黄河三角洲自然保护区湿地植被生物量空间分布及其影响因素

以黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究区域,以野外实测湿地植被地上生物量数据、Landsat-8影像数据和土壤各因子检测数据为数据源,通过分析各遥感因子与实测植被生物量的相关关系,建立生物量模型,进行生物量的定量反演。通过研究生物量与土壤、水环境因子的关系,筛选影响生物量的关键因子,进而分析生物量的空间分布规律。结果表明:湿地植被地上生物量的干重与各遥感因子的相关性较高;以NDVI、EVI、MSAVI、DVI、RVI、Band1、Band2、Band3、Band4、Band6共10个因子作为自变量建立的反演模型最优;反演计算的生物量干重分为5个等级区,最低的1级区和最高的5级区面积较小,为82.23、72.16 km2,分别占研究区湿地植被总面积的13.35%、11.71%。生物量干重适中的2、3、4级区所占面积较大,为211.99、136.39、113.29 km2,分别占研究区湿地植被总面积的34.41%、22.14%、18.39%;在各环境因子中水深对芦苇生物量干重影响最大,土壤含水率对碱蓬生物量干重影响最大,水、盐条件是导致优势种植被生物量干重出现空间分异的主导因素;植被生物量干重呈现由陆向海减小,由黄河河道两岸向外递减的趋势。     

鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地植被生物量空间分布规律

探明区域湿地植被生物量的空间分布规律及其变化趋势,对于更好地保护候鸟生境、制定合理的湿地保护政策具有重要的意义。以鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区为研究对象,基于2000—2011年研究区MODIS植被指数产品和同期的植被生物量调查资料,建立了湿地植被生物量的遥感估算模型。在此基础上利用GIS空间分析方法,系统分析了保护区近10年来湿地植被生物量的空间分布规律及其季节变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)MODIS增强型植被指数的乘幂模型可以较好地模拟研究区湿地植被生物量的鲜重,拟合模型总体精度达到91.7%。(2)多年平均生物量呈现"岛屿型"空间分布模式:各子湖泊及洼地中心处,表现为水生植被群落为主的低生物量区(285 g/m2);湖心水体外围14—15m的高程区域,分布着以苔草群落为主的中生物量区(285—830 g/m2);高程位于16—18m的河口三角洲及天然堤坝区域,表现为以蒿、荻和芦苇群落为主的高生物量区。(3)保护区植被群落分布具有特定的季相变化特征,高、中、低生物量区在不同的月份呈现出不同的空间生消和演进规律,鄱阳湖水位的周期性涨落是影响其变化的一个重要扰动因子。     

台风“山竹”对深圳城市绿地及生物量的影响

台风是影响沿海城市绿地生态系统最主要、最频繁的自然干扰因子。2018年9月的台风"山竹"以强台风等级袭击深圳,陆地最大阵风达46.5 m/s(15级)。以深圳市区绿地(公园绿地、居民区绿地、行道树)中的乔木为研究对象,通过灾后实地调研,采用相关统计方法以及生物量评估方法,探讨了台风"山竹"对深圳市区绿地的影响。结果表明:(1)深圳市区调查树木受损比例高达21.4%,其中以轻度受损(枝干折断)为主;市区树冠生物量总量较台风之前下降了8.44%。(2)南部地区受损程度明显高于内陆,东南地区受损程度高于西北地区;福田区、龙岗区以及坪山新区受损情况最为严重,受损树木比例均超过30%。中东部树冠生物量损失程度高于西部地区。(3)公园绿地受损最为严重,居民区绿地的受损情况最轻。(4)行道树中黄金榕、腊肠树受损比例均超过50%,而棕榈科植物受损程度较轻。研究结果可为深圳市抗风树种的选择、不同类型绿地针对台风的减灾防灾策略提供科学依据。     

基于SWAT模型的图们江流域蓝绿水资源供需平衡分析

随着经济快速发展和工农业各类用水量大幅增加,对河流的开发程度随之加强,流域水资源可持续利用受到不利影响。从蓝绿水视角出发,基于SWAT模型量化了图们江流域2015—2020年不同时间尺度下的蓝绿水资源并探讨了研究区水资源供需平衡情况。结果表明：研究时段内流域蓝绿水资源均具有明显的季节特征,年均蓝绿水资源量为117.16亿m³,其中蓝水资源量30.14亿m³,绿水资源量87.02亿m³,绿水占水资源量的74.27%。以年为尺度,蓝水资源供需评估指数>1,可利用蓝水资源量基本不能满足其需求量,降水少的年份蓝水资源供需矛盾突出,而绿水资源可以达到供需平衡,其供需评估指数集中在0.1—0.2之间。在月尺度分析中研究区蓝水供需评估指数出现极端值的频率较高,表明该地区蓝水供需不平衡,尤其是可利用蓝水资源一般在每年的7—8月才较为丰富,而蓝水需求用水集中分布于作物生长期,导致蓝水供应与蓝水需求在时间分配上不均衡,且在实际水资源分配中忽略了生态用水;月尺度绿水供需评估指数集中在0.1—0.4之间,有明显的季节变化特征,整体上绿水资...     

Ultrastructure of the vegetative gametophytic cells of Porphyra leucosticta (Rhodophyta) grown in red, blue and green light

The ultrastructure of the vegetative gametophytic cells of Porphyra leucosticta Thuret grown in red, blue and green light was studied both in ultrathin sections and in replicas of rapidly frozen cells. High activity of dictyosornes and mucilage sacs results in a dramatic decrease of the protoplasmic area and in thicker cell walls in red light in comparison with blue light and the control. There are numerous well‐formed phycobili‐somes in blue light, whereas not well‐formed ones are present in red and especially in green light. There are also many phycobilisomes in the intrapyrenoidal thylakoids in blue light, fewer in green light, but they are absent in red light and in the control. It seems that in red and especially in green light, the phycobilisomes have fewer rods than in blue light. In green light, chloroplasts bear numerous genophores in contrast to blue and red light. The spacings of neighboring parallel thylakoids are as follows: control 64.3 nm, blue light 90.6 nm, red light 41.3 nm, green light 43.7 nm. Due to the relatively small spacing of the neighboring parallel thylakoids in red (41.3 nm) and in green light (43.7 nm) and of the given height of phycobilisomes (35 nm), the alternate phycobilisomes attached to neighboring lamellae are forced to interdigitate. The density of phycobilisomes per square micrometer of thylakoid surface dramatically increases in blue light (800 μm^?2) in relation to red (250 μm^?2) and green light (180 μm^?2). The protoplasmic fracture face of the thylakoids reveals numerous, tightly packed, but randomly distributed particles. The particle size distribution is uniform in the two types of fracture faces, with an average diameter of about 11.5 nm. In blue light, both the phycobilisomes and exoplasmic face particles are organized into rows with a spacing of 60–70 nm. The results (changes: in the protoplasmic area; in the spacing of the thylakoids; in phycobilisome arrangement; in structure, shape and size of phycobilisomes; and in the accumulation of plastoglobuli), have shown that the monochromatic light (blue, red and green) brings about marked changes in the package effect and consequently in the efficiency of light absorption. In addition, the blue light contributes to the intense production of chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and soluble proteins, while intense production of polysaccharidic material is attributed to red light.     

Effects of repeated (NH4)2SO4 application on sulfur pools in soil,soil microbial biomass,and ground vegetation of two watersheds in the Black Forest/Germany

The effect of repeated (NH₄)₂SO₄ applications (3 × 700 kg ha^–1 in 1988, 1991, and 1994, respectively) on S pools in soil, soil microbial biomass, and ground vegetation was studied at two Norway spruce (Picea abies L. [Karst.]) sites in the Black Forest/Germany. In both eco-systems, most of the total S pool was located in the soil. The soil also was the predominant compartment for retention of applied SO₄ ^2--S. The fractions of organic and inorganic S forms in the initial soil S content, and the retention of experimentally applied S was different for both sites. In the podzol Schluchsee, organic S accounted for 92% of total S. In the cambisol Villingen, the S pool consisted of 33% organic S and 67% inorganic S. The retention of applied S in various compartments of both ecosystems reflected these proportions. Only minor amounts of fertilized S (<1%) was retained in the spruce trees, ground vegetation, and soil microbial biomass. However, between 51% (Villingen) and 72% (Schluchsee) of the applied S was retained in the soil. In the Schluchsee podzol, 75% of retained fertilizer S was accumulated as ester sulfate, whereas SO₄ ^2-adsorption and precipitation of Al hydroxy sulfates were restricted by dissolved organic matter in the soil solution. In the Villingen cambisol, SO₄ ^2- adsorption was the dominant process of S retention, although 20% of the fertilized S again was retained as ester sulfate. The significant relevance of organic S forms in the retention of fertilizer S in both soils emphasizes the need for models which include the formation and re-mineralization of organic S compounds, especially of ester sulfates, for correctly simulating and predicting the retention and remobilization of S in acid forest soils subject to changing atmospheric N and S deposition.     

Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil microbial biomass and activity in a complex, weedy field model ecosystem

Although soil organisms play an essential role in the cycling of elements in terrestrial ecosystems, little is known of the impact of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on soil microbial processes. We determined microbial biomass and activity in the soil of multitrophic model ecosystems housed in the Ecotron (NERC Centre for Population Biology, Ascot, UK) under two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (ambient vs. ambient + 200 ppm). The model communities consist of four annual plant species which naturally co-occur in weedy fields and disturbed ground throughout southern England, together with their herbivores, parasitoids and soil biota. At the end of two experimental runs lasting 9 and 4.5 months, respectively, root dry weight and quality showed contradictory responses to elevated CO₂ concentrations, probably as a consequence of the different time-periods (and hence number of plant generations) in the two experiments. Despite significant root responses no differences in microbial biomass could be detected. Effects of CO₂ concentration on microbial activity were also negligible. Specific enzymes (protease and xylanase) showed a significant decrease in activity in one of the experimental runs. This could be related to the higher C:N ratio of root tissue. We compare the results with data from the literature and conclude that the response of complex communities cannot be predicted on the basis of oversimplified experimental set-ups.     

Formation of biomass,total protein,chlorophylls, lipids and fatty acids in green and blue-green algae during one growth phase.

Batch cultures (8–32 l.) of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus and of Anacystis nidulans and Microcystis aeruginosa were grown in media containing 0.001 % KNO₃ and at several stages in growth sampled for biomass, total protein, chlorophylls, lipids and fatty acids. With increasing time and decreasing nitrogen concentrations, the biomass of all of the algae increased, whereas the total protein and chlorophyll content dropped. Green and blue-green algae, however, behaved differently in their lipid metabolism. In the green algae the total lipid and fatty acid content as well as the composition of these compounds changed considerably during one growth phase and was dependent on the nitrogen concentration in the media at any given day of growth. More specifically, during the initial stages of growth the green algae produced larger amounts of polar lipids and polyunsaturated C₁₆ and C₁₈ fatty acids. Towards the end of growth, however, these patterns changed in that the main lipids of the green algae were neutral with mainly saturated fatty acids (mostly 18:1 and 16:0). Such changes did not occur in the blue-green algae. These differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae can possibly be explained by the ‘endosymbiont theory’.     

Laboratory investigation on community composition, emergence patterns and biomass of wood-inhabiting Chironomidae (Diptera) from a sandy lowland stream in Central Europe (Germany)

Wood-inhabiting chironomid communities were investigated from June 1998 to July 1999 by laboratory rearing of randomly collected submerged branches from a headwater and mid-reach site of a sandy lowland stream, separated by an impoundment used for fishery purposes. Total annual emergence (males and females) from headwater samples was higher (2551 ind m^–2 y^–1) compared to the mid-reach (1576 ind m^–2 y^–1), which could be due to disturbances caused by frequent impoundment openings resulting in high discharge events. Chironomid community from branches comprised three subfamilies, with Orthocladiinae (18 species, 2189 ind m^–2 y^–1) clearly predominating at the headwater (total of 36 species). Mid-reach samples (total of 48 species) showed similar emergent numbers of Orthocladiinae (19 species, 786 ind m^–2 y^–1) and Chironominae (26 species, 764 ind m^–2 y^–1). Tanypodinae were caught very rarely in the laboratory emergence (12 ind m^–2 y^–1 at both sites). Shannon-Wiener diversity index for the mid-reach chironomid community was higher (2.52) than for the headwater community (1.68). Chironomid species composition on woody debris was similar between stream sites, with a Sørensen index of 0.75, but showed different dominance structures indicated by a Wainstein index of 0.26. Total adult biomass (in the manner of dry mass) during the study period was higher for wood-dwelling chironomids from the headwater (158.2 mg m^–2 y^–1) compared to the mid-reach (123.8 mg m^–2 y^–1), but individual biomass was higher for mid-reach chironomids (0.079 mg ind^–1 vs. 0.062 mg ind^–1 at the headwater), indicating the predominance of larger species. Total biomass of wood-inhabiting chironomids in the investigated lowland stream was low compared to other field emergence studies, which could be attributed to the laboratory approach for investigating the emergence from a single substrate type (submerged wood) instead of the integrative field surveys where chironomids from all habitats were caught. Main reason for the lack of chironomid species closely associated to wood in this sandy lowland stream could be infrequent but episodic disurbances caused by the anthropogenic induced highly fluctuating discharge regime of the downstream study site.     

