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The effect of growth temperature on the evolution of kinetic parameters and yields was determined for Candida lipolytica cultures with ntetradecane as substrate, in a temperature range of 18°C to 30°C, which is below the critical growth temperature in order to work only in the activation zone of these parameters.In such a culture limited by substrate transfer, growth rate depends on biological rates, related to microorganisms characteristics, and diffusional rates, related to mass transfer. The effect of temperature thus depends on the limiting step. The activation energy, calculated from exponential growth rate determinations is .When the activation energy is calculated from the maximal rate of cell production (determined at the growth curve's inflexion point), it's found to be E X=71,200 J/mole in the 18°C–24°C range, and E X=28,000 J/mole in the 24°C–30°C range. The latter one is characteristic of a diffusion-limited process. Above 24°C, growth is controlled by substrate-transfer, as physiological potentialities are preferentially increased with temperature than diffusional ones: 24°C is thus the transition temperature T t from physiological to diffusional limitation.The apparent yield is almost constant, over the 18°C to 30°C temperature range, although maintenance coefficients are very dependent on temperature. The activation energies related to maintenance coefficients for alkane and oxygen respectively are and .The m s/mO 2 ratio is about 3 (g/g), whereas that, for a strict oxidation reaction of n-tetradecane ought to be 3.47 (g/g). A satisfactory correlation, relating maintenance coefficients to the maximal growth rate of yeast, is given.

Liste des symboles A constante de saturation de modèle de croissance(1) - B vitesse spécifique considérée - C substrat carboné ou oxygène (g/l) - E energie d'activation (J/mole) - S m quantité de substrat consommée par maintenance au cours d'une fermentation discontinue (g) - O2 quantité d'oxygène transférée au milieu de culture (g/l) - R rendement global de la fermentation - R rendement global de la fermentation - constante des gaz parfaits (J/mole K) - S concentration en substrat carboné (g/l) - T température de croissance (°K) - X concentration en biomasse (g/l) - Y rendement limite - m coefficient de maintenance (h-1) - t duree de fermentation (h) - tømpérature de croissance (o Celsius) - taux de croissance (h-1) Indices 1 relatif à la température 1. - 2 relatif à la température 2 - c relatif au substrat carboné ou à l'oxygène - f relatif au temps final - i relatif au point d'inflexion - m maximum - mO2 relatif au coefficient de maintenance sur l'oxygène - m s relatif au coefficient de maintenance sur le substrat carboné - o relatif au temps initial - O2 relatif à l'oxygène - s relatif au substrat carboné - t de transition - T relatif à la température de croissance T - U m relatif au taux de croissance maximal - X relatif à la productivité maximale en biomasse  相似文献   

