肠道微生物调控宿主食欲的研究进展

肠道微生物与宿主代谢相互作用,可调节机体的生理功能。宿主机体中存在"微生物-肠道-大脑轴",肠道菌群可通过多种途径影响中枢神经系统,进而对宿主摄食等行为产生影响。食物中不易被宿主消化吸收的膳食纤维等营养物质,被肠道微生物发酵可产生多种代谢产物,这些代谢产物作为信号分子可通过不同途径介导中枢神经系统,进而调控宿主食欲。本文主要综述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对中枢神经系统与宿主食欲的影响及其可能的调控途径与机制,以加深肠道微生物在调控宿主食欲方面的新认识。     

微生物-肠-脑轴的研究进展

肠道微生物群能够调节宿主肠道稳态,同时参与调节宿主神经系统功能和行为。肠道菌群失调可能导致宿主神经系统功能障碍,从而引发神经退行性疾病。因此,研究微生物在肠?脑轴中发挥的作用及其机制,靶向调控肠道微生物菌群结构和功能,将为神经系统疾病的诊断与治疗提供新的手段。近年来,有关肠道微生物与机体神经系统间的互作研究受到了广泛关注,然而其具体的调控机制还未明晰。因此,本文综述了肠道微生物对宿主神经健康的调节作用,以及肠道微生物与宿主间的互作在调节神经功能、行为的潜力等研究进展,为更好地了解肠道微生物在调控宿主神经系统功能和行为的作用机制提供参考。     

微生物-肠-脑轴与抑郁症中医药研究进展

肠道微生物-肠-脑轴因其在调节精神疾病中的可能生物学基础作用而受到越来越多的关注。肠道微生物与抑郁症等精神疾病密切相关,肠道微生物可通过与"肠-脑轴"交互作用影响抑郁症的发生和发展,然而,肠道微生物与抑郁症之间的具体相互作用及机制还未十分明晰。深入研究微生物-肠-脑轴和抑郁症之间的相互关系,有助于我们从另一个角度更为深刻地认识和阐明抑郁症这种精神疾病。调节肠道微生物组成来治疗、预防抑郁症等精神疾病是今后的研究方向之一,可为探索中医药治疗、预防抑郁症机理提供新的思路。     

基于脑-肠-微生物轴的肠易激综合征机制与治疗研究进展

肠易激综合征(irritablebowelsyndrome,IBS)是常见的功能性肠病之一,目前尚缺乏可用器质性疾病解释的临床特征,最新研究将其机制描述为脑-肠-微生物轴紊乱,强调了肠道微生物群在调节脑肠互动中的中介作用,而中医药对于脑肠稳态调节有着悠久广泛的治疗经验并取得了良好疗效,但两者关联性缺乏论述。因此,本文以脑肠轴为切入点,以肠道微生物作为介质,基于脑肠轴-中医药的良性互动,结合我们相关工作,综述了目前与脑-肠-微生物轴相关的IBS的中西医研究,为同行提供参考。     

肠脑轴参与动物食欲的调节机制

肠脑轴是由中枢系统、胃肠道系统共同构成的双向通信系统,其主要通过下丘脑食欲中枢和胃肠道食欲激素来调节动物的食欲,控制其体重,参与能量稳态的调节,是研究动物肥胖和2型糖尿病等代谢疾病的重要轴系。本文综述了肠脑轴对动物食欲、能量平衡和体重的调节作用,展望了肠脑轴在肥胖等相关代谢疾病治疗中的研究前景。     

基于微生物-肠-脑轴的粪菌移植抗抑郁的研究和展望CSCD

抑郁症是一种常见的精神疾病,病程持久且反复难愈,极大地影响了患者的正常生活。目前临床常规一线抗抑郁药物的疗效并不理想,亟待研发新的治疗方法。已有研究表明抑郁症与肠道菌群密切相关,微生物-肠-脑轴功能障碍是抑郁症的主要病理基础,是直接诱发和影响抑郁症的关键因素。以肠道微生物群为导向的抗抑郁治疗是目前最有前景的研究方向之一。本文主要介绍了肠道菌群与抑郁症的关系,以及粪菌移植在临床前和临床阶段抗抑郁的效果。     

肠道微生物和肠-脑轴在肥胖发展中的作用

肥胖和相关代谢综合征已成为全球最突出的健康问题之一,肠道微生物已被证明参与肥胖的发展,并可能对肥胖的发展和其干预治疗等提供重要的见解。最近的研究表明,肠道微生物和大脑的相互作用可能是肥胖的后果或解释因素,肠-脑轴是它们相互作用的联络枢纽。此外,肠道微生物可以通过肠道激素（包括ghrelin）以及迷走神经连接（影响能量消耗和CNS中与饮食行为相关的区域）来影响肠-脑轴,从而改变宿主行为。同时,肠道微生物代谢物和其产物还可以充当信号分子并调节肠内分泌细胞的激素分泌,如GLP1和PYY,从而调节食欲、肠道运动、能量吸收和储存以及能量消耗等摄食相关行为,进而影响肥胖的发展。所以,理解这些信号和激素作用并从药理学方法增强它们,可能为治疗肥胖提供一种重要的途径。     

微生物-肠-骨轴与骨质疏松疾病的研究进展

肠道微生物被称为人体的“第二基因库”,对骨质疏松症的治疗具有良好的辅助作用。其主要通过肠上皮屏障、免疫系统、内分泌系统及肠道菌群代谢产物等途径在肠-骨轴的作用下影响肠道与骨代谢之间的联系。新型的肠道微生物靶向疗法如益生菌、益生元和膳食补充剂已被证明可有效预防骨质流失,但其长期疗效及安全性仍需进一步加强。因此,本文结合国内外研究进展,就微生物-肠-骨轴在骨质疏松症中的主要作用进行探讨,为骨质疏松症的治疗提供新的思路。     

肠道微生物菌群对脑及行为的影响

肠道微生物菌群组成的变化对正常生理的影响及其在疾病中的作用逐渐成为研究热点。肠道微生物菌群通过脑肠轴影响宿主生理学的各个方面,包括脑-肠交流、脑功能甚至行为。对无菌动物、被致病细菌感染的、使用益生菌或用抗生素药物的动物研究表明,肠道微生物菌群可以调节宿主焦虑样症状及行为。研究表明对肠道微生物菌群的调节可能是治疗复杂中枢神经系统失调症的新策略。     

肠道菌群-肠-脑-肌轴信号交流的研究进展

肠道菌群及其代谢产物在老年神经退行性疾病、胃肠道疾病以及肌肉骨骼系统性疾病的发病与康复中的作用越来越受到关注。肠道菌群及其代谢产物可通过免疫、内分泌和神经系统等多种途径调节大脑神经或肌肉骨骼系统功能;反之,肠道、大脑或肌肉骨骼系统也可通过炎症、代谢或线粒体通路作用于肠道系统,调节肠道菌群微生态,形成肠道菌群与肠-脑、肠-肌、 肠-脑-肌之间的双向信号交流机制,从而影响机体健康。因此,本综述总结了肠道菌群如何通过代谢产物、肠道通透性和免疫-神经通路建立起肠-脑-肌之间的相互联系,为促进大脑神经的可塑性和改善肌肉健康提供新思路。     

Water deprivation induces appetite and alters metabolic strategy in Notomys alexis: unique mechanisms for water production in the desert

Like many desert animals, the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, can maintain water balance without drinking water. The role of the kidney in producing a small volume of highly concentrated urine has been well-documented, but little is known about the physiological mechanisms underpinning the metabolic production of water to offset obligatory water loss. In Notomys, we found that water deprivation (WD) induced a sustained high food intake that exceeded the pre-deprivation level, which was driven by parallel changes in plasma leptin and ghrelin and the expression of orexigenic and anorectic neuropeptide genes in the hypothalamus; these changed in a direction that would stimulate appetite. As the period of WD was prolonged, body fat disappeared but body mass increased gradually, which was attributed to hepatic glycogen storage. Switching metabolic strategy from lipids to carbohydrates would enhance metabolic water production per oxygen molecule, thus providing a mechanism to minimize respiratory water loss. The changes observed in appetite control and metabolic strategy in Notomys were absent or less prominent in laboratory mice. This study reveals novel mechanisms for appetite regulation and energy metabolism that could be essential for desert rodents to survive in xeric environments.     

肠道微生物组与宿主的表观遗传修饰

高通量测序技术已经增加了人们对肠道微生物组和表观遗传学修饰的理解,将肠道微生物组和宿主表观遗传学修饰紧密联系起来,阐明了很多疾病的发生过程如免疫、代谢、心血管疾病甚至是癌症。肠道微生物组与宿主具有相互作用,与人体密不可分,相辅相成。肠道微生物组的生态失调可能诱导疾病的发生并能调控宿主表观遗传学修饰。宿主表观遗传学调控和肠道微生物组(或其代谢产物)变化的相互关系在很多疾病中都有报道。因此,肠道微生物组可作为某些疾病的诊断标记,健康肠道微生物组的移植会逆转这种微生态失调,可作为一种有效的治疗策略。本文主要探讨了肠道微生物组直接调控宿主表观修饰和通过小分子生物活性物质和其他酶辅因子间接影响表观修饰,以及基于肠道微生物组调控宿主表观修饰的诊断和治疗应用等。     

Effects of acute and chronic protein intake on metabolism, appetite, and ghrelin during weight loss

