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1.
María Cecilia Albareda Susana Adriana Laucella 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):414-421
The aim of this review is to describe the contributions of the knowledge of T-cell
responses to the understanding of the physiopathology and the responsiveness to
etiological treatment during the chronic phase of Chagas disease.
T-helper (Th)1 and interleukin (IL)-10 Trypanosoma
cruzi-specific T-cells have been linked to the asymptomatic phase or to
severe clinical forms of the disease, respectively or vice versa,
depending on the T. cruzi antigen source, the patient’s location and
the performed immunological assays. Parasite-specific T-cell responses are modulated
after benznidazole (BZ) treatment in chronically T. cruzi-infected
subjects in association with a significant decrease in T.
cruzi-specific antibodies. Accumulating evidence has indicated that
treatment efficacy during experimental infection with T. cruzi
results from the combined action of BZ and the activation of appropriate
immune responses in the host. However, strong support of this interaction in
T. cruzi-infected humans remains lacking. Overall, the quality of T-cell
responses might be a key factor in not only disease evolution, but also chemotherapy
responsiveness. Immunological parameters are potential indicators of treatment
response regardless of achievement of cure. Providing tools to monitor and provide
early predictions of treatment success will allow the development of new therapeutic
options. 相似文献
2.
Girley Francisco Machado-de-Assis Glaucia Alessio Diniz Roberto Araújo Montoya Jo?o Carlos Pinto Dias José Rodrigues Coura George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho Pedro Albajar-Vi?as Rosália Morais Torres Marta de Lana 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(7):873-880
The etiological treatment of Chagas disease is recommended for all patients with acute or recent chronic infection, but controversies remain regarding the benefit of chemotherapy and interpretations of the parasitological cure after etiological treatment. This study compares the laboratory and clinical evaluations of Chagas disease patients who were diagnosed 13 years earlier. Fifty-eight Chagas disease patients (29 treated with benznidazole and 29 untreated) were matched at the time of treatment based on several variables. Conventional serology revealed the absence of seroconversion in all patients. However, lower serological titres were verified in the treated group, primarily among patients who had the indeterminate form of the disease. Haemoculture performed 13 years after the intervention was positive for 6.9% and 27.6% of the treated and untreated patients, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction tests were positive for 44.8% and 13.8% of the treated and untreated patients, respectively. Patients who presented with the indeterminate form of the disease at the beginning of the study exhibited less clinical progression (17.4%) compared with the untreated group (56.5%). Therefore, this global analysis revealed that etiological treatment with benznidazole may benefit patients with respect to the clinical progression of Chagas disease and the prognosis, particularly when administered to patients with the indeterminate form of the disease. 相似文献
3.
A novel ABCG-like transporter of Trypanosoma cruzi is
involved in natural resistance to benznidazole
Bianca Zingales Rafael Gomes Aquino Araujo Margoth Moreno Jaques Franco Pedro Henrique Nascimento Aguiar Solange Lessa Nunes Marcelo Nunes Silva Susan Ienne Carlos Renato Machado Adeilton Brand?o 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):433-444
Benznidazole (BZ) is one of the two drugs used for Chagas disease treatment.
Nevertheless therapeutic failures of BZ have been reported, which were mostly
attributed to variable drug susceptibility among Trypanosoma cruzi
strains. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in a variety
of translocation processes and some members have been implicated in drug resistance.
Here we report the characterisation of the first T. cruzi ABCG
transporter gene, named TcABCG1, which is over-expressed in parasite
strains naturally resistant to BZ. Comparison of TcABCG1 gene
sequence of two TcI BZ-resistant strains with CL Brener BZ-susceptible strain showed
several single nucleotide polymorphisms, which determined 11 amino acid changes. CL
Brener transfected with TcI transporter genes showed 40-47% increased resistance to
BZ, whereas no statistical significant increment in drug resistance was observed when
CL Brener was transfected with the homologous gene. Only in the parasites transfected
with TcI genes there was 2-2.6-fold increased abundance of TcABCG1
transporter protein. The analysis in wild type strains also suggests that
the level of TcABCG1 transporter is related to BZ natural
resistance. The characteristics of untranslated regions of TcABCG1
genes of BZ-susceptible and resistant strains were investigated by
computational tools. 相似文献
4.
Claudia Nieto-Sanchez Esteban G Baus Darwin Guerrero Mario J Grijalva 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):299-309
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by the
faeces of triatomine insects that find favourable environments in poorly constructed
houses. Previous studies have documented persistent triