Water quality index,Labeo rohita,and Eichhornia crassipes: Suitable bio-indicators of river water pollution

The present study investigated the water quality index (WQI) of the Kshipra river at Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, India, using native fish Labeo rohita, and plant Eichhornia crassipes. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, turbidity, and dissolved solids were found to be within the prescribed limits. However, heavy metals concentration exceeded the limit except for Cu and Zn. Their occurrence in river water was as follows: Ni > Fe > Cd > Cr > Mn > Zn > Cu. Among these heavy metals, Cd was found to be highly bioavailable, whereas Zn was the least bioavailable metal. Based on WQI, the water was found to be unfit for drinking, and the high WQI value was due to the presence of Cr and Cd. In fish tissues (muscle, liver, gut, gills, and kidney), the highest and lowest metal pollution index was found in gills (45.03) and kidneys (12.21), respectively. Bioaccumulation of these metals resulted in significant depletion of energy reserves (protein, glucose, and glycogen) and also altered hematological parameters. Moreover, liver function tests showed hepatic damage in the exposed fish. In-plant, both the bioaccumulation and mobility factor exceeded 1 for all these metals. On the other hand, the translocation factor was found to be beyond 1 for Fe, Ni, and Zn. These high values make this plant fit for phytoextraction of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd and phytostabilization of Cr in water. Moreover, consumption of L. rohita from the Kshipra River does not pose a non-cancer risk as the target hazard quotient was below 1, but it may pose cancer risk because of the presence of Cr in the range of 1.402 × 10^?3 to 1.599 × 10^?3.     

River quality analysis using fuzzy water quality index: Ribeira do Iguape river watershed, Brazil

Intrinsic uncertainties and subjectivities of environmental problems have been increasingly dealt by using computation methods based on artificial intelligence. In order to evaluate this tool's applicability, this study proposed the creation of a new water quality index based on fuzzy logic, the fuzzy water quality index (FWQI). The performance of the index proposed in the present work is assessed through a comparison with several water quality indices (WQIs) suggested in the literature, using data from hydrographic surveys of the Ribeira de Iguape River, in the southwestern part do São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2004 to 2006. The index was reasonably close to the other indices and showed a good correlation with the WQI traditionally calculated in Brazil. This new index may also be used as an alternative tool for decision-making in environmental management.     

Groundwater quality evaluation using the water quality index (WQI), the synthetic pollution index (SPI), and geospatial tools: a case study of Sujawal district,Pakistan

Abstract

Under changing climate scenario, groundwater aquifers in the coastal areas of Pakistan are under serious threat. Looking at the gravity of the problem, and concerns of the civil society, this study was conducted to evaluate and map the quality of groundwater in the Sujawal district, a coastal area of Pakistan based on the physicochemical analysis of 94 samples using two standard numerical models and geospatial techniques. The WQI model revealed that 2.13%, 6.38%, 55.32%, 22.34%, and 13.83% of water samples were excellent, good, poor, very poor, and unsuitable for drinking purposes. Also, the SPI model identified that 32%, 13.83%, 20.12%, 18.1%, and 15.95% of samples were slightly polluted, moderately polluted, highly polluted, suitable, and unsuitable. Though the model's input is different, the proportionate of ranking revealed a significant correlation (R²=0.78) between the outcomes of both models. Overall, the study revealed that groundwater in most of the areas does not meet WHO guidelines. The prevalence of water-related diseases in the area suggests that groundwater is contaminated and using that water is of high risk for human health. The study highlights the significance of using numerical models and geospatial techniques for water quality evaluation in the coastal areas of the world.     

大型无脊椎动物群落指数和群落数量指数在河流水质评价中的应用

本文介绍了新西兰常用的大型无脊椎动物群落指数(MCI)和大型无脊椎动物群落数量指数(QMCI)的原理及使用方法,并利用MCI和QMCI对新西兰惠灵顿地区40条河流53个监测点进行评价.结果表明:MCI和QMCI均与河流营养指标呈极显著相关关系,可用来监测和评价水体的营养污染状况;二者快速准确地监测出惠灵顿地区河流水质总体良好,但部分河流污染严重,并分析了污染的原因.MCI与QMCI存在极显著相关关系,但MCI与营养指标间的相关关系大于QMCI,可以准确地反映出水体中营养元素的富集状况.     

Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution

The use of the water quality index (WQI) and the dissolved oxygen deficit (D) as simple indicators of the watersheds pollution was investigated and compared in the Municipality of Las Rozas (north-west of Madrid, Spain). The quality of the water in Guadarrama and Manzanares rivers and Paris Park ponds, the main watersheds of this area was investigated during 2 years (from September 2001 to September 2003). It was found that the WQI was very useful for the classification of the waters monitored. The WQI was 70, which corresponds to “good” quality water at the sampling point 1 (entrance of Las Rozas) and decreased to around 64 (medium quality) at the sampling point 6 (outlet of Las Rozas) in the case of Guadarrama River. The WQI was around 65 in the influents of Manzanares River. Finally, in Paris Park the WQI ranged from around 72–55, which corresponded to a classification from “good” to “medium” quality, respectively. A high linear relationship between the WQI and the dissolved oxygen deficit (D) was found. Therefore, a fast determination of WQI may be carried out knowing the values of D, which are easily obtainable by field measurements. It was found an influence of the climate conditions on the values of WQI and D.     

Application of west java water sustainability index to three water catchments in west java,Indonesia

This study presents a comparative application of the West Java Water Sustainability Index to Citarum, Ciliwung and Citanduy catchments in West Java, Indonesia. A two-fold comparison is presented, firstly, that of the overall condition of water resources using the final index value and secondly, that of specific water sustainability issues using the comparison of the sub-index values of the indicators. The overall comparison ranks the condition of water resources of Citanduy catchment is slightly better, whereas sub-index values of Education, Health Impact, Water Demand, and Poverty show important differences among catchments. Based on the performance of the catchments identified in this study, priority of actions has been recommended to the authorities.     

流域尺度上河流水质与土地利用的关系

以苏子河流域内54个水质采样点为基点,生成6种尺度的河岸带缓冲区,并借助FRAGSTATS软件计算景观水平和类型水平上的8种景观指数.分别从景观空间格局与景观类型组成两方面,对景观指数与水质进行相关分析.结果表明:区域景观格局在不同缓冲区内对流域水质具有不同的效应.当缓冲区距离≤300 m时,旱地、建筑用地、水田为主要的景观类型组成,其面积比例、斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、最大形状指数、景观斑块聚集度指数均较高,农田的连通性较高,对水质的影响较大.在距离河流较远的区域(缓冲区距离＞300 m),林地面积比例较高,林地聚集连通程度较好,对水质改善具有一定作用,但不明显.该流域耕地、建设用地等对水质有着关键的影响作用.     

Assessing water quality of five typical reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River,China: Using a water quality index method

To assess water quality of reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River using the water quality index (WQI) method and try to compare water quality and main contaminations of mountain and Yellow River reservoirs, water samples were carried out over 6 years. Nine water variables were selected to participate WQI calculation by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). WQI values ranged from 17.8 to 77.8 in five reservoirs, which indicated “good” to “very poor” water quality of reservoirs. No significant differences in WQIs were found between mountain and Yellow River reservoirs. A major finding from our study is that mercury was the main contamination in 5 reservoirs, while TP (total phosphorus) and SO₄ were another main contaminations in mountain and Yellow River reservoirs, respectively. Application of the WQI is suggested to be a helpful tool that enables the public and decision makers to evaluate water quality of drinking reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River.     

不同空间尺度景观特征对南流江水质的影响差异

流域景观特征决定了非点源污染物来源与地表景观削减消纳能力,但尚缺乏全流域不同空间尺度对二者关联性的认识。以广西北部湾南流江为例,分别在子流域、河岸缓冲带以及监测点圆形缓冲区三种尺度上,基于2020年Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像解译的土地利用类型特征,结合水质监测数据,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析方法,探讨了流域景观特征在不同空间尺度上对河流水质的影响。结果表明：(1)在子流域尺度,土地利用类型以林地为主,而在河岸缓冲带与监测点圆形缓冲区均以耕地为主;(2)水质指标高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量与景观特征相关性最为显著,耕地、建设用地、其他用地和园地与其呈正相关,是南流江水质污染负荷的重要来源区;景观格局指数中,斑块密度、蔓延度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数是引起河流水质指标变化的主要景观因子;(3)受流域内或不同子流域间景观特征差异,景观组成面积占比和景观格局指数均在河岸缓冲带尺度对水质状况影响最大,分别可解释57.0%和64.7%的水质指标变化;子流域尺度次之,圆形缓冲区尺度最小,且景观格局指数对水质状况的影响大于景观组成面积占比。建议在河岸带50 m范围内严格控制耕地面积,建设河岸缓...     