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  1. Oblast kmene kau?ukovníku (Hevea brasiliensis), ze které pochází latex vyteklý v pr?běhu “krvácení”, byla vymezena pomocí radioaktivního rubidia (86Rb), inokulovaného do k?ry v r?zných vzdálenostech od zá?ezu. Vymezení této oblasti m??e být uskute?něno bud pomocí nelineární extrapolace tzv. drená?ních k?ivek nebo pomocí rovnice. V tomto druhém p?ípadě sta?í znát jen celkové mno?ství vyteklého latexu a mno?ství vyteklé od za?átku krvácení a? do objevení se radioaktivního latexu, pocházejícího z jediného inokula?ního bodu.
  2. K?ivky vyjad?ující výtok radioaktivního latexu mají několik vrchol?, je? odpovídají jednotlivým inokulacím86Rb. Mohou být pou?ity k výpo?tu poměrných mno?ství latexu vyteklých z míst vne?ení radioaktivity do k?ry. Za tím ú?elem nutno stanovit radioaktivitu latexu v místech inokulace86Rb do k?ry p?ed za?átkem krvácení a rekonstruovat pr?běh výtokových k?ivek zvlá?t' pro ka?dý inokula?ní bod. Mno?ství latexu stanovené tímto zp?sobem, pocházející z, r?zných vzdáleností od zá?ezu, dob?e odpovídají velikostem smr?tění k?ry v těch?e místech.
  3. Pomocí86Rb byl ur?en tvar hlavní ?ásti tzv. oblasti výtoku a její velikost srovnána s délkou tzv. oblasti pohybu, je? byla stanovena mě?ením smr?aování k?ry v r?zných vzdálenostech od zá?ezu a deficitu latexu v mlé?nicích. Bylo zji?těno, ?e oblast pohyby je dvaap?lkrát del?í ne? oblast výtoku. Celkové mno?ství vyteklého latexu odpovídá 80 % mno?ství uvedeného v k??e do pohybu v pr?běhu krvácení.
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Effects of gibberellic acid and kinetic on α-amylase production during the germination of barley. - The action of gibberellic acid and kinetin, alone or combined at different concentrations, has been studied on α-amylase production in whole barley seedlings and in embryoless endosperms in course of the six first days of development in the dark. The classic activation of α-amylase synthesis by gibberellic acid has been confirmed both in whole seeds and in embryoless endosperms. Kinetin inhibits α-amylase synthesis after the third day of germination but has no effect on isolated endosperms. When gibberellic acid and kinetin are given simultaneously gibberellic acid stimulated during the three first days just as it does alone, kinetin inhibits after the third day also as it was alone so that the two regulators act, without interactions, at different stages in the time. These effects of kinetin are be independent. A critical examination of the techniques used in the literature in the stud of amylase is made.  相似文献   

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B. Le Rû  Y. Iziquel 《BioControl》1990,35(2):173-183
Résumé Cet article présente les résultats obtenus en 1987 sur des points non encore abordés précédemment dans le cadre de l'étude des circonstances épidémiologiques favorisant le déroulement de l'Entomophthorose àNeozygites fumosa (Speare) Remaudière et Keller, pathogène de la cochenille du maniocPhenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom.: Pseudococcidae). Il montre notamment que l'évolution de la maladie, très rapide, correspond à la succession de 2 phases: une première phase, d'implantation, fortement liée à la taille et à la structure des colonies et une deuxième phase (épizootique au sens strict) indépendante de leur taille et de leur structure. Son évolution appara?t plus liée à la régularité des pluies qu'à la quantité d'eau. Les conditions sont très favorables quand l'humidité relative est supérieure à 90% pendant au moins 5 heures par jour de fa?on régulière. Le r?le important joué par la durée d'humectation du feuillage est montré ici pour la première fois. La densité des conidies du pathogène dans l'air est proportionnelle aux taux de mycose observés dans les populations deP. manihoti.   相似文献   

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Résumé Les cellules du mésentéron des ouvrières, des reines et des mâles de Formica polyctena F. possèdent un certain nombre de particularités cytologiques dont l'évolution a été suivie au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et du cycle annuel.A l'apex des cellules de régénération les microvillosités se différencient avant l'élimination des cellules caduques larvaires ou nymphales. A partir de la nymphose une activité sécrétoire apocrine se manifeste dans la partie dorsale de l'épithélium du mésentéron, l'ensemble des cellules assurant par ailleurs la fonction absorbante de l'organe. Il existe deux sortes d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, des polysaccharides et des concrétions minérales. Les polysaccharides sont surtout abondants chez les larves et les nymphes: le glycogène, polysaccharide de réserve, est utilisé au cours de l'histogénèse; des mucopolysaccharides acides, d'origine golgienne, représentent une sécrétion muqueuse. Les sphérocristaux sont constitués de strates concentriques de phosphates et chlorures de calcium et d'une matrice de mucopolysaccharides. La cristallisation des éléments minéraux s'effectue, à partir de la nymphose seulement, dans les citernes ergastoplasmiques. Cette accumulation d'ions pourrait être en relation avec le régime alimentaire de l'insecte ou représenter une voie d'excrétion.
Histophysiological studies on the postembryonic development and the annual cycle of Formica II. Histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the midgut of F. polyctena
Summary The midgut cells of workers, queens and males of the ant Formica polyctena show cytological characteristics which were studied in the course of postembryonic development and annual cycle. The microvilli of the regenerating cells appear before the elimination of the regressing larval and pupal cells. At the time of pupation, an active phase of apocrine secretion begins in the dorsal part of the midgut epithelium, while the absorptive function is carried out by all cells of the organ.Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions coexist: polysaccharides and mineral concretions. The polysaccharides are particulary abundant in larvae and pupae. Glycogen is metabolized during histogenesis; acid mucopolysaccharides, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, represent a mucous secretion. The spherites are composed of concentric strata of calcium phosphate and chloride and a matrix of mucopolysaccharides. These minerals form in the ergastoplasmic cisternae of pupal cells only. Their accumulation could be related to the insect's diet, or it could reflect a process of excretion.

