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Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society

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Spray application technology

Spray application technology on perennial tree crops has been a poorly researched subject. Many of the nozzles and sprayers were originally developed for use on row crops which have an even, flat profile and spraying is downward. Some of the short-comings of these systems were exposed when tree crops were sprayed, particularly the large and dense trees of 30 years ago.Much of the variation experienced in experimental results where fruit trees had been thinned with bioregulators is likely to have been due to application methods. Air-blast sprayers using hydraulic nozzles resulted in inconsistent results causing many research workers to revert to the use of hand lances and small pumps for their trials. Translation of these results to commercial practices then became a problem, as growers were reluctant to revert to the use of hand lances for thinning, particularly as orchards increased in size.The increased emphasis on reducing the use of chemicals, including bioregulators, on food and the need to use ecologically less wasteful methods of applying them has recently promoted more research into spraying techniques.Early work with spray technology identified factors causing variation. Such factors as the range and size of spray droplets, effect of climate, use of wetters, spreaders and stickers, the carrier medium (oil, water or combination), the use of propelled air, the crop species and it's configuration all impacted on the results.     

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Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society

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Aehms membership application

Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society

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Topical application of B-aminopropionitrile

Application of ¹⁴CB-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) to the skin of rats followed by measurement of urinary radioactivity was used for comparative studies of the absorption of ¹⁴C-BAPN fumarate and ¹⁴C-BAPN free base (F.B.). ¹⁴C-BAPN (F.B.) was absorbed more rapidly and to a greater extent than the fumarate salt. Six hours after topical administration of ¹⁴C-BAPN (F.B.) only traces of ¹⁴C were found on the skin and less than 1% of the dose within the skin section suggesting rapid drug absorption. Lysyl oxidase activity of sponge granuloma tissue was significantly inhibited by a single small dose (20 μl) of BAPN (F.B.) applied to the intact skin over the implant. Chronic application of twice daily 5 μl doses of BAPN (F.B.) significantly inhibited lysyl oxidase of the granuloma tissue underlying the area of topical application as well as that on the opposite side not receiving BAPN. Extractibility of collagen was significantly increased only in the granuloma tissue under the skin receiving BAPN.     

Oral application of cytokines

Summary A number of different laboratories reported on studies with orally administered interferons and cytokines. Their observations extend previous observations which showed that orally administered interferons and cytokines can exert both local and systemic effects. As difficult as it may be to understand how orally administered interferons and cytokines may exert both effects, the increasing number of laboratories that demonstrate biological effects with orally administered cytokines suggests that serious consideration be given to the possibility that orally administered interferons and cytokines can indeed exert effects. They also raise the possibility that these effects may have biological relevance for the treatment of human disease. Moreover, they may indicate that the nasal/oral region is a window on the environment. It is most important, however, to assure that these experiments are performed with special care to avoid presenting preliminary data that is not properly controlled. It is essential to carry out these studies with sufficient animals or patients to ascertain their significance; and to plan the studies as double-blind evaluations to avoid misinterpretations when subjective tests are used. Nevertheless, the overall data presented give one the impression of an area that should be pursued.     

Clinical application of pharmacogenetics

Pharmacogenetics encompasses the involvement of genes in an individual's response to drugs. As such, the field covers a vast area including basic drug discovery research, the genetic basis of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, new drug development, patient genetic testing and clinical patient management. Ultimately, the goal of pharmacogenetics is to predict a patient's genetic response to a specific drug as a means of delivering the best possible medical treatment. By predicting the drug response of an individual, it will be possible to increase the success of therapies and reduce the incidence of adverse side effects.     

Streptokinase--biochemistry and clinical application

Plasminogen activation to plasmin is due to enzymatic cleavage of a single peptide bond in the zymogen molecule. Streptokinase is not an enzyme and its activation of plasminogen is indirect. Streptokinase forms stoichiometric complexes with plasmin and plasminogen and these complexes activate plasminogen to plasmin. Streptokinase is species selective in its action.     

自由电子激光在生物学中的应用

同步辐射的发展和应用已经极大的推动了自然科学包括生物学的巨大发展,其中结构生物学更是离不开X射线衍射分析,小角散射等。X射线自由电子激光(XFEL)相比同步辐射具有更高强度,完全相干等特点,被称为第四代光源。科学家已经利用XFEL实现了尺度约为1微米的蛋白质晶体的高分辨率结构解析,并且也实现了单颗粒的病毒的低分辨重构。未来,XFEL将会为生物学的发展打开一扇新的大门。     

Micro-nano-technology for biomedical application

Nanomedical developments range from nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics, imaging and therapy to integrated medical nanosystems, which may perform complex repair actions at the cellular level inside the body in the future. There are three categories where MNT are applied in biomedicine

生物的核酶及其功能

核酶是有催化功能的RNA,目前发现的核酶可分为两大类（大分子核酶,小分子核酶）,共7种（大分子核酶包括第一类内元,RNase的RNA组分;小分子核酶包括锤头型,发夹型,肝炎δ病毒核酶,VS核酶）。本文概括了这些核酶的功能及其在理论和实际（主要是医学）方面的应用情况。     

化感作用在生产中的应用

讨论了化感理论在生产实践中的应用。应用化感理论指导建立合理的栽培、耕作制度。进行田间杂草的生物控制和防治;开发新一代无公害农药;指导森林更新和建植;培育抗化感品种等。     

荧光素酶及其应用

介绍了细菌荧光素酶基因(lux)和萤火虫荧光素酶基因(luc)的结构特点和二者的差异,概述了该酶作为报告基因在基础研究和实践(污染物监测、急性毒性和遗传毒性监测、微生物监测等)中的应用,肯定了该酶作为报告基因的广阔应用前景。