglected at present but yet so promising, are indicated.     

Enhanced lovastatin production by solid state fermentation ofMonascus ruber

The purpose of this study was to optimize the solid state cultivation ofMonascus ruber on sterile rice. A single-level-multiple-factor and a single-factor-multiple-level experimental design were employed to determine the optimal medium constituents and to optimize carbon and nitrogen source concentrations for lovastatin production. Simultaneous quantitative analyses of the β-hydroxyacid form and β-hydroxylactone for of lovastatin were performed by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with a UV photodiode-array (PDA) detector. The total lovastatin yield (4≈6 mg/g, average of five repeats) was achieved by adding soybean powder, glycerol, sodium nitrate, and acetic acid at optimal composition of the medium increased by almost 2 times the yield observed prior to optimization. The experimental results also indicated that the β-hydroxylactone form of lovastatin (LFL) and the β-hydroxyacid form of lovastatin (AFL) simultaneously existed in solid state cultures ofMonascus ruber, while the latter was the dominant form in the middle-late stage of continued fermentation. These results indicate that optimized culture conditions can be used for industrial production of lovastatin to obtain high yields.     

Spore production ofPenicillium roqueforti by simulated solid state fermentation

Summary A culture technique, based on the growth of a microorganism on inert porous particles (e. g. pozzolano) impregnated and continuously fed with substrate is applied to the growth and spore production ofPenicillium roqueforti. The composition and the feed rate of the medium can be controlled, and the biomass is directly estimated.P. roqueforti exhibits a diauxic growth on the medium containing sucrose and malt extract used, and 1.5 10⁹ spores/g pozzolano may be obtained.     

Cyclosporin-A production by Tolypocladium inflatum using solid state fermentation

Tolypocladium inflatum strains are known to produce Cyclosporin-A under submerged culture conditions. In the present study solid state fermentation was used to produce Cyclosporin-A. Tolypocladium inflatum strains when grown on moist wheat bran produced 310–459 mg of Cyclosporin-A kg of bran⁻¹. Tolypocladium inflatum ATCC 34921 which produced 459 mg of Cyclosporin-A kg of bran⁻¹ was improved to produce 1031±27 mg of Cyclosporin-A kg⁻¹ of bran, by subjecting the spores to different mutagenic treatments. The mutated strain, designated Tolypocladium inflatum DRCC 106, produced 4843 mg kg⁻¹ of bran under optimum fermentation conditions in 10 days when grown on wheat bran medium containing millet flour 20%, jowar flour 10%, zinc sulphate 0·15%, ferric chloride 0·25% and cobaltous chloride 0·05%. An inoculum of 60% initial moisture content 70%, initial bran pH 2·0 and incubation temperature 25°C were found to be optimal. Cyclosporin-A thus obtained was purified by solvent extraction, followed by column chromatography. The isolated product complies with the United States Pharmacopoeia specifications.     

Bioreactor designs for solid state fermentation

Solid state fermentation has gained renewed attention not only from researchers but also from industry. This technique has become a more and more attractive alternative to submerged fermentation for specific applications due to the recent improvements, especially in the design. This paper reviews the various reactor designs and focuses on the differences between lab-scale and industrial-scale designs. It highlights the main designs that have emerged over the last 10 years and the potential for scaling-up for each category of reactor.     

Approaches to KL a measurements in solid state fermentation

Summary A convenient method for measuring K_L a in a solid state medium is proposed. Due to the particular nature of the substrate used in solid state fermentation, different modifications of the sulfite oxidation method have been necessary. This first approach allows to study the influence of air inflow rate and dry matter percentage of the medium on the oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient.     

Microbial production of gallic acid by modified solid state fermentation

Bioconversion of tannin to gallic acid from powder of teri pod (Caesalpinia digyna) cover was achieved by the locally isolated fungus, Rhizopus oryzae, in a bioreactor with a perforated float for carrying solid substrate and induced inoculum. Modified Czapek-Dox medium, put beneath the perforated float, with 2% tannic acid at pH 4.5, temperature 32°C, 93% relative humidity, incubated for 3 days with 3-day-old inoculum was optimum for the synthesis of tannase vis-à-vis gallic acid production. Conversion of tannin to gallic acid was 90.9%. Diethyl ether was used as the solvent for extraction of gallic acid from the fermented biomass. Received 14 December 1998/ Accepted in revised form 17 June 1999     

金龟子绿僵菌固态发酵产壳聚糖酶

对金龟子绿僵菌（Metarhizium anisopliae）AS3．4606产壳聚糖酶进行了固态发酵条件优化及酶学部分特征的研究。正交实验结果表明,以麸皮为碳源,日本根霉菌丝体粉末为氮源,在起始pH5．0,m（碳）：m（氨）为1：4,m（干重）：m（液体）为1：1．4,27℃下培养120h,壳聚糖酶活性可达35．08U／g（干培养基）。粗酶液的最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应pH为5．0,酶在pH5．0～6．0条件下稳定性最高。该酶不能水解固体甲壳素和纤维素粉末,最适底物为胶体壳聚糖。     

烟梗为原料固态发酵生产果胶酶

以烟梗为主要原料,采用单因素和正交实验对筛选到的丝状菌JXY-17固态发酵产果胶酶的培养基进行了优化,正交实验结果表明,影响该菌株产果胶酶的因素依次为含水量(料水比)(A)＞(NH4)2SO4(B)＞KH2PO4(D)＞吐温-80(C),产酶培养基组成为A3B2C2D1,即固液比1∶1.5,(NH4)2SO4 5.0％,吐温-80 0.10％,KH2 PO40.20％.采用该固态发酵培养基,自然pH,接种量25 mL,装料量为50 g(干基)/1000 mL三角瓶,30℃恒温培养6d,产酶最高达8171.35U/g干曲,为初始酶活的3.8倍.提取酶液后的残余烟梗还可用于提取烟梗纤维类物质.残余烟梗的化学成分检测结果表明,与原始烟梗(或对照)相比,其果胶质降低了45％左右,残余烟梗固形物回收率约50％.     