Abréviations utilisées dans les figures B Basale anhyste - CL cellule larvaire - CR cellule de régénération - G Dictyosomes - GM Gaine musculaire - M Mitochondries - Mt Microtubules - Mv Microvillosités - R Ribosomes libres Avec la collaboration technique de Mme A. Anglo. Travail exécuté dans le cadre de la Recherche coopérative sur programme n 162 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.  相似文献   

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Résumé Dans ce mémoire est décrit le comportement des ouvriers deMacrotermes mülleri après que leur termitière ait eu sa partie épigée taillée de façon à supprimer les communications entre les parties supérieure et hypogée du nid.Par l'établissement de trois pistes odorantes, recouvertes d'un revêtement terreux et la construction d'une large galerie-tunnel, les Termites font communiquer les parties séparées.Le mécanisme de la construction et la stimulation des ouvriers sont analysés dans le détail. Il ne semble pas à l'auteur qu'un problème se soit posé aux ouvriers du Macrotermite. L'apparence de problème n'est qu'un reflet de la pensée humaine.Comme dans la reconstruction du nid étudiée antérieurement par l'auteur, la construction de l'uvre et sa cohérence s'expliquent parfaitement par la théorie de la stigmergie (Grassé, 1959). Le comportement des Macrotermites construisant les galeries-tunnels, à l'instar de celui desBellicositermes etCubitermes rebâtissant leur nid, est une manifestation épigénétique de l'activité des ouvriers.
Summary In this paper the author describes the behavior of the workers ofMacrotermes mülleri after the cutting of the epigeous part of the nest so as to suppress any communication between its upper and hypogeous parts.The termites allow a communication between the separated parts by establishing 3 smelling tracks lined with an earthy covering and the building of a wide tunnel-shaped gallery.The mechanism of the building and the stimulation of the workers are thoroughly studied. It is not the author's impression that the workers of the Macrotermite have been involved in a problem. The semblance of the latter is only a reflection of the human thought.As in the case of the building of the nest previously studied by the author, the building of these works and its coherence are perfectly explained by the theory of stigmergy (Grassé, 1959). The behavior of tunnel-gallery building Macrotermites is an epigenetic manifestation of the workers activity as the one found withBellicositermes andCubitermes rebuilding their nest.

