Helminths infecting the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a restinga habitat of Bahia State, Brazil

A sample of 101 specimens of the unisexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo (Squamata; Teiidae) from a coastal site in Bahia State, Brazil were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Of these, 35 (34.7%) harboured helminths. Six helminth species were recovered from C. nativo, including five nematodes (Physaloptera retusa, Physalopteroides venancioi, Subulura lacertilia, Skrjabinelazia intermedia and Parapharyngodon sp., and one cestode (Oochoristica ameivae), all representing new host records. Most lizards were infected by a single species of helminth and none by more than three. Infection rates were neither significantly influenced by host body size nor by environmental factors. The results are compared with data from studies on other whiptail species in both South and North America.     

Helminth communities of two sympatric skinks (Mabuya agilis and Mabuya macrorhyncha) from two "restinga" habitats in southeastern Brazil

The helminth fauna of two sympatric congeneric skinks (Mabuya agilis and M. macrorhyncha) from two distinct "restinga" habitats (Praia das Neves and Grussaí) in southeastern Brazil were studied, totalling four data sets (sample sizes ranging from 11 to 28). A total of ten helminth species were associated with the skinks: Raillietiella sp., Paradistomum parvissimum, Pulchrosomoides elegans, Oochoristica ameivae, Hexametra boddaertii, Parapharyngodon sceleratus, Physalopteroides venancioi, Physaloptera sp., an unidentified acuariid nematode and an unidentified centrorhynchid acanthocephalan. Except for Hexametra boddaertii (found only in Grussaí) and Pulchrosomoides elegans (found only in Praia das Neves), all helminth species were present at both localities. Half of the helminth species were present only as larvae and, in most cases, appear to represent paratenic parasitism. Overall prevalences of infection were high for both host species in both localities. Mabuya agilis tended to have richer and more diverse infracommunities than M. macrorhyncha. Some parameters of infection by individual helminth species seem to be related to the ecology of each Mabuya species. The parasite faunas were qualitatively very similar among species and/or localities, but quantitative similarities were more varied, due to differential representativeness of individual helminth species among host populations. The helminth communities of both skink species can be classified as non-interactive, being composed of site-specialists and immature stages of non-lizard parasites.     

Physalopteroides arnoensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) and other intestinal helminths of the mourning gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from Arno Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Oceania

Physalopteroides arnoensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) from the intestinal tract of the gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris is described and illustrated. Physalopteroides arnoensis is the 18th species to be assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other oriental species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae of the male: 22 posterior subventral pedunculated papillae; 8 precloacal papillae in symmetrical pairs; 14 postcloacal papillae, 6 papillae immediately postcloacal in symmetrial pairs and remaining 8 papillae asymmetrically placed, 3 on right, 5 on left. Other helminths found include Pharyngodon lepidodactylus, Hedruris hanleyae, Maxvachonia chabaudi, and larvae of Ascarops sp. Our review of Physalopteroides removes all subspecies designations; Physalopteroides minor Caballero, 1969 n. comb is proposed.     

Revision of the monogenean subfamily Neothoracocotylinae Lebedev, 1969 (Polyopisthocotylea: Thoracocotylidae)

Members of the subfamily Neothoracocotylinae are gastrocotylinean monogeneans on the gills of scombrid fishes of the genera Scomberomorus and Acanthocybium, and reportedly of a coryphaenid fish belonging to the genus Coryphaena. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and its two genera and accept only two species as valid. Neothoracocotyle acanthocybii (Meserve, 1938) Hargis, 1956 is known from Acanthocybium solandri throughout the Pacific Ocean and in the western Atlantic. N. coryphaenae (Yamaguti, 1938) Hargis, 1956, known only from a single specimen and described from Coryphaena hippurus in Japan, is synonymised with N. acanthocybii. The sole member of Scomberocotyle, S. scomberomori (Koratha, 1955) Hargis, 1956, infects five species of Scomberomorus in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the western and eastern Atlantic. We record this worm from several new hosts and/or localities, including S. sierra and S. concolor in the eastern Pacific (Mexico to Colombia), S. maculatus and S. cavalla in the western Atlantic (USA to Brazil), and S. tritor in the eastern Atlantic (Sierra Leone to Nigeria).     

Endoparasites in Sphenomorphus jobiensis (Sauria: Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea with description of three new species

One species of digenean, Zeylanurotrema sphenomorphi n. sp., and 2 nematode species, Meteterakis crombiei n. sp. and Physalopteroides milnensis n. sp., from the intestine of Sphenomorphus jobiensis, are described and illustrated. Zeylanurotrema sphenomorphi n. sp. represents the second species, Meteterakis crombiei n. sp. the 18th species, and Physalopteroides milnensis n. sp. the 19th species assigned to each respective genus. In addition, 1 species of cestode, Oochoristica javaensis; 7 nematode species, Abbreviata oligopapillata, Aplectana macintoshii, Aplectana zweifli, Cosmocerca zugi, Maxvachonia adamsoni, Oswaldocruzia bakeri, Parapharyngodon maplestonei; 1 species of acanthocephalan, Acanthocephalus bufonis; and 1 species of pentastome, Kiricephalus sp., were found. With the exception of Abbreviata oligopapillata, Sphenomorphus jobiensis represents a new host record for each species of endoparasite.     

New species of Allopharynx (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) and other helminths in Uranoscodon superciliosus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from Amazonian Brazil

Allopharynx daileyi n. sp. (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) from the small intestine of the tropidurid lizard Uranoscodon superciliosus from Amazonian Brazil is described and illustrated. Of the 11 currently recognized species of Allopharynx, we consider Allopharynx megorchis Simha, 1961 a synonym of Allopharynx mehrai (Gogate, 1935) Price 1938 and Allopharynx puertoricensis Acholonu, 1976 a synonym of Allopharynx riopedrensis Garcia-Diaz; thus, A. daileyi becomes the 10th species assigned to the genus. The trematode species Mesocoelium monas and 2 species of Nematoda, Africana chabaudi and Cosmocerca vrcibradici, were also present.     

A synopsis of the tribe Lachnophorini,with a new genus of Neotropical distribution and a revision of the Neotropical genus Asklepia Liebke, 1938 (Insecta,Coleoptera, Carabidae)

This synopsis provides an identification key to the genera of Tribe Lachnophorini of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres including five genera previously misplaced in carabid classifications. The genus Asklepia Liebke, 1938 is revised with 23 new species added and four species reassigned from Eucaerus LeConte, 1853 to Asklepia Liebke, 1938. In addition, a new genus is added herein to the Tribe: Peruphorticus gen. n. with its type species P. gulliveri sp. n. from Perú. Five taxa previously assigned to other tribes have adult attributes that make them candidates for classification in the Lachnophorini: Homethes Newman, Aeolodermus Andrewes, Stenocheila Laporte de Castelnau, Diplacanthogaster Liebke, and Selina Motschulsky are now considered to belong to the Lachnophorini as genera incertae sedis. Three higher level groups are proposed to contain the 18 recognized genera: the Lachnophorina, Eucaerina, and incertae sedis.Twenty-three new species of the genus Asklepia are described and four new combinations are presented. They are listed with their type localities as follows: (geminata species group) Asklepia geminata (Bates, 1871), comb. n, Santarém, Rio Tapajós, Brazil; (hilaris species group) Asklepia campbellorum Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., 20 km SW Manaus, Brazil, Asklepia demiti Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., circa Rio Demiti, Brazil, Asklepia duofos Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., 20 km SW Manaus, Brazil, Asklepia hilaris (Bates, 1871), comb. n, São Paulo de Olivença, Brazil, Asklepia grammechrysea Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., circa Pithecia, Cocha Shinguito, Perú, Asklepia lebioides (Bates, 1871), comb. n, Santarém, Rio Tapajós, Brazil, Asklepia laetitia Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., Leticia, Colombia, Asklepia matomena Zamorano & Erwin, sp.n., 20 km SW Manaus, Brazil; (pulchripennis species group) Asklepia adisi Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Ilha de Marchantaria, Lago Camaleão, Brazil, Asklepia asuncionensis Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Asunción, Río Paraguay, Paraguay, Asklepia biolat Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., BIOLAT Biological Station, Pakitza, Perú, Asklepia bracheia Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., circa Explornapo Camp, Río Napo, Cocha Shimagai, Perú, Asklepia cuiabaensis Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Cuiabá, Brazil, Asklepia ecuadoriana Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Limoncocha, Ecuador, Asklepia kathleenae Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Belém, Brazil, Asklepia macrops Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Concordia, Río Uruguay, Argentina, Asklepia marchantaria Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Ilha de Marchantaria, Lago Camaleão, Brazil, Asklepia marituba Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., Marituba, Ananindeua, Brazil, Asklepia paraguayensis Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., San Lorenzo, Rio Paraguay, Paraguay, Asklepia pakitza Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., BIOLAT Biological Station, Pakitza, Perú, Asklepia pulchripennis (Bates, 1871), comb. n, Santarém, Rio Tapajós, Brazil, Asklepia samiriaensis Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., Boca del Río Samiria, Perú, Asklepia stalametlitos Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., Guayamer, Río Mamoré, Bolivia, Asklepia strandi Liebke, 1938, Guyana, Asklepia surinamensis Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n., l’Hermitage, Surinam River, Surinam, Asklepia vigilante Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n., Boca del Río Samiria, Perú. Images of adults of all 18 genera are provided.     

Revision of the monogenean subfamily Priceinae Chauhan, 1953 (Polyopisthocotylea: Thoracocotylidae)

Members of the subfamily Priceinae are gastrocotylinean monogeneans of the gills of scombrid fishes of the genus Scomberomorus (and perhaps the genera Acanthocybium, Rastrelliger and Katsuwonus) from warm to warm-temperate seas of the world. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and regard the Mexicotylinae Lebedev, 1984 as a synonym. Two monotypic genera are accepted as valid. Pricea multae Chauhan, 1945 is recorded from seven species of Scomberomorus from the Indo-west Pacific, from off eastern South Africa north to the Persian Gulf and as far east as Fiji. New synonyms we recognise include P. minimae Chauhan, 1945 (described from India, reportedly on Katsuwonus pelamis), P. solandri Gupta & Chanana, 1977 (a single specimen was described from India, reportedly on Acanthocybium solandri) and P. microcotylae Chauhan, 1945 (also described from India, reportedly on Rastrelliger kanagurta). Mexicotyle mexicana (Meserve, 1938) Lebedev, 1984 is recorded on four species of Scomberomorus from the western Atlantic Ocean (United States to Brazil), two in the eastern Pacific (California to Peru) and one from the eastern Atlantic (Ghana).     

New species of Raillietnema (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Carlia mysi (Squamata: Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea

Raillietnema nanus n. sp. from the intestines of the skink Carlia mysi (Scincidae) from Morobe Province, Paupa New Guinea, is described and illustrated. It is the 23rd species assigned to the genus and first species of Raillietnema to be reported from the Australian biogeographical realm. It is the ninth species with a lizard type host and is distinguished from other species by its short body length, small egg size, and number of caudal papillae in the male. An initial parasite list of R. nanus and the nematode Physalopteroides milnensis is established for C. mysi.     

Etude morphologique de Parasubulura gerardi Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 (Nematoda,Subuluroidea) parasite d'un Macroscelidae éthiopien

Résumé Parasubulura gerardi Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 (Nematoda, Subuluroidea), parasite d'un Macroscelidae éthiopien, Petrodromus tetradactylus Peters, au Zaïre, est redécrite à partir de spécimens collectés chez un hôte voisin Elephantulus brachyrhynchus (A. Smith) du Zimbabwe. La répartition du genre Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 est brièvement discutée.Le genre Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 comprend trois espèces morphologiquement très proches, toutes parasites de Macroscelidae éthiopiens: Parasubulura gerardi Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 parasite Petrodromus tetradactylus Peters au Zaïre et Elephantulus brachyrhynchus (A. Smith) au Zimbabwe; Parasubulura callosa (Sandground, 1933) parasite Petrodromus tetradactylus au Zimbabwe; Parasubulura petrodromi (Baylis, 1934) parasite Petrodromus tetradactylus en Tanzanie.

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Parasubulura gerardi Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 (Nematoda, Subuluroidea), parasite of an ethiopian macroscelid, Petrodromus tetradactylus (Peters), is redescribed from a new host, Elephantulus brachyrhynchus (A. Smith), from Zimbabwe.The genus Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938 includes three very closely related species all of them parasitic in ethiopian macroscelids: Parasubulura gerardi Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938, a parasite of Petrodromus tetradactylus Peters from Zaire and Elephantulus brachyrhynchus (A. Smith) from Zimbabwe; Parasubulura callosa (Sandground, 1933), a parasite of Petrodromus tetradactylus from Zimbabwe; and Parasubulura petrodromi (Baylis, 1934), a parasite of Petrodromus tetradactylus from Tanzania.