Estimation of fungal growth in a solid state fermentation system

Summary Of four chemical methods for estimating mycelial biomass in koji fermentation which were examined, the modified method of Ride and Drysdale, was found to be most suitable. The observed level of aldehyde, expressed as glucosamine, is related to fungal dry weight. The assay method correlates chitin levels with some enzyme activities in the fermentation. This method may be applicable for detecting the extent of fungal growth in other solid and semi-solid substrates.     

Production of microbial lipases in a solid state fermentation system

Summary Several filamentous fungi were grown on solid state fermentation systems and selected for their highest yield in lipolytic activity, low protease levels and dairy flavor generation.P. candidum,M. miehei andP. camembertii were the selected ones. A comparison between kinetics in solid and submerged fermentation was performed usingP. candidum, with the solid system giving the highest titers and a stable production.     

Tetracycline production with sweet potato residue by solid state fermentation

For saving energy in antibiotic production and reducing the amount of agricultural wastes, solid state fermentation was used in this study to produce tetracycline with sweet potato residue by Streptomyces viridifaciens ATCC 11989. It was found that the optimal media for tetracycline production were sweet potato residue 100 g, organic nitrogen (rice bran, wheat bran, or peanut meal) 20 g, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) 2.4 g, KH(2)PO(4) 0.4 g, CaCO(3) 1.8 g, NaCl 0.6 g, MgCl(2) 0.8 g, soluble starch 10 g, methionine 0.2 g, histidine 0.8 g, and monosodium glutamate 1.6 g with initial moisture content 68-72%, and initial pH 5.8-6.0. Each gram of dry weight substrate was inoculated with 1.0 x 10(8) conidia and incubated at 26 degrees C for 5-7 days, producing 4720 mug of total tetracycline equivalent potency. When incubated at 26 degrees C with the initial moisture content 68%, the conidia in solid media germinated on the second day, mycelia grew abundantly on the third day and reached stationary phase on the sixth day. The antibiotic production was consistent with the morphogenesis of S. viridifaciens: activity could be detected on the third day, had the maximal potency on the sixth day, and decreased slightly on the tenth day. (11-3-88 tly).     

In situ bioremediation using biosurfactant produced by solid state fermentation

The discovery that certain microorganisms, living within a marine environment, can actually degrade components of oil, has made possible the utilization of biological methods for the treatment of oil spills. A biosurfactant accelerates the process of degradation of pollutant composites. The objective of this work was to study the bioremediation in situ of a diesel oil spill by utilizing a biosurfactant produced through fermentation and then compare it with chemical remediation. The quantification and identification of hydrocarbons were carried out by the process of gas chromatography. The soil indigenous microorganisms were monitored. The experiment with biosurfactant reached reductions of 99% of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, while that of the chemical disperser experiment reached a maximum of 90% reduction in 180 days. In 15 days the biosurfactant removed 77% of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, the diesel oil experiment 8.7% and the chemical disperser only 5%. The biosurfactant was 99% effective for the removal of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, up to 3 rings.     

Extracellular xylanase production by Fusarium species in solid state fermentation

Fusarium sp. has been shown to be a promising organism for enhanced production of xylanases. In the present study, xylanase production by 21 Fusarium sp. isolates (8 Fusarium culmorum, 4 Fusarium solani, 6 Fusarium verticillioides and 3 Fusarium equiseti) was evaluated under solid state fermentation (SSF). The fungal isolate Fusarium solani SYRN7 was the best xylanase producer among the tested isolates. The effects of some agriculture wastes (like wheat straw, wheat bran, beet pulp and cotton seed cake) and incubation period on xylanase production by F. solani were optimized. High xylanase production (1465.8 U/g) was observed in wheat bran after 96 h of incubation. Optimum pH and temperature for xylanase activity were found to be 5 and 50 degrees C, respectively.     

Citric acid production by solid state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse

A solid state fermentation (SSF) method was used to produce citric acid by Aspergillus niger DS 1 using sugarcane bagasse as a carrier and sucrose or molasses based medium as a moistening agent. Initially bagasse and wheat bran were compared as carrier. Bagasse was the most suitable carrier, as it did not show agglomeration after moistening with medium, resulting in better heat and mass transfer during fermentation and higher product yield. Different parameters such as moisture content, particle size, sugar level and methanol concentration of the medium were optimised and 75% moisture level, 31.8 g sugar/100 g dry solid, 4% (v/w) methanol and particles of the size between 1.2 and 1.6 mm were found to be optimal. Sucrose and clarified and non-clarified molasses medium were also tested as moistening agents for SSF and under optimised conditions, 20.2, 19.8 and 17.9 g citric acid /100 g of dry solid with yield of 69.6, 64.5 and 62.4% (based on sugar consumed) was obtained in sucrose, clarified and non-clarified molasses medium respectively, after 9 days of fermentation.