The effects of foods consumed after adult eclosion on the mate-searching behavior and feeding preferences of the white-spotted longicorn beetle Anoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The effects of changes in host plants on the mate-searching behavior and feeding preferences of the white-spotted longicorn beetle Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were examined. All individuals were raised on the same artificial diet until they became pupae. Analysis of the mate-searching behavior of the males showed that many more newly emerged males were attracted to the odor of the artificial diet than to an unbaited control. We prepared three groups of beetles and fed each group on different host plants for one week. The host plants used included the following: an artificial diet (containing Morus alba Linné), Citrus unshiu Marc. branches, and Vaccinium spp. branches. The mate-searching behavior of the males changed in relation to the plant supplied for feeding. Simultaneously, the preference among the three host plants was tested. The newly emerged males preferred the artificial diet. After a week of feeding on one of the three plants, however, the adult males selected and consumed significantly more of the plant that they had just experienced than the other plants. These results suggest that the male mate-location cue can be acquired after adult eclosion. In addition, the male beetles are capable of changing their host-plant preference. If they do so, they use different odor cues for mate location. Newly emerged A. malasiaca females showed no preference for their first choice of food among the three host plants presented, whereas the consumption was significantly larger on C. unshiu branches. After one week of feeding on different host plants, females chose their host plant after the adult stage as well as C. unshiu, but consumed mostly C. unshiu. These results suggest that the food preferences of females are different from those of males. The behavior of females may not be affected by chemical signals from their original host-plant species (as pupae) or from the host-plant species acquired when they emerge as adults.     

Ketone components in the contact sex pheromone of the white-spotted longicorn beetle, Anoplophora malasiaca, and pheromonal activity of synthetic ketones

Two active fractions were found during the isolation of contact sex pheromone of female elytra of the white‐spotted longicorn beetle, Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in addition to fraction of hydrocarbons that had previously been identified. One fraction was essential to evoke a series of precopulatory behaviors of males toward a glass dummy when coated together with the hydrocarbon blend. The other fraction enhanced this activity when added to the mixture. From the latter synergistic fraction, we isolated five novel compounds and identified them as 10‐heptacosanone, (Z)‐18‐heptacosen‐10‐one, (18Z,21Z)‐heptacosa‐18,21‐dien‐10‐one, (18Z,21Z,24Z)‐heptacosa‐18,21,24‐trien‐10‐one, and 12‐heptacosanone by GC‐MS and NMR analyses. A blend of four of these synthetic ketones, without 12‐heptacosanone, in the ratio and concentration found in female elytra extract (250 : 400 : 1000 : 180 ng FE^?1) showed greater synergistic effect than the natural fraction containing the ketones. This effect was canceled out by further addition of 12‐heptacosanone (100 ng FE^?1), which was still comparable to the effect of the natural ketone fraction.     

Oviposition deterrence associated with larval frass of the Japanese pine sawyer,Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

To determine the effect of larval frass of Monochamus alternatus on oviposition preference of the female adults, three tests were performed in the laboratory. Individual females were provided with a frass-coated, Pinus densiflora bolt and an untreated bolt simultaneously and were allowed to oviposit for 24 h. They deposited a significantly smaller number of eggs on frass-coated bolts. The females supplied with frass-coated bolts deposited no eggs on them, indicating that the larval frass deterred the females from oviposition. When individual females were provided simultaneously with a pine bolt applied with a methanol extract of larval frass and another bolt applied with methanol alone, they deposited a significantly smaller number of eggs on frass extract-applied bolts for 24 h. These results suggest the presence of a putative oviposition deterrent in larval frass of M. alternatus. Each test was replicated 19-20 times using different females.     

