Trx-NAP 5融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及其活性检测

目的:用大肠杆菌表达获得重组线虫抗凝血肽5(rNAP 5),为研究开发NAP5的功能与应用提供原料来源。方法:将扩增的NAP5基因经BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切后与表达载体pET-32a连接。构建好的重组表达质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后,分别经IPTG和乳糖诱导表达,并探讨诱导表达条件,分析表达产物的可溶性情况。表达产物经镍亲和纯化后,用凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)检测体外抗凝活性。结果:成功构建了pET-32a/NAP5表达载体,IPTG和乳糖均能诱导目的蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中高效地可溶性表达。优化条件下每升LB培养基可获可溶性目的融合蛋白量达65.3mg。纯化的蛋白能明显延长PT及aPTT,7.0mg/L的蛋白平均约延长5.09倍aPTT,2.55倍PT。结论:在大肠杆菌中成功表达了具有很好生物活性的Trx-NAP5融合蛋白,为研究开发NAP5的功能与应用奠定了基础。     

一种新型高糖基化免疫融合蛋白NESP-Fc的研制

新红细胞生成刺激蛋白(NESP),是重组人红细胞生长素(rh EPO)的一种高糖基化类似物,它含有5个N端糖链和比rhEPO高2倍的唾液酸残基,具有较好的代谢稳定性和3倍于rhEPO的半衰期。在新红细胞生成刺激蛋白(NESP)的基础上,通过NESP的cDNA与人IgG2的铰链区与CH2和CH3的cDNA连接,形成了融合蛋白NESP-Fc,来达到提高NESP半衰期的目的。表达载体的构建、融合蛋白的表达纯化和初步的功能性试验等一系列研究证实,所表达的融合蛋白主要以二聚体形式存在;NESP-Fc能明显促进UT-7细胞的生长和小鼠体内网织红细胞的增殖;在大鼠体内的研究发现其半衰期高达56h;小试规模重组蛋白的表达量在1.4g/L左右。这些研究为该融合蛋白最终实现临床应用和产业化打下了良好的基础。     

PHLD融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的构建和表达

δ-睡眠肽(delta sleep inducing peptide, DSIP)的相对分子质量较小,在体内半衰期较短,因此本研究将蛋白质转导结构域(protein transduction domain, PTD)、人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA)、连接肽(linker)以及δ-睡眠肽(DSIP)进行融合表达,以获得重组PHLD睡眠肽融合蛋白。研究以pPIC9K/HSA为模板,利用PCR技术进行扩增,将获得的PHLD基因连接到表达载体pPIC9K上,然后转入组氨酸缺陷型毕赤酵母GS115,经G418筛选获得了高表达PHLD融合蛋白的酵母工程菌株,并进一步获得了高纯度的融合蛋白。本研究将为DSIP的深入研究和应用提供技术资料。     

抗菌肽AD与haFGF融合基因的合成及其表达

通过PCR技术和体外DNA重组技术将CecropinAD连接在haFGF改构体的5′端,构建成融合基因CADAF。将其克隆到表达载体pET3c上,然后转化到BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达。经DNA序列分析,合成的CADAF基因序列与设计序列一致。构建的CADAF基因在BL21(DE3)中获得了表达 。     

氨基酸序列突变对TFPI生物半衰期和生物活性的影响

通过对个别氨基酸突变的研究,获得了保持良好生物活性的长半衰期组织因子途径抑制因子(tissue factor pathwayinhibitor,TFPI)重组蛋白的有效途径.采用定点诱变和基因重组技术,首先在TFPI cDNA特定位点形成一个位点的沉默突变,以提高TFPI在毕赤酵母细胞内的表达量,此cDNA称为mTFPI.在此基础上,通过系列位点突变,形成3个羧基端突变体:m0TFPI、m1TFPI和m2TFPI.将上述4种TFPI cDNA与表达质粒pPic9连接,转染大肠杆菌,通过PCR和DNA测序确认重组质粒,转染酵母细胞GS115,甲醇诱导表达重组蛋白.采用层析方法纯化TFPI重组蛋白,用125I标记重组蛋白,静脉注射给药,比较四者在SD大鼠体内血浆代谢清除速度.用底物显色法测定重组蛋白抑制凝血因子Xa(Fxa)的活性,比较各株TFPI重组蛋白突变体在体内、体外对FXa的抑制作用及肝素对各株TFPI重组蛋白功能的影响.结果显示,相比野生型TFPI重组蛋(mTFPI)而言,3株羧基端突变体m0TFPI、m1TFPI、m2TFPI在SD大鼠体内血浆代谢清除时间均有不同程度延长,其生物代谢半衰期分别是mTFPI的1.5倍、1.9倍和大于2倍,与m-TFPI相比,3个rTFPI突变体在体内、体外抑制FXa的作用无明显减弱,与肝素的结合能力及协同能力也无明显减弱.结果表明,m0TFPI、m1TFPI和m2TFPI在生物半衰期得到明显延长的同时,仍保持良好的抑制Fxa的生物活性.     