Zusammenfassung In dieser Abhandlung wird das Betragen der ArbeiterMacrotermes mülleri beschrieben, nachdem der epigäische Teil ihres Termitennestes geschnitten worden ist, so dass jede Verbindung zwischen dem oberen und dem hypogäischen Teil des Nestes unmöglich wird.Durch die Anlegung von drei wohlriechenden, mit Erde übergezogenen Spuren, so wie durch die Erbauung einer breiten Tunnel-Galerie, setzen die Termiten die getrennten Teile wieder in Verbindung.Der Mechanismus der Erbauung und die Anreizung der Arbeiter werden ausführlich analysiert. Dem Verfasser scheint es nicht, ein Problem habe sich für die Arbeiter der Macrotermite gestellt. Ein scheinbares Problem wäre nur der Wiederschein des menschlichen Denkens.So wie für die vom Verfasser zuvor erforschte Wiedererbauung des Nestes, werden die Erbauung des Werkes und dessen Zusammenhang durch die Theorie der Stigmergie (Grassé, 1959) vollkommen erklärt. Das Betragen der Macrotermiten, wenn sie ihre Tunnel-Galerien bauen, so wie das Betragen derBellicositermes undCubitermes wenn sie ihre Nester wiedererbauen, ist eine epigenetische Manifestation von der Tätigkeit der Arbeiter.
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Ejaculated sperm cryopreservation can be proposed in the course of anART procedure, particularly in the case of severe oligozoospermia likely to deteriorate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the freezing-thawing process on sperm DNA fragmentation (analysed by the TUNEL technique). The first step of this work consisted of adapting the TUNEL technique to perform this analysis on very poor quality sperm. A study was then performed on 72 patients divided into 4 groups according to their spermatic characteristics: group 1 [n=20] (“normal” parameters according to WHO), group 2 [n=24] (normal sperm count associated with asthenospermia and/or teratospermia), group 3 [n=16] (total sperm count between 5 and 20 M) and group 4 [n=12] (total sperm count below 5 M). Spermatic parameters and DNA fragmentation (performed by TUNEL in situ technique, 400 spermatozoa read per slide) were evaluated on raw semen - for all patients -, raw migrated sperm - for patients of group 1 and 2 -, migrated frozen-thawed sperm - for all patients-. A TUNEL technique adapted to oligospermic samples was developed, manipulating spermatozoa directly on the slide rather than in suspension, to limit spermatic sample loss. After the whole migration-freezing-thawing process, the mean DNA fragmentation rate decreased for patients in group 1 (2.9 vs 5.1%, p<0.0001) whereas this rate increased for patients in groups 2 (10.5 vs 6.8%, p<0.0001), 3 (10.7 vs 7.6%, p<0.05) and 4 (15.2 vs 8.7%, p<0.005). DNA fragmentation rates from thawed samples were also correlated with initial spermatic parameters. At the intermediary step, migration decreased DNA fragmentation rate in comparison with raw semen rate in both groups (1.9 vs 4.7% [p<0.05] in group 1; 2.5 vs 5.4% [p<0.05] in group 2). DNA fragmentation rate decreases after migration and then increases after freezing-thawing so that this rate is lower than the raw semen rate for “normal“ sperms and higher than the raw semen rate for altered sperms. Nevertheless, this DNA damage induced by cryopreservation on altered sperms remains moderate. Sperm “resistance” to cryopreservation also appears to depend on spermatic parameters. Cryopreservation may positively select spermatozoa, accelerating elimination of senescent spermatozoa by necrosis, so that early apoptotic spermatozoa from fresh ejaculate are not found in thawed samples. These results, that need to be completed by a study on a larger sample of oligospermic patients, encourage us to continue cryopreserving severely altered sperms.  相似文献   

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《L'Anthropologie》2004,108(3-4):407-423
The optical luminescence dating (OSL) method has been applied to loess deposits associated with a “Late” Aurignacian industry already dated by 14C. Both dating results are in good agreement. This study demonstrates that lithic industries with some aurignacian tools are still present few thousand years before the Last Maximum Glacial in the Romanian Danube Plain.  相似文献   