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of acute and chronic consumption of higher dietary protein on energy expenditure, macronutrient use, appetite, and appetite‐regulating hormones during weight loss in women. Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐eight women chronically consuming a 750 kcal/d energy‐deficit diet with a protein content of 30% (higher protein‐chronic diet, HP‐CD, n = 21) or 18% (normal protein‐chronic diet, NP‐CD, n = 17) for 9 weeks were tested. On separate days, metabolic, appetite, and hormonal responses were measured over 4 hours when the women consumed a higher protein‐acute meal (HP‐AM) (30% of energy as protein) or a normal protein‐acute meal (NP‐AM) (18% of energy as protein). Results: With chronic diet groups combined, HP‐AM led to lower respiratory exchange ratio (0.829 ± 0.005 vs. 0.843 ± 0.008; p < 0.05), lower carbohydrate oxidation (p < 0.05), and higher fat oxidation (p < 0.05) compared with NP‐AM. HP‐AM also led to reduced self‐reported postprandial hunger (p < 0.001) and desire to eat (p < 0.001) and lower postprandial ghrelin (252 ± 16 vs. 274 ± 18 ng/mL · 240 minutes, p < 0.05) compared with NP‐AM. No differences in postprandial energy expenditure (PPEE) occurred between meals. When combining acute meals, respiratory exchange ratio was lower (p < 0.05) and protein oxidation (p < 0.001) was higher in the HP‐CD vs. NP‐CD. An acute meal‐by‐chronic diet interaction was observed with PPEE such that HP‐AM led to greater PPEE in the HP‐CD vs. NP‐CD (28.7 ± 2.7 vs. 19.9 ± 2.7 kcal/min for 195 minutes; p < 0.05). Conclusions: During weight loss, thermogenesis and protein use appear to be influenced by chronic protein intake, while appetite and ghrelin are more responsive to acute protein intake.     

Gut microbiota derived metabolites in cardiovascular health and disease

Trillions of microbes inhabit the human gut, not only providing nutrients and energy to the host from the ingested food, but also producing metabolic bioactive signaling molecules to maintain health and elicit disease, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In this review, we presented gut microbiota derived metabolites involved in cardiovascular health and disease, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), uremic toxins, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phytoestrogens, anthocyanins, bile acids and lipopolysaccharide. These gut microbiota derived metabolites play critical roles in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular function, and if dysregulated, potentially causally linked to CVD. A better understanding of the function and dynamics of gut microbiota derived metabolites holds great promise toward mechanistic predicative CVD biomarker discoveries and precise interventions.     

Short-term effects of a "health-at-every-size" approach on eating behaviors and appetite ratings

Objective: To assess the effects of a “Health‐At‐Every‐Size” (HAES) intervention on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in 144 premenopausal overweight women. Research Methods and Procedures: Women were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups: HAES group, social support (SS) group, and control group (N = 48 in each group). Interventions were conducted over a 4‐month period, and measurements were taken before and after this period. Eating behaviors (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger) were evaluated by the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire. Appetite ratings (desire to eat, hunger, fullness, and prospective food consumption) were assessed by visual analogue scales before and after a standardized breakfast. Results: More important decreases in susceptibility to hunger and external hunger were observed in the HAES group when compared with the SS group (p = 0.05, for susceptibility to hunger) and the control group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, for susceptibility to hunger and external hunger, respectively). In addition, women from the HAES group had more important decreases in postprandial area under the curve for desire to eat (p = 0.02) and hunger (p = 0.04) when compared with the control group. The change in the desire to eat noted in the HAES group was also different from the one observed in SS group (p = 0.02). Women from the HAES group experienced significant weight loss at 4 months (?1.6 ± 2.5 kg, p < 0.0001), which did not differ significantly from the SS and control groups (p = 0.09). An increase in flexible restraint was significantly related to a greater weight loss in both HAES and SS groups (r = ?0.39, p < 0.01; and r = ?0.37, p < 0.05, respectively). A decrease in habitual susceptibility to disinhibition was also associated with a greater weight loss in HAES and control groups (r = 0.31, p < 0.05; and r = 0.44, p < 0.05, respectively). Discussion: These results suggest that a HAES intervention could have significant effects on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in premenopausal overweight women, when compared with an SS intervention or a control group.     

空间环境下肠道菌群失调的研究进展

空间环境中的特殊因素会导致航天员肠道菌群及其代谢产物的失调,对机体会产生系统性的生理影响。本文综述了近年来太空飞行/模拟空间环境对肠道菌群及其代谢产物影响的研究进展。太空飞行/模拟空间环境（space flight/simulated space environment,SF/SPE）可导致侵袭性致病菌的增多及有益菌的减少,肠道炎症加剧与通透性增加,也会引起菌群的有益代谢物减少或有害代谢物增加,进而导致机体内代谢的紊乱,或可诱发其他系统的损伤,从而不利于航天员的健康与工作效率。总结太空飞行/模拟空间环境对肠道菌群产生的影响,可为该领域的后续研究与航天员的在轨健康防护提供科学依据。