乳糖诱导高分子量重组蛛丝蛋白发酵培养基优化

在M9培养基的基础上,以乳糖为诱导剂,对基因重组蛛丝蛋白工程菌pNSR32/BL21(DE3)的发酵培养基进行了优化。利用单因子实验和正交试验优化出表达高分子量重组蛛丝蛋白的最优培养基配方,结果表明：优化的碳源为0.3%的甘油,氮源为3%的酵母膏、0.75％的蛋白胨和0.05％(NH4)2SO4及少量的无机盐。优化培养基有利于菌体的生长和目的蛋白的表达,表达重组蛛丝蛋白达总蛋白量的20%。     

生长激素释放激素和人血清白蛋白融合蛋白的克隆表达

目的:通过与人血清白蛋白(HSA)融合,延长生长激素释放激素(GHRH)在体内的半衰期。方法:根据毕赤酵母偏爱密码子重新设计GHRH的核酸序列,并通过化学合成和重叠PCR法将GHRH的N端与HSA的C端通过一个11肽的接头连接,获得GHRH和HSA融合的全长基因序列。构建pPIC9-HSA-GHRH表达载体,电击转化毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞,通过表型筛选和诱导表达实验得到蛋白表达工程菌,对表达产物进行分离纯化和生物学活性分析。结果:克隆了HSA-GHRH融合基因,构建了pPIC9-HSA-GHRH融合表达载体;电击转化后通过表型筛选和诱导表达实验得到蛋白表达工程菌;经分离纯化后,对表达产物的生物学活性分析显示其在体内有促进生长的作用。结论:与人血清白蛋白的融合有效地提高了GHRH的表达水平,并延长了GHRH的半衰期。     

人FGF21原核表达载体的构建及重组蛋白表达

构建人FGF21(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)cDNA的原核表达载体并诱导其重组蛋白表达。提取人肝脏总RNA后,经RT-PCR扩增获得目的片段,构建其T载体进行保存。再构建重组原核表达载体pET-28a(+)-h FGF21,重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌菌株BL21(DE3)中,在IPTG诱导下得到可溶性表达,采用亲和层析法纯化表达产物后,进行Western blot鉴定。成功构建重组质粒pET-28(+)-hFGF21,对其进行可溶性表达后成功纯化出his-hFGF21,经Western blot鉴定该融合蛋白可与FGF21抗体特异性结合。成功构建pET-28(+)-hFGF21,并可溶性表达his-hFGF21蛋白。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP110 N端结构特征、原核表达及检测

VP110为对虾白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)的囊膜蛋白。相似性分析发现,VP110与昆虫DNA病毒经口感染关键因子PIF2具同源性,且同源区主要位于N端150~600aa。同时两者均在N端前端含一个跨膜区。为了研究VP110 N端保守区的功能,将vp110 N端基因(Svp110,450~1 830 bp)克隆至p ET-16b及p GEX-4T1原核表达载体中,同时分别在大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)、Rosetta 2菌株中优化表达条件,诱导VP110 N端蛋白(s VP110)表达。实验结果表明,重组质粒p ET-16b-Svp110在37℃1 mmol/L IPTG条件下可得到表达,但16℃下表达量很低。而重组质粒p GEX-4T1-Svp110则在16℃下得到较高表达。同时,Rosetta 2菌株的表达量高于BL21(DE3)。该研究表明Rosetta 2菌株更适合作为WSSV结构蛋白的表达,同时VP110在不同载体中的表达受温度的影响。VP110 N端蛋白的表达为VP110的功能研究打下了基础。     

破菌时可自动降解宿主核酸的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)的lpxM突变株构建

研究利用Red同源重组技术对常用大肠杆菌表达宿主菌BL21(DE3)进行改良, 构建破菌时可自动降解宿主核酸的大肠杆菌表达宿主菌, 该菌株可望有助于解决因破菌时宿主菌染色体核酸释放给后续纯化重组蛋白工作带来的困难。将N端连有OmpA的信号肽的S. aureus nucleaseB(nucB)表达框整合至E. coli BL21(DE3)的lpxM位点, 改造后菌株(称为BLN)经诱导能表达nucB、并分泌至周质空间, 这样可使宿主核酸免受该酶“毒性”影响, 菌体裂解后, nucB释放,能自动降解宿主核酸。BLN菌体生长状态以及表达外源重组蛋白的能力与出发菌基本一致。     