A new insect cell line from the longicorn beetle Plagionotus christophi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

We have established a continuous cell line from the fat body tissue of the longicorn beetle Plagionotus christophi. The cells have been serially subcultured in MGM450 medium, and the line has been designated as PC-1. The cells were grown in suspension and comprise largely flattened spindle- or oval-shaped cells morphologically related to blood cells of longicorn beetles. The chromosome number ranged from 19 to 36, with a mode of 20 (diploid). The growth curve was determined at the 100th passage, and the population doubling time was calculated to be 3.79 d. Isozyme analysis of malic enzyme, phosphoglucose isomerase, and phosphoglucomutase revealed that PC-1 cells were enzymatically distinct from coleopteran XP-1, AnCu-35, dipteran AeAl-2, and lepidopteran GaMe-LF1 cell lines.     

Olfactory response of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) to larval frass of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on different host tree species

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is a destructive pest that attacks many species of deciduous hardwood trees. One of its natural enemies is Dastarcus helophoroides that parasitizes many species of longhorned beetles. Larval frass from six different host tree species varied in attraction to D. helophoroides adults, and frass from one host species, Acer negundo, showed no attraction at all. This information has practical benefits to evaluating the efficacy of D. helophoroides as a biological control agent for A. glabripennis and increases our understanding of the co-evolution between this parasitoid, its host, and host food trees.     

星天牛幼虫龄期的划分

本文测量了人工饲养的星天牛Anoplophora chinensis(Forster)幼虫的9个形态结构数据,运用频次分布、均差分析和回归分析对测量数据进行统计分析,结果表明,星天牛幼虫可分5龄,其额宽是最佳的分龄结构,其次是上颚长和上颚宽。     

两株镰孢菌的鉴定及其粗毒素对甜瓜幼苗的化感作用

从甜瓜枯萎病发病植株及其根际病土中分离到8株真菌,以甜瓜品种“西甜1号”为材料,采用回接试验和种子萌发试验确定真菌分离物对甜瓜的致病性和生长抑制作用;通过测定盆栽幼苗根系诱导酶活性、抗性物质含量及细胞膜相对透性,研究两株有害真菌粗毒素对甜瓜幼苗的化感作用;根据形态学特征及ITS序列分析对两株有害真菌进行初步鉴定.结果表明： 两株有害真菌TF和HF粗毒素对甜瓜种子萌发以及胚轴、胚根生长具有抑制作用,可导致甜瓜幼苗根系丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及细胞膜相对透性增加,其中TF粗毒素原液处理下甜瓜幼苗根系MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性较对照分别增加108.6%和40.6%.两株有害真菌粗毒素可提高甜瓜幼苗根系保护性诱导酶活性,其中,TF粗毒素10倍稀释液处理下根系苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照分别增加25.6%和23.2%;HF粗毒素原液处理下根系PAL活性较对照提高30.0%.两株有害真菌TF和HF初步鉴定为木贼镰孢菌(Fusarium equiseti)和层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum).两株镰孢菌虽然不能通过回接侵染甜瓜,但能通过分泌毒素影响甜瓜正常生长和生理生化代谢,同时提高甜瓜根系保护性诱导酶活性,具有有害和有益双重作用,其化感危害是引起甜瓜连作障碍的主要原因之一.     

Application of harmonic radar to analyze dispersal behavior of the Japanese pine sawyer beetle,Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Monochamus alternatus (Hope) is a severe wood‐boring pest in coniferous forests and a major vector of pine wilt disease in East Asia. Harmonic radar is a powerful tool for studying the dispersal behavior of insects and it could be applied to control pine wilt disease. In this study, we validated the application of harmonic radar for analyzing the dispersal behavior of M. alternatus beetles in a field environment. We determined the wing capacities of the beetles and the effects of electronic tagging and marking on their movement, flight ability, survivorship, and food consumption in the laboratory to confirm the suitability of this technique. The detection rate and recovery rate for beetles were analyzed separately using radar on caged pine stands and in the field environment. The results showed that the minimum wing capacity of the Japanese pine sawyer was 24.9 mg, which was seven times the weight of the electronic tag (3.5 mg). Marking and tagging the beetles had no significant adverse effects on their movement, flight capacity, food consumption, and survivorship. The detection rate using the radar system and recovery rate based on visual observations of the beetles in caged pines were both 95.6%. However, in the field environment, the detection and recovery rates were only 55.6% and 37.8% after one week, respectively, and 33.3% and 7.8% after two weeks. Harmonic radar is a promising technique for studying the dispersal behavior of the Japanese pine sawyer, but its performance is not satisfactory and major improvements are required for both the radar system and electronic tags.     