Applicability and limitations of optimal biomass allocation models: a test of two species from fertile and infertile habitats

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The practical applicability of optimal biomass allocation models is not clear. Plants may have constraints in the plasticity of their root : leaf ratio that prevent them from regulating their root : leaf ratio in the optimal manner predicted by the models. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability and limitations of optimal biomass allocation models and to test the assumption that regulation of the root : leaf ratio enables maximization of the relative growth rate (RGR). METHODS: Polygonum cuspidatum from an infertile habitat and Chenopodium album from a fertile habitat were grown under a range of nitrogen availabilities. The biomass allocation, leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR), and leaf area ratio (LAR) of each species were compared with optimal values determined using an optimal biomass allocation model. KEY RESULTS: The root : leaf ratio of C. album was smaller than the optimal ratio in the low-nitrogen treatment, while it was almost optimal in the high-nitrogen treatment. In contrast, the root : leaf ratio of P. cuspidatum was close to the optimum under both high- and low-nitrogen conditions. Owing to the optimal regulation of the root : leaf ratio, C. album in the high-nitrogen treatment and P. cuspidatum in both treatments had LNC and RGR (with its two components, NAR and LAR) close to their optima. However, in the low-nitrogen treatment, the suboptimal root : leaf ratio of C. album led to a smaller LNC than the optimum, which in turn resulted in a smaller NAR than the optimum and RGR than the theoretical maximum RGR. CONCLUSIONS: The applicability of optimal biomass allocation models is fairly high, although constraints in the plasticity of biomass allocation could prevent optimal regulation of the root : leaf ratio in some species. The assumption that regulation of the root : leaf ratio enables maximization of RGR was supported.     

The influence of ultraviolet radiation on growth,photosynthesis and phenolic levels of green and red lettuce: potential for exploiting effects of ultraviolet radiation in a production system

Studies have shown that natural ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases secondary products such as phenolics but can significantly inhibit biomass accumulation in lettuce plants. In the work presented here, the effect of UV radiation on phenolic concentration and biomass accumulation was assessed in relation to photosynthetic performance in red and green lettuce types. Lettuce plants in polythene clad tunnels were exposed to either ambient (UV transparent film) or UV-free conditions (UV blocking film). The study tested whether growth reduction in lettuce plants exposed to natural UV radiation is because of inhibition of photosynthesis by direct damage to the photosynthetic apparatus or by internal shading by anthocyanins. Ambient levels of UV radiation did not limit the efficiency of photosynthesis suggesting that phenolic compounds may effectively protect the photosynthetic apparatus. Growth inhibition does, however, occur in red lettuce and could be explained by the high metabolic cost of phenolic compounds for UV protection. From a commercial perspective, UV transparent and UV blocking films offer opportunities because, in combination, they could increase plant quality as well as productivity. Growing plants continuously under a UV blocking film, and then 6 days before the final harvest transferring them to a UV transparent film, showed that high yields and high phytochemical content can be achieved complementarily.     

Zinc and manganese bioavailability from human milk and infant formula used for very low birthweight infants,evaluated in a rat pup model

The bioavailability of zinc and manganese from diets used for very low birthweight infants was investigated in a rat pup model using radioisotopes. The effect of protein source and content and of pasteurization was evaluated, and two different approaches for evaluation of zinc and manganese bioavailability in the rat pup model were compared. Zinc and manganese bioavailability from the studied human milk and infant formula for very low birthweight infants was high. Liver uptake of⁶⁵Zn from labeled premature infant diets in sucklings rat pups was 26–29%, and absorption calculated as the difference between administered dose and nonabsorbed activity 6 h after oral intubation was 93–95%. Retention of manganese calculated as the sum of⁵⁴Mn retained by organs and carcass was 85–95% from human milk and premature infant formula and absorption calculated from nonabsorbed activity was 83–88% after 6 h. Fortification of early human milk significantly increased the bioavailability of zinc. No effect of pasteurization of human milk was found on zinc or manganese bioavailability. Liver zinc uptake was found to be a more sensitive parameter than absorption for evaluation of diets with a high zinc bioavailability. Measurement of retained activity of manganese in carcass and organs was judged to be the preferred parameter for evaluation of diets with high manganese availability.     