Large-scale expression,purification, and glucose uptake activity of recombinant human FGF21 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

As a novel important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis, human fibroblast growth factor 21 (hFGF21) has become a potential drug candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity, and type 2 diabetes, as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. To improve the production of recombinant hFGF21 to meet the increasing demand in clinical applications, an artificial gene encoding its mature peptide sequence was constructed, cloned into vector pET-3c and then expressed in Escherichia coli Origami B (DE3). Under optimal conditions in a 50-L fermentor, the average bacterial yield and the soluble expression level of recombinant hFGF21 of six batches attained 1750 ± 185 g and 32 ± 1.5%, respectively. The target protein was purified by the combination of nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography and Sephadex S-100 resin. 5% (w/v) trehalose solution was able to prevent rhFGF21 from degradation effectively. The purity of rhFGF21 was higher than 97%, and the yield was 213 ± 17 mg/L. The preliminary biochemical characterization of rhFGF21 was confirmed using Western blot and peptide map finger analysis. Based on the glucose oxidase–peroxidase assay, the EC50 of glucose uptake activity of the purified rhFGF21 was 22.1 nM.     

Biochemical characterization of rhEpo-Fc fusion protein expressed in CHO cells

One challenge in biotechnology industry is to produce recombinant proteins with prolonged serum half-life. One strategy for enhancing the serum half-life of proteins includes increasing the molecular weight of the protein of interest by fusion to the Fc part of an antibody. In this context, we have expressed a homodimer fusion protein in CHO cells which consists of two identical polypeptide chains, in which our target protein, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo), is N-terminally linked with the Fc part of a human IgG₁ molecule. In the present study, culture supernatant of a stable clone was collected and purified by affinity chromatography prior characterization. We emphasized product quality aspects regarding the fusion protein itself and in addition, post-translational characterization of the subunits in comparison to human antibodies and rhEpo. However, overproduction of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells is well established, analysis of product quality of complex products for different purposes, such as product specification, purification issues, batch to batch consistency and therapeutical consequences, is required. Besides product quantification by ELISA, N-acetylneuraminic acid quantification in microtiterplates, quantitative isoform pattern and entire glycan profiling was performed. By using these techniques for the characterization of the recombinant human Epo-Fc (rhEpo-Fc) molecule itself and furthermore, for the separate characterization of both subunits, we could clearly show that no significant differences in the core glycan structures compared to rhEpo and human antibody N-glycans were found. The direct comparison with other rhEpo-Fc fusion proteins failed, because no appropriate data were found in the literature.     

聚乙二醇修饰的成纤维细胞生长因子-21的降血糖作用

成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)是FGF家族的一员．现有大量研究表明,FGF-21是除胰岛素以外的一种新的血糖调节因子,有望成为治疗2型糖尿病的新型药物．然而,FGF-21在动物体内稳定性较差,半衰期较短,严重影响了其在临床上的应用．为解决这些问题,本实验采用分子质量为20 ku的单甲氧基聚乙二醇-丙醛(mPEG-ALD)对鼠源FGF-21(mFGF-21)进行N端定点修饰,以改善mFGF-21的性质(如提高体内半衰期、降低免疫原性等)．本文研究了反应pH、反应时间、蛋白质浓度及反应物之间的质量比对mFGF-21与聚乙二醇(PEG)合成反应的影响．采用Capto Q阴离子交换层析或Superdex 75凝胶过滤层析分离纯化聚乙二醇化mFGF-21(PEG-mFGF-21),并最终确定了mFGF-21 聚乙二醇修饰的反应条件和分离PEG-mFGF-21的纯化工艺．随后分别进行了PEG-mFGF-21的理化性质(大小、纯度和体外稳定性)、免疫原性、体内半衰期、体外葡萄糖吸收活性及体内降糖活性的研究．体外稳定性实验结果显示,mFGF-21经PEG修饰后温度稳定性和抗蛋白酶水解稳定性都显著提高．间接ELISA方法检测血清中mFGF-21抗体水平及目标蛋白含量的结果表明,PEG修饰mFGF-21可明显降低其免疫原性,延长体内半衰期．HepG2细胞的葡萄糖吸收实验结果发现,PEG-mFGF-21的细胞活性并没有下降,反而随着刺激细胞时间的延长,经PEG-mFGF-21刺激的细胞葡萄糖吸收显著高于mFGF-21刺激的细胞葡萄糖吸收．2型糖尿病db/db小鼠短期血糖调控实验结果表明,mFGF-21降糖速度快于PEG-mFGF-21,但其持续时间较PEG-mFGF-21短;长期血糖调控实验结果显示,PEG-mFGF-21长期降糖效果优于mFGF-21,作用持续时间长,并且PEG-mFGF-21在停药后控制血糖的能力也高于mFGF-21．综上所述可知,mFGF-21的PEG修饰在不影响其体外生物活性的前提下,能够提高mFGF-21的物理稳定性和抵抗蛋白酶水解的能力、降低免疫原性、增加体内稳定性、延长mFGF-21在动物体内降血糖作用的效果和时间．本实验为FGF-21化学修饰提供了重要的技术平台,对以后FGF-21的临床应用具有非常重要的意义．     