Life history of the Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in southern Europe

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Toxicity of ethanedinitrile to Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae

The mortality of naked Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae exposed to ethanedinitrile (cyanogen; C2N2) varied with temperature, time of exposure, and dose of ethanedinitrile. The concentration x time (Ct) product of ethanedinitrile over a range of temperatures (4.4, 10.1, 15.6, and 20.1 degrees C) decreased with increasing temperature, for both 3- and 6-h exposures. The Ct products varied with time of exposure at different temperatures. The variations in mortality at different temperatures are described with a slope ratio (Y = [slope]6h/ [slope]3h). At different temperatures, the concentration of ethanedinitrile and the duration of exposure play different roles in killing A. glabripennis larvae. These results suggest the control of A. glabripennis larvae within wood is achievable.     

Impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in logs

As part of the eradication program for recent introductions of the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) in the United States, wood from infested trees is chipped and incinerated. Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of chipping wood from infested trees on the survival of the beetle. In the first test, plastic worms were used as surrogates for larvae of the beetle. Plastic worms of different sizes were placed in holes drilled in logs of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. In a second test, in addition to plastic worms, we used different instars and pupae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae); larvae of the beetle Phyllophaga annina Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae); and larvae of an unidentified weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Although chipping did not result in an obvious damage to all plastic worms, it did kill all larvae and pupae of insects placed in holes of maple logs. The overall recovery rate (percent recovered) for the plastic worms was 96% in the first (1997) test, and 71 and 98% for 10 and 40 mm long plastic worms in the second (1998) test, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of the data from the first experiment indicates that larger worms receive more severe damage. Size of logs did not have a significant effect on the level of damage received by plastic worms. All recovered insects were severely damaged after chipping logs and we could not determine recovery rates. Results of the two tests indicate that chipping wood from infested trees without incineration of the resulting chips provides a highly effective method for destroying wood inhabiting insect pests such as A. glabripennis. The elimination of incineration saves considerable resources while effectively eliminating risks associated with movements of wood containing living wood-boring insects.     

Comparison of fecundity and longevity of Anoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) adults fed on three different host‐plants

Oocyte development, age at first reproduction, ovipositing activity and longevity were compared among three groups of Anoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) female adults that were grown on an artificial diet and provided with mandarin orange (MO), blueberry (BB) and willow (WI) branches after adult emergence. The female adults that were fed with MO began to lay eggs earlier, produced more eggs and lived longer than those that were fed with BB or WI. None of the female adults that were fed with BB laid eggs. The BB‐fed female adults developed the lowest number of oocytes after one and three weeks of feeding. The female adults that were fed with WI and MO for one week developed similar numbers of oocytes. However, after three weeks the MO‐fed female adults developed significantly more oocytes than WI‐fed females. When female adults were first fed with MO for one week and then supplied with BB, subsequent ovarian development was strongly suppressed and the number of immature oocytes decreased. The results suggested that some immature oocytes degenerated. From these results it was concluded that MO was the most suitable adult host‐plant, followed by WI and BB. It is possible that adults that emerge from BB trees may shift their host‐plant during the adult stage in the field.     