A case study on qualitative model evaluation using data about river water quality

Qualitative reasoning has been successfully used for ecological modelling, particularly when numerical data are not available. However, in order to further explore the potential of this modelling approach, it is important to discuss how to incorporate numerical data, if available, and to develop means to evaluate conceptual aspects and model outputs. This paper describes a study on qualitative model evaluation, in which numerical data about water quality are used to define different scenarios in a water basin, so that the outputs of simulations with the model can be compared to the actual system. The model was evaluated by independent experts, concerning its conceptual and operational aspects, and with respect to its predictive capability. The model was considered valid for the intended use, which is to increase the understanding of non-expert water managers.     

Assessment of water quality in groundwater resources of Iran using a modified drinking water quality index (DWQI)

An innovative drinking water quality index (DWQI) based on the Canadian DWQI was developed as “modified DWQI” and applied for assessing the water quality in all of the groundwater resources that are used as the source of drinking water in urban areas of Iran in 2011. Assignment of weight factors for input parameters was the modification carried out in the DWQI. In development of the modified DWQI, twenty-three water quality parameters and relevant Iranian standards for drinking water quality were selected as input parameters and benchmarks, respectively. The modified DWQI is calculated for each sampling station over one year using three factors: the number of parameters that excurse benchmarks, the number of measurements in a dataset that excurse benchmarks and the magnitude of excursion from benchmarks in the violator measurements. The modified DWQI contains two sub-indices: health-based index as “modified HWQI” and acceptability index as “modified AWQI”. The modified DWQI and its sub-indices scores range from 0 to 100 and classify water quality in five categories as poor, marginal, fair, good and excellent, respectively. The results of the case study revealed that the nationwide average scores of the modified DWQI, HWQI and AWQI in the groundwater resources were 85, 79 and 91, respectively and overall situation of water quality in the groundwater resources was described as good. According to the modified DWQI value, about 95% of the groundwater flowrates were in the good condition, also in 3 and 2% of the groundwater flowrates, water quality was determined to be fair and marginal, respectively. This study indicated that the modified DWQI and its sub-indices could describe the overall water quality of water bodies easily, reliably and correctly and have the potential suitability for extensive application all over the world.     

Water quality assessment of Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary using water quality index (CCME WQI)

The present study was undertaken from June 2015 to May 2017 in Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS), Churu, Rajasthan that represents one of the unique and important grassland ecosystems in the Thar desert of India but has not been assessed ecologically. In this work the water quality assessment of the area is carried out in terms of physicochemical parameters and water quality index to fill this gap. The surface water samples were collected from the water surface with two replicates per sampling occasion for the summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The physicochemical analysis for eight parameters were carried out following prescribed methods, viz., pH-by pH meter, total dissolved solids (TDS) -gravimetric analysis and filtration, chloride- silver nitrate titration, sulphate- turbidimetric, phosphate-stannous chloride, nitrate-brucine, calcium- EDTA titration, and iron- calorimetric methods. The relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis, and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) was calculated from these parameters. The study revealed water to be slightly alkaline (7.27–7.63) in the area. Most of the physicochemical parameters of water were found to be within the acceptable limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) except for TDS and phosphate. The TDS showed a very strong to moderate correlation with chloride (r = 0.97), iron (r = 0.79), sulphate (r = 0.58), and calcium (r = 0.52) that revealed these ions were the major components in the makeup of the dissolved solids in the water sample. The CCME WQI indicated the water quality was fair and suitable for drinking purposes for wildlife in the area. In absence of any such prior study in the area, the overall findings of the present work is highly significant that can be used by the management authorities for future environmental monitoring and holistic development of the area.     

流域尺度上的景观格局与河流水质关系研究进展

利用景观生态学原理研究流域尺度上土地利用及其空间格局对河流水质的影响,已成为流域环境研究中的热点问题。在综合评价国内外土地利用变化与河流水质关系研究的基础上,阐述了景观格局在流域水环境研究中的重要性,并根据国内外研究进展,对景观格局与水质关系的研究方法和手段进行了分类分析,同时也对流域尺度上的景观-水质模型研究进展也进行了分析总结,最后指出了景观格局与水质关系研究的核心问题和未来研究的热点方向。     

用河流生物指数评价秦淮河上游水质的研究

1999～2001年用D-形网半定量法采集了南京秦淮河上游21个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物。12个底栖生物指数值的频数分布分析、Pearson相关分析和敏感性检测表明,总分类单元数、ET分类单元数、香农多样性指数、水生昆虫分类单元数和优势分类单元％最适合于秦淮河上游水质生物评价。采用5、3、1生物指数记分法统一量纲。提出了河流生物指数(RBI)概念,其值即为累加上述5个指数后的总分值,建立了河流生物指数评价秦淮河水质的标准,并对21个样点的水质进行重新评价,效果较单项生物指数如香农多样性指数评价结果更接近实际情况。     