     

Historical review of clinical vaccine studies at Oswaldo Cruz Institute and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - technological development issues

This paper presents, from the perspective of technological development and production, the results of an investigation examining 61 clinical studies with vaccines conducted in Brazil between 1938-2013, with the participation of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz). These studies have been identified and reviewed according to criteria, such as the kind of vaccine (viral, bacterial, parasitic), their rationale, design and methodological strategies. The results indicate that IOC and Fiocruz have accumulated along this time significant knowledge and experience for the performance of studies in all clinical phases and are prepared for the development of new vaccines products and processes. We recommend national policy strategies to overcome existing regulatory and financing constraints.     

Taxonomy and distribution of Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938 (Siphonaptera: Stephanocircidae: Craneopsyllinae)

The genus Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938 (Craneopsyllinae) includes only 1 species, Nonnapsylla rothschildi Wagner, 1938 . Two subspecies are recognized by the shape of the dorsal margin of the helmet, apical shape of the spines in helmet and genal combs, length of first and fourth segments of the maxillary palpus, and shape of the hilla of the spermatheca. The validity of the characters used to separate the 2 subspecies of Nonnapsylla rothschildi Wagner, 1938 is discussed based on information from the literature, as well as from direct observation of type specimens and specimens collected in northwestern Argentina. We conclude that Nonnapsylla rothschildi wagneri Johnson, 1957 should be considered as a synonym of the nominal subspecies. We also extend the southern limits of the distribution of the species and report its presence in Argentina.     

Type materials of the species of the Planorbidae (Mollusca,Gastropoda, Hygrophila) described by Shuichi Mori

ABSTRACT

The planorbid species that were described by Shuichi (Syuiti) Mori from Japan have long been enigmatic and their taxonomy has been highly confused. This situation is also an impediment to action for the conservation of Japanese planorbids which are one of the most threatened freshwater snail groups in the country. Based on our examination of Shuichi Mori’s collection stored in the Kyoto University Museum, type materials of the taxa described by him are re-illustrated and re-examined for the first time. Our examination suggested that Gyraulus amplificatus (Mori, 1938) is not a morphological form of Gyraulus biwaensis but a distinct species. Gyraulus pulcher (Mori, 1938) can be regarded as a junior synonym of Gyraulus chinensis.     

Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description

Abstract. The seven recognized genera of Teratomyzidae, including the new genera Stepta, Auster, Pous, Camur and Lips , are keyed and described. Vitila is a new subgenus of Teratomyza Malloch. The following five new species are described: Auster pteridii (Australia), Pous manicula (Australia), Camur willii (Brazil), Lips collessi (Australia), Teratomyza ( Vitila ) undulata (Australia). Stepta latipennis is a new combination for Teratomyza latipennis Malloch. Neogeomyza Séguy, 1938 ( Micropachycerina Stuckenberg, 1971, syn.n.) belongs in the Lauxaniidae, not Teratomyzidae. Neogeomyza stenoptera (Stuckenberg, 1971 (from Micropachycerina ) is a new combination. The family Teratomyzidae occurs in the Neotropical, Australasian, Oriental and eastern Palaearctic Regions. The third-instar larva and puparium of Auster pteridii , both of which live externally on fronds of Pteridium (Filicales: Dennstaedtiaceae), are described. Adults of many species also occur on fern fronds.     

Revision of the monogenean subfamily Thoracocotylinae Price, 1936 (Polyopisthocotylea: Thoracocotylidae), with the description of a new species of the genus Pseudothoracocotyla Yamaguti, 1963