Phenology and laboratory rearing procedures of an Asian longicorn beetle, Glenea cantor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Clenea cantor (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) is an Asian longicorn beetle whose larvae bore under the bark of living trees of at least seven plant families and enter the wood for pupation. Here, we determined the phenology of this beetle on its natural host, kapok [Bombax ceiba L. = Cossampinus malabaricus (DC.) Merr], in an uncontrolled insectary at ambient environmental conditions, and we compared the efficiency of four larval rearing procedures at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, 75 +/- 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h in the laboratory. It had five generations, including an overwintering generation, a year in southern China, with overlaps between generations and no diapause. Adults were present in early March-early December; eggs in early April-early December; larvae almost year-round, and pupae in mid-February-mid-April as well as mid-May-late November. All larvae of the overwintering generation and the larvae of the fourth generation that hatched in and after mid-November overwintered. The longevity of females and males was 71.94 +/- 1.21 d and 46.87 +/- 1.11 d, respectively, and mean fecundity was 106.65 +/- 3.61 eggs. Four larval rearing procedures using kapok twigs were tested: (1) 10 neonate larvae were left in the original host twig, (2) 10 neonate larvae were removed from the original bark and transferred to a new host twig, 3) 10 neonate larvae embedded in the original bark were transferred to a new host twig, and 4) a single neonate larva embedded in the original bark was transferred to a new host twig. We observed the survival of 300 neonate larvae for each rearing procedure. Approximately 81-85% of neonate larvae successfully developed to adult stage when neonate larvae were transferred together with the original bark to new host twigs; when neonate larvae were transferred without the original bark, only approximately 38% of the inoculants became adults, and when larvae were left in original twigs, approximately 52% of them reached adult stage. Resulting adults from different rearing methods and collected from the field had similar body weight and sex ratio. In terms of time, labor, and the number of resulting adults, procedure 3 is the most effective method for maintaining a laboratory colony.     

花绒寄甲辨别光肩星天牛蛀食不同树木所产生虫粪的挥发性化学信号

光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)危害多种阔叶树种,曾对"三北"防护林造成重大灾害。花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides)对光肩星天牛取食不同寄主树如杨树、柳树、榆树和槭树后排出的虫粪表现出不同的趋向性,但对槭树的虫粪未表现出趋向性。为了阐明花绒寄甲成虫差异性趋向选择机制,我们采用动态顶空吸附技术收集不同寄主树的虫粪挥发物,利用气相色谱、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质联仪对虫粪中单萜、倍半萜进行定性定量分析。结果表明,萜烯类是虫粪挥发物的主要成分,且源自不同寄主树木虫粪的萜烯释放量相差显著。检测到的所有化合物中,只有α-古巴烯在源于复叶槭的光肩星天牛虫粪中含量极微,而在源于其他5种寄主树的虫粪中含量均较大。在进一步的Y型嗅觉仪生测实验中,α-古巴烯能够显著地吸引花绒寄甲。α-古巴烯可能是花绒寄甲辨别取食不同寄主树的光肩星天牛虫粪的重要信号化合物。     

Prediction of the potential global distribution of the Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) under climate change

1. The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important wood-boring pest that has caused substantial damage to broadleaf trees in Asia, North America, and Europe.
2. We used the modelling software CLIMEX to project the potential global distribution of ALB based on both historical (1987–2016) and future (2021–2050) climate conditions. ALB has possible hosts in 37 genera, and their known distributions were incorporated into the model to assess their effect on pest distribution.
3. Suitable regions for ALB are predicted to be widely distributed under both historical and future climate conditions, and across all continents except Antarctica. With climate change, climate suitability would increase in the regions north of 30°N and decline in most regions south of 30°N.
4. The area of most climate-suitable regions would be covered by potential hosts, and optimum hosts would dominate. The possibility of ALB outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere is much higher than in the Southern Hemisphere, owing to the richer abundance of hosts.
5. These results provide theoretical guidance for developing effective ALB monitoring and mitigation measures.

     

The white-spotted longicorn beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anoplophora malasiaca</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), with a blueberry as host plant,utilizes host chemicals for male orientation

Volatile chemicals from Citrus and Salix host plants evoke orientation behavior in males of the species Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). These chemicals are emitted from wounded branches. We hypothesized that when released, these chemicals may indicate the presence of an individual to other conspecifics. Insects that originate from different host plants may use different plant chemicals from their own host to communicate with conspecifics. To further explore this theory, we investigated this communication system in a population of A. malasiaca from a third host plant, blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Males from a blueberry host (Vaccinium population) were attracted to the odor of wounded Vaccinium branches when released near a female model in the laboratory, as has been observed in males found on Citrus and Salix host plants. The Vaccinium branch extract that was attractive to the males was separated into six fractions, of which two were active. Three active compounds were subsequently identified: β-caryophyllene and sulfur from the hexane fraction, and (E)-phytol in the weakly polar fraction. The latter two active compounds of Vaccinium branches were different from those found in Citrus and Salix.     