Effects of irrigation on litterfall,fine root biomass and production in a semideciduous lowland forest in Panama

The effects of irrigation on fine root biomass, root production and litterfall were measured at the community level, in a semideciduous lowland forest in Panama. Biomass of roots less than 2 mm in dia. in the first 10 cm of the soil (measured with soil cores), was higher in irrigated (1.80 Mg ha^-1) than in non-irrigated plots (1.24 Mg ha^-1). During the dry season, productivity of roots (measured with ingrowth cylinders filled with root-free soil), was higher in irrigated (1.6 g m^-2 day^-1) than in control plots (0.3 g m^-2 day^-1). In control plots, root productivity was highly seasonal. Maximum root growth into the root-free soil, occurred during the transitions from dry to wet, and from wet to dry season, possibly as a response to water and/or nutrient pulses. Litterfall was not significantly different between irrigated (3.8 g m^-2 day^-1) and control plots (3.7 g m^-2 day^-1). The results of this study show that root-productivity is limited by the water supply during the dry season, and that water by itself, is not a limiting factor for community-level litter production. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

辽东山区落叶松人工林地上生物量和养分元素分配格局

落叶松是我国北方最主要的人工用材林树种,由于人工林树种单一、结构简单等原因,导致土壤养分循环出现失衡.研究落叶松生物量和养分元素分配规律,可以为落叶松人工林的合理经营和养分循环研究提供科学参考.本文以辽东山区19年生二代落叶松人工林(胸径12.8 cm,树高15.3 m,密度2308株·hm^-2)为对象,研究其地上各器官(干、枝、皮、叶)生物量、碳和养分元素含量(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)的积累规律和分配格局.结果表明：单株落叶松生物量为70.26 kg,林分水平落叶松生物量为162.16 t·hm^-2,各器官生物量差异显著,排序为：树干>树枝>树皮>树叶;单株落叶松养分积累量为749.94 g,林分水平落叶松养分积累量为1730.86 kg·hm^-2,其中,大量元素和微量元素的养分积累量均为树干显著高于树枝、树皮和树叶.全叶期每砍伐一棵落叶松(19年生),平均从系统中带出749.94 g养分元素;如果将树皮、树枝、树叶留在林地仅仅带走树干,带出的养分元素可减少40.7%.
     

Nitrogen released from different plant residues of the Loess Plateau and their additions on contents of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen in soil

An incubation method was used to investigate the nitrogen release characteristics from the residue of ten plant species which commonly grow in the northern part of the Loess Plateau. The effect of the residue on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) was also determined. There were significant differences in the total N content and the C/N ratios among the different types of plant residue. The total N content of the residues ranged from 6.61 to 32.78 g kg^?1. The C/N ratio of the residue ranged from 14 to 65. There was an immediate increase in soil N after alfalfa, erect milkvetch, and korshinsk peashrub residue was added to the soil. In contrast, soil N decreased after elm, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residue was added to the soil. The soil N content remained relatively low for 14–34 days and then increased. This indicated that N immobilization occurred during the early portion of the incubation period when elm, sea buckthorn and wild peach residue was added to the soil. Soil N levels were low during the entire incubation period when simon poplar, locust, Stipa bungeana, and old world bluestem residue were added to the soil. The addition of plant residue significantly increased SMBC and SMBN in all treatments. The SMBC and SMBN values were greatest in treatments containing plant residue with high total N content and low C/N ratios. The C/N ratios of korshinsk peashrub, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residues were similar, but the amount of N released from these residues and the effects of the residue on SMBC and SMBN in soil were significantly different. This indicates that not only the C/N ratio but also the chemical composition of the plant residue affected decomposition. It is important to consider C and N release characteristics from plant residue in order to adjust the C and N balance of soil when revegetating degraded ecosystems.     

2000—2018年深圳市植被覆盖动态变化与预测

采用Landsat系列多时相影像数据,以像元二分法估算植被覆盖度,运用线性回归分析、重心迁移等方法来探究深圳市2000—2018年植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并结合CA-Markov模型对深圳市未来土地覆盖情况进行预测。结果表明: 2000—2018年,深圳市植被覆盖呈明显的地域分异特征,在区域上表现为东部大于西部、南部大于北部,此分异特征与区域地形效应具有良好的一致性。植被覆盖度重心的空间迁移特征为西北-东南-西北,迁移速率为551.2 m·a^-1,此进程与深圳市城市化进程密切相关。2000—2018年间,深圳市植被覆盖度总体呈改善趋势,改善速率为0.005·a^-1,其中,植被覆盖度显著改善和退化的面积比例分别为30.8%和12.8%。采用CA-Markov方法分理论、自然两种情景对深圳市2024年土地覆盖/利用类型进行预测,两种预测方法所得土地覆盖/利用类型的面积所占比例之间没有显著差异,其差异阈值在0~1.2%。与2018年之前相比,2024年深圳市乔木林、耕地等转化为建设用地的比例将明显减少,但供需矛盾仍然紧张。