Members of the subfamily Thoracocotylinae are gastrocotylid monogeneans of Spanish mackerels (scombrid fishes of the genus Scomberomorus) from warm to warm-temperate seas around the world. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and recognise two genera and three species as valid. The genus Paradawesia Bravo Hollis & Lamothe Argumedo, 1976 is synonymised with Thoracocotyle MacCallum, 1913, and Dawesia Unnithan, 1965 and Methoracocotyle Lebedev, 1984 are synonymised with Pseudothoracocotyla Yamaguti, 1963. Thoracocotyle crocea MacCallum, 1913 (syns T. paradoxica Meserve, 1938 and Paradawesia bychowskyi Bravo Hollis & Lamothe Argumedo, 1976) is recorded from two species of Scomberomorus in the eastern Pacific (California to Peru) and four in the western Atlantic (South Carolina to Brazil). Pseudothoracocotyla ovalis (Tripathi, 1956) Yamaguti, 1963 (new syns Dawesia indica Unnithan, 1965, D. incisa Lebedev, 1970, Methoracocotyle scomberomori (Young, 1968) Lebedev, 1984, M. gigantica (Rohde, 1976) Lebedev, 1984 and Thoracotyle indica (Unnithan, 1965) Murugesh, 1995) is recorded from the gills of seven species of Scomberomorus from the Indo-west Pacific (eastern South Africa north to the Persian Gulf, and east to Fiji). Pseudothoracocotyla whittingtoni n. sp. is described from an eighth Indo-west Pacific scomberomorid, S. munroi, in Australian waters.     

Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil,and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

As the eponymous type species for rauisuchians, Rauisuchus tiradentes von Huene, 1938 represents an important but inadequately known specimen. The revision of the type material from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil reveals new anatomical data and previously unrecognised characters, including three new possible autapomorphies: a knob‐like thickening on the base of the posterior process of the premaxilla; short and ventrally keeled cervicals lacking postzygodiapophyseal laminae; and mid‐caudal vertebrae with an accessory neural spine and a postspinal lamina. Several elements are re‐identified, including a postorbital (originally identified as postfrontal) and a pterygoid (originally identified as a prefrontal), and additional material from a secondary fossil site, originally assigned to R. tiradentes, including a left ilium, is excluded. Based on the recovered information and new morphological data, the systematic position of R. tiradentes is tested in a comparison of two phylogenetic reanalyses. Both analyses differ in respect to the phylogenetic position of R. tiradentes, and recover ‘rauisuchians’ as a paraphyletic assemblage of non‐crocodylomoprh archosaurs. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

Aspidoderid nematodes from bolivian armadillos, with the description of a new species of Lauroia (Heterakoidea: Aspidoderidae)

One nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) and 1 yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) were necropsied in the field during an expedition to collect parasites of mammals in Bolivia. A total of 205 Aspidodera binansata Railliet and Henry, 1913 (Heterakoidea: Aspidoderidae), and 40 specimens of Lauroia bolivari n. sp. (Heterakoidea: Aspidoderidae) were recovered from the cecum and large intestines of D. novemcinctus and E. sexcinctus. Aspidodera esperanzae Fujita et al., 1995, is proposed as a junior synonym of A. binansata based on the structure of the cordons on the hood. Lauroia bolivari n. sp. has an undercut cephalic cap and unequal spicules. It differs from other species in the genus in the shape of the cephalic cap and from Lauroia travassosi Proen?a, 1938, in the relative proportion of the spicules. This is the first record of a member of Lauroia Proen?a, 1938, for Bolivia.     

中国蛀果蛾科分类学整理及新种记述(鳞翅目：粪蛾总科)

记载中国蛀果蛾科昆虫8属23种（亚种）,其中有中国2新纪录：断斑洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis excisa Walsingham和日本拟蛀果蛾Alexotypa japonica (Walsingham）及2新种：天目坚蛀果蛾Archostola tianmushana sp.nov.和五峰洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis wufengensis sp.nov.。文中给出了中国蛀果蛾科分种检索表和中国新纪录及新种的特征图。     

New genus, new species of Cestoda (Anoplocephalidae), new species of Nematoda (Cosmocercidae) and other helminths in Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea

Gekkotaenia novaeguineaensis n. gen., n. sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the small intestine and Cosmocerca zugi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the large intestine of the ring-tailed gecko, Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) are described and illustrated. Gekkotaenia novaeguineaensis n. gen., n. sp. is unique among the acraspedote Linstowiinae in possessing a poral female reproductory system. Cosmocerca zugi n. sp. is the 22nd species to be assigned to the genus and differs from other species in the genus by possessing 4 pairs of rosette papillae on plectanes and having a gubernaculum longer than the spicules. It is the fifth species to be described from the Australian biogeographical region. Eight additional helminth species were found: the digenean, Allopharynx macallisteri; 2 cestodes, cysticercoids of Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp.; 5 nematodes, larvae in cysts of Abbreviata sp., Aplectana macintoshii, Oswaldocruzia bakeri, Parapharyngodon maplestonei, and an undescribed species of Physalopteroides. Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis represents a new host record for each of these helminths.