Process development for production of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in Escherichia coli

Fed-batch cultures were carried out to overproduce human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in Escherichia coli. The effects of carbon sources (glucose or glycerol) and induction time on cell growth and IGF-I production were investigated in more detail. Glycerol was a better carbon source than glucose for IGF-I production in fed-batch culture. Induction at the mid-exponential phase with glycerol as a carbon source in the pH-stat fed-batch culture was optimal for IGF-I production. Under this condition, 2.8 g L⁻¹ of fusion IGF-I was produced as inclusion bodies. We have also developed downstream processing for preparative scale purification of IGF-I from the fusion protein produced by the fed-batch culture using glycerol as a carbon source. After the fusion protein expressed was solubilized in 8 M urea and cleaved with hydroxylamine, the released IGF-I was purified by cation exchange chromatography, refolding and preparative scale reverse phase HPLC (rp-HPLC) to give recombinant IGF-I of >98% purity. The biological activities of the purified IGF-I were measured and found to be identical to those of commercial IGF-I. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 94–99. Received 13 January 1999/ Accepted in revised form 02 October 1999     

Improvement of succinate production by overexpression of a cyanobacterial carbonic anhydrase in Escherichia coli

Succinate fermentation was investigated in Escherichia coli strains overexpressing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. 7120 ecaA gene encoding carbonic anhydrase (CA). In strain BL21 (DE3) bearing ecaA, the activity of CA was 21.8 U mg⁻¹ protein, whereas non-detectable CA activity was observed in the control strain. Meanwhile, the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) increased from 0.2 U mg⁻¹ protein to 1.13 U mg⁻¹ protein. The recombinant bearing ecaA reached a succinate yield of 0.39 mol mol⁻¹ glucose at the end of the fermentation. It was 2.1-fold higher than that of control strain which was just 0.19 mol mol⁻¹ glucose. EcaA gene was also introduced into E. coli DC1515, which was deficient in glucose phosphotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate:formate lyase. Succinate yield can be further increased to 1.26 mol mol⁻¹ glucose. It could be concluded that the enhancement of the supply of HCO₃⁻ in vivo by ecaA overexpression is an effective strategy for the improvement of succinate production in E. coli.     

Production and purification of a novel antibiotic peptide,adenoregulin, from a recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Adenoregulin is a member of dermaseptin family which are vertebrate antibiotic peptides having lethal effects against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The 99 bp adenoregulin gene was cloned in the expression vector pET32a and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). In fed-batch cultivation of BL21(DE3)/pET32a-adr, an exponential feeding strategy was applied to gain 60 g dry cells l^–1. The recombinant fusion protein Trx-ADR was expressed in a soluble form. The fusion protein was isolated by Ni²⁺-chelating chromatography, cleaved with CNBr and purified to homogeneity through reverse phase-HPLC and size exclusion-HPLC. The purified recombinant adenoregulin had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12D31 with apparent Mr of 3.4 kDa, identical to the anticipated value.     