Toxicity of four systemic neonicotinoids to adults of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

As part of the ongoing evaluation of different systemic insecticides for prophylactic treatment of trees, responses of the beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to different doses of four systemic neonicotinyl insecticides were studied. Adult beetles were provided with twigs or leaves of trees treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid to evaluate the toxicity of the insecticide through ingestion or contact or through both. Adult beetles also were provided with twigs of host plant treated with clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam to establish dose response of the beetle to these insecticides. Levels of individual insecticides in twigs and leaves were determined by using the "parent" method with high-performance liquid chromatography, and these levels were compared with the applied concentrations to determine their relationship. The LC50 values for detected level of each insecticide in twigs was 5.1 ppm at 24 h, 2.9 at 48 h, and 1.9 ppm at 72 h for imidacloprid; 1.1 ppm at 72 h for clothianidin; 2.2 ppm at 72 h for dinotefuran; and 1.0 ppm at 72 h for thiamethoxam. Our results indicate that mortality of adult beetles resulted not only from the ingestion and contact toxicity but also possibly from the antifeedant effect of imidacloprid.     

Timing and duration of the life cycle of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

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Tree colonization by the Asian longhorn beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): effect of habitat and tree suitability

Tree colonization and feeding activity of the invasive wood‐borer Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), an Asian pest introduced into North America and Europe, was studied in a newly invaded area in Italy. The hypothesis being tested was that the reproductive success of the insect depend on habitat type and tree suitability. Adult beetles were caged on branches of host and nonhost species, in both urban and forest habitats. Two months later, number and size of feeding patches on plant tissues, eggs laid, and surviving larvae were assessed. Bark concentration of C and N was also measured from the same trees. Results indicated that the mean area of plant tissues consumed by adult feeding was significantly larger on trees growing in forest than in urban habitat, although within the same habitat there were no differences between susceptible and nonsusceptible trees. ALB tree colonization, in terms of number of eggs laid and young larvae survival, was not affected by habitat while it was higher on susceptible trees. Although trees growing in forests had a lower nitrogen concentration, they allowed colonization rates similar to those of trees growing in the urban habitat. Hence, the amount of carbon and nitrogen did not fully explain tree suitability or habitat selection. We suggest compensatory feeding as a potential mechanism that might explain this peculiar situation, as supported by a more intensive feeding activity recorded on trees in the forest. Suitability of different trees may be due to other factors, such as secondary chemical compounds.     

光肩星天牛体内纤维素酶活性及其与寄主选择的关系（英文）

为了揭示光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky纤维素酶与寄主选择的关系, 以4种不同寄主树种（新疆杨Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge、箭杆杨Populus nigra var. thevestina (Dode) Bean、合作杨Populus simonii × Populus pyramidalis cv. opera Hsu和漳河柳Salix matsudana f. lobato-glandulosa Faug et Liu来源的光肩星天牛幼虫, 和以取食5种不同树种（臭椿Ailanthus altissima、毛白杨Populus tomentosa、合作杨、旱柳Salix matsudana Koidz.和复叶槭Acer negundo Linn.）的光肩星天牛成虫为实验对象, 测定其纤维素酶活性。结果表明: 不同寄主来源的光肩星天牛幼虫内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性在1.36~2.71 μmol葡萄糖/ (g FW·h)之间, β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在2.57~4.86 μmol葡萄糖/(g FW·h)之间;取食不同树种的光肩星天牛成虫内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性在4.08~9.27 μmol葡萄糖/(g FW·h)之间, β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在2.87~6.08 μmol葡萄糖/ (g FW·h)之间。不同寄主树种来源的光肩星天牛幼虫体内纤维素酶活性无显著性差异, 取食与否以及取食树种的不同对光肩星天牛成虫纤维素酶活有较大影响。