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Since the end of 2018, the distribution of the reference tracer for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the 51Cr-EDTA, is no longer provided by radiopharmaceutical companies around the world. In this study, we propose to compare the measurement of glomerular filtration rate by 99mTc-DTPA to that by 51Cr-EDTA. A double estimation of GFR by plasma clearance was performed in 12 patients, 10 of which were referred for GFR calculation prior to possible kidney donation. Linear regression coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for the GFR measurement by 99mTc-DTPA, and by MDRD, CKD-EPI and Cockcroft and Gault formulas, relative to the 51Cr-EDTA measurement. The clearance measurement with 99mTc-DTPA is on average 7.25 [2.00; 14.96] mL/min/1.73m2 higher than that of 51Cr-EDTA. The GFR measurement with 99mTc-DTPA showed a trend towards better agreement with the 51Cr-EDTA measurement in terms of linear regression parameters, but also in terms of ICC compared to the MDRD, CKD-EPI and Cockcroft and Gault methods. In conclusion, our study supports the use of the 99mTc-DTPA tracer in place of 51Cr-EDTA and shows a higher reliability compared to methods based on blood creatinine measurement.  相似文献   

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《L'Anthropologie》2016,120(5):537-567
El Cierro Cave (Ribadesella, Asturias, Spain), located near the mouth of the River Sella, has yielded one of the most important Upper Palaeolithic sequences in northern Spain. To date, three major occupation periods at the cave have been identified and dated. The first was at the beginning of the Holocene (ca. 8500 BP; ca. 9000 cal BP); the second at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic, in the Younger Dryas (YD) or Greenland Stadial 1 (GS1) (ca. 11.200 BP; 12.700 cal BP) and the third during Greenland Stadial 2 (GS2) (ca. 16.300–15.500 BP; ca. 19.200–18.700 cal BP). This paper describes the stratigraphy documented in the excavations performed by F. Jordá Cerdá and A. Gómez-Fuentes between 1977 and 1979 and presents the first radiocarbon determinations for the first two occupation periods, together with the study of the archaeological materials found in Level F. This level, dated to 15.500 BP (ca. 18.700 cal BP) is characterised by specialised red deer hunting and the gathering of marine resources (winkles). Various artefacts made from animal raw materials have been documented; both finished products and items in the process of being manufactured, as well as portable art objects. The lithic assemblage, consisting mainly of local raw materials with a small proportion of allochthonous flint, is characterised by an abundance of small bladelet cores and backed bladelets. These archaeological remains and the radiocarbon date mean Level F can be attributed to the so-called “Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian”. This period has been documented archaeologically and dated to a similar time at other sites in the River Sella valley and in the rest of northern Spain.  相似文献   

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Résumé Les mitoses de l'adénohypophyse du rat mâle ont été examinées comparativement après fixation par perfusion et après fixation par immersion.Après fixation par perfusion la répartition topographique des mitoses dans le parenchyme est homogène, et l'index mitotique est de 1,85 pour 1 000 cellules.Après fixation par immersion, la densité des mitoses décroit de la périphérie vers le centre, et l'index mitotique n'est que de 0,80 mitoses pour 1 000 cellules.La lenteur de pénétration du fixateur pendant l'immersion est tenue pour principal responsable des différences observées. Elle entraîne une modification de l'aspect des mitoses, telle que plus de la moitié d'entre elles ne sont pas identifiables et échappent aux comptages.
Influence of fixation on the observation of mitoses in the male rat adenohypophysis
Summary The mitoses of the adenohypophysis in male rats have been observed comparatively after fixation by perfusion and fixation by immersion.After fixation by perfusion, the topographic distribution of mitoses throughout the parenchyma is homogenous and the mitotic index is 1.85 for 1 000 cells.After fixation by immersion, the density of the mitoses is decreasing from the periphery towards the center and the mitotic index is only 0.80 for 1 000 cells.The slow penetration of the fixative during fixation by immersion is considered to be the main cause in the differences observed. This slow action causes a modification in the aspect of the mitoses, and more than fifty percent of them cannot be identified and escape to the counts.
Avec la collaboration technique de Mademoiselle J. Rameau.  相似文献   