Biologically active and C-amidated hinnavinII-38-Asn produced from a Trx fusion construct in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

The cabbage butterfly (Artogeia rapae) antimicrobial peptide hinnavinII as a member of cecropin family is synthesized as 37 residues in size with an amidated lysine at C-terminus and shows the humoral immune response to a bacterial invasion. In this work, a synthetic gene for hinnavinII-38-Asn (HIN) with an additional amino acid asparagine residue containing amide group at C-terminus was cloned into pET-32a(+) vector to allow expression of HIN as a Trx fusion protein in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The resulting expression level of the fusion protein Trx-HIN could reach 15–20% of the total cell proteins and more than 70% of the target proteins were in soluble form. The fusion protein could be purified successfully by HiTrap Chelating HP column and a high yield of 15 mg purified fusion protein was obtained from 80 ml E. coli culture. Recombinant HIN was readily obtained by enterokinase cleavage of the fusion protein followed by FPLC chromatography, and 3.18 mg pure active recombinant HIN was obtained from 80 ml culture. The molecular mass of recombinant HIN determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer is 4252.084 Da which matches the theoretical mass (4252.0 Da) of HIN. Comparing the antimicrobial activities of the recombinant hinnavinII with C-amidated terminus to that without an amidated C-terminus, we found that the amide of asparagine at C-terminus of hinnavinII improved its potency on certain microorganism such as E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus megaterium, and Staphylococcus aureus.     

Pilot-scale production and purification of a staphylokinase-based fusion protein over-expressed in Escherichia coli

SFH, a recombinant staphylokinase-based fusion protein linked by the factor Xa recognition peptide at the N-terminus of hirudin, is a promising therapeutic candidate for thromboembolic diseases. To develop SFH into a new thrombolytic agent, scaled-up production was carried out to provide sufficient preparation for animal safety and clinical studies. Here, we describe a pilot-scale cultivation and purification process for the production of SFH. A high-cell-density fed-batch cultivation for the production of SFH in E. coli was developed in a 40-L bioreactor, which produced about 1.1 g/L of recombinant protein. SFH was purified to homogeneity from the E. coli lysate by expanded bed adsorption chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography, with over 99% purity and 54% recovery. Moreover, the residual endotoxin content was less than 0.5 EU/mL. The molecular weight and in vitro bioactivity of SFH were also determined by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fibrinolytic activity assay, respectively.     

Downregulation of T7 RNA polymerase transcription enhances pET‐based recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by suppressing autolysis

Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) is an excellent and widely used host for recombinant protein production. Many variant hosts were developed from BL21 (DE3), but improving the expression of specific proteins remains a major challenge in biotechnology. In this study, we found that when BL21 (DE3) overexpressed glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), a significant industrial enzyme, severe cell autolysis was induced. Subsequently, we observed this phenomenon in the expression of 10 other recombinant proteins. This precludes a further increase of the produced enzyme activity by extending the fermentation time, which is not conducive to the reduction of industrial enzyme production costs. Analysis of membrane structure and messenger RNA expression analysis showed that cells could underwent a form of programmed cell death (PCD) during the autolysis period. However, blocking three known PCD pathways in BL21 (DE3) did not completely alleviate autolysis completely. Consequently, we attempted to develop a strong expression host resistant to autolysis by controlling the speed of recombinant protein expression. To find a more suitable protein expression rate, the high‐ and low‐strength promoter lacUV5 and lac were shuffled and recombined to yield the promoter variants lacUV5‐1A and lac‐1G. The results showed that only one base in lac promoter needs to be changed, and the A at the +1 position was changed to a G, resulting in the improved host BL21 (DE3‐lac1G), which resistant to autolysis. As a consequence, the GDH activity at 43 h was greatly increased from 37.5 to 452.0 U/ml. In scale‐up fermentation, the new host was able to produce the model enzyme with a high rate of 89.55 U/ml/h at 43 h, compared to only 3 U/ml/h achieved using BL21 (DE3). Importantly, BL21 (DE3‐lac1G) also successfully improved the production of 10 other enzymes. The engineered E. coli strain constructed in this study conveniently optimizes recombinant protein overexpression by suppressing cell autolysis, and shows great potential for industrial applications.     

Heterologous expression of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">msp2 gene</Emphasis> from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marasmius scorodonius</Emphasis>

For the heterologous expression of the msp2 gene from the edible mushroom Marasmius scorodonius in Escherichia coli the cDNA encoding the extracellular Msp2 peroxidase was cloned into the pBAD III expression plasmid. Expression of the protein with or without signal peptide was investigated in E. coli strains TOP10 and LMG194. Different PCR products were amplified for expression of the native target protein or a protein with a signal peptide. Omitting the native stop codon and adding six His-residues resulted in a fusion protein amenable to immune detection and purification by immobilised metal affinity chromatography. In E. coli the recombinant protein was produced in high yield as insoluble inclusion bodies. The influence of different parameters on MsP2 refolding was investigated. Active enzyme was obtained by glutathione-mediated oxidation in a medium containing urea, Ca²⁺, and hemin.