Effect of sulfuric acid discharge on river water chemistry in peat swamp forests in central Kalimantan,Indonesia

To estimate the range of area that is affected by sulfuric acid pollution after pyrite oxidation, the surface water chemistry of two rivers in peat swamp forests in central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was surveyed at 1.0- to 3.0-km intervals in September 2003 and 2004 (dry season) and March 2004 and 2005 (rainy season). Water discharged from canals into the main stream of the Sebangau River and the Kahayan River showed lower pH compared to the mainstream water of the rivers, implying sulfuric acid loading from the canal to the main stream of the rivers. The ratio of concentrations of sulfate ion/chloride ion, which was used as a parameter for estimating the contribution of pyritic sulfate to river water chemistry, showed that sulfuric acid loading from pyrite oxidation occurred from the river mouth up to 150 km upstream in both rivers. Water of the main stream of the rivers as well as water discharged from artificial canals into the main stream in the rainy season showed much higher acidity and a higher ratio of sulfate ion/chloride ion than that in the dry season. This result implies that the discharge of pyritic sulfate from peat swamp forests to the limnological system is much higher in the rainy (high water table) season than the dry (low water table) season. Water in the canal in the rainy season was found to be highly acidic (pH = 2.0–3.0). Pyrite oxidation after peatland development causes not only acidification of soil but also acidification of the limnological ecosystem.     

Lentic water quality characterization using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators: An adapted BMWP index

Water quality in lowland lentic system was evaluated through the use of aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators, and their relationship with basic physicochemical factors was considered; thus, two biotopes were established for identifying both groups of macroinvertebrates, one being the population associated with macrophytes (AM) and the other being benthic (B). As a result, 46 families of macroinvertebrates were collected, with Hydrobiidae, Chironomidae, Thiaridae and Polymitarcyidae being the most abundant in the system. In addition, families with high tolerance to extreme conditions, such as Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae and Syrphidae, were found, as well as some families with low tolerance to these conditions, such as Caenidae and Leptoceridae. The first biotope presented 7.189 individuals (50.42%) and the second 7.056 (49.5%), for a total of 14.259 individuals. Biotope AM presented 100% of the richness, while biotope B was significantly less rich, with 15 families, which represent 32,06%. In order to evaluate the families found in the lowland lentic system, their distribution in the ranges of variation of the physicochemical factors and tolerance levels was taken into account. As a consequence, a new score table was established, where this system obtained a total score of 207 with an average of 166 per sampling station, suggesting signs of contamination. Finally, these results allow an adaptation of the BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) index to be proposed, including the lowland lentic systems.     

Organic pollution in dammed river water in a low-precipitation region of Japan

Organic pollution in eutrophic river water dammed by estuary weirs was studied in the Shin and Kasuga rivers of the Shikoku region, Japan. Both rivers are located in a low-precipitation region of Japan. The investigation was performed at intervals of 3–14 days from 12 July 2002 to 13 July 2003. The annual averages of chlorophyll a concentration were approximately 150 and 40 μg L⁻¹ in the Shin and Kasuga rivers, respectively. The concentration often exceeded 500 μg L⁻¹ in the Shin River in winter. Dissolved oxygen saturation exhibited marked variation. High and low values, i.e., >150% in the surface water layer and 0% in the bottom water layer, were occasionally observed. Dissolved methane concentrations >2,000 nM were often observed from spring to fall. In both rivers, the serious organic substance pollution was confirmed through 1 year.     

Heavy metals in water,sediments and invertebrates from a metal-contaminated river free of organic pollution

A study was made of water, sediments and invertebrates in the R. Derwent, North-East England, at one site above and three sites below a stream bringing in high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb derived from an active fluorspar mine. The mean concentrations of these metals in filtrable water at the unpolluted site were 0.020, <0.0003, 0.005 mg l^-1, respectively, while those at the first polluted site were 0.29, 0.0006, 0.016 mg l^-1. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna was dominated by insects; all taxa present at the unpolluted site were represented at one or more of the polluted sites. In almost all cases the elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediments at polluted sites were paralleled by higher concentrations in animals. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between metal concentrations in certain taxa and those in their environment e.g. Ecdyonurus venosus and aqueous Pb. Mayflies tended to concentrate Zn, Cd and Pb to higher levels than other groups. Comparison of carnivorous species with other taxa revealed no indication of increased metal concentrations at higher trophic levels.