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Résumé Dans cet exposé, nous avons montré que des reines obtenues par double greffage ou hyper-reines sont élevées dans des cellules nettement plus grandes et beaucoup mieux acceptées par les Abeilles que les reines obtenues par simple greffage.En outre, les hyper-reines sont plus lourdes que les reines normales, si on considère l'ordre des éclosions successives.Elles ont aussi un nombre d'ovarioles plus important.Dès lors, il sera intéressant d'étudier systématiquement la ponte des deux sortes de reines et ainsi de vérifier si le nombre d'ovarioles plus élevé des hyper-reines correspond à une augmentation du taux de ponte.
Summary The results of these studies indicate that queens obtained after a double grafting (or Hyper-queens) are bred by the workers in higher and better adopted cells than queens obtained after a simple grafting.Besides, «Hyper-queens» are more weighty than the usual breeding queens, in relation to the order of the successive hatchings. They have also more ovarioles.Then, it will be interesting to study the egg-laying of each kind of queens, and so, to see if the number of the Hyper-queens'ovarioles is in relation to an increase in the rate of egg-laying.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag haben wir versucht, darzulegen, dass Königinnen, die man durch doppelte Uberpflanzung erzielt hat, oder sogenannte Hyperköniginnen, in Zellen erzogen werden, die entschieden grösser sind, und dass diese Königinnen von den Bienen viel leichter anerkannt werden als durch einfache Uberpflanzung erzeugte Königinnen. Dazu sind die Hyperköniginnen schwerer als die gewöhnlichen Königinnen, wenn man die Reinhenfolge der Ausschlüpfungen in Betracht zieht. Sie haben auch eine grössere Zahl Eischläuche.Im Rahmen der nächsten Forschungen wird es deshalb aufschlussreich sein, das Eierlegen der beiden Königinarten systematisch zu beobachten, und auf diese Weise nachzuprüfen, ob einer erhöhten Zahl Eischläuche bei den Hyperköniginnen ein erhöhtes Eierlegen entspricht.
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Objectives

To describe percutaneous embolization of varicocele and to evaluate the effect on fertility disorders.

Materials and methods

One hundred nineteen patients, aged 11 to 48 years, underwent percutaneous embolization for varicocele indicated by a fertility disorder in 23% of cases. Correction of the varicocele and resolution of associated pain, improvement of testicular trophicity and the effect on fertility were studied and a review of the literature was performed.

Results

Percutaneous embolization was performed using neuroleptanalgesia on an outpatient basis. The technique combined venous sclerotherapy and placement of coils in the gonadal vein. The technique was successful in 95% of cases and one complication was observed. At 3 months, the varicocele and related pain had resolved in 98% of treated patients. According to previous reports in the literature, the relations between varicocele and fertility disorders are still unclear, but improvement of fertility (semen quality and conception rates) after varicocele repair has been established.

Conclusion

Although the consequences of varicocele on fertility have not been fully elucidated, treatment of varicocele appears to be beneficial. Percutaneous embolization of varicocele is a safe and effective alternative to surgery. This technique, based on a urological and radiological consensus, is the first-line treatment for varicocele in our institution.  相似文献   

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Effects of the “Amoco Cadiz ” oil spill on the sublittoral benthos, north of Brittany. Effects of hydrocarbons on the sublittoral macrobenthic communities have been observed through (1) studies of population dynamics of selected communities, conducted prior to the spill by the tanker “Amoco Cadiz ” in spring 1978 and (2) comparisons between the situation in summer 1978 with that in earlier years, with continuation of the observations in some selected sites. The effect of the spill has been selective, involving a limited number of species, mainly crustaceans, molluscs and the sand-urchinEchinocardium cordatum. The spill mainly affected communities on fine sediments and, to a lesser degree, those on mixed sediments. Notably, the destruction of the dominant populations ofAmpelisca, in areas of fine sands in the Bay of Morlaix, has led to a marked decrease of biomass and production. Moreover, repopulation will be difficult because of the isolation of such communities on the southern side of the English Channel. The effects evolved with time; after a phase of sharp and selective mortality, which did not last more than a few weeks, secondary effects on the recruitment of the remaining species do not seem to have occurred on a large scale. Nevertheless, a proliferation of polychaetes has been noticed.   相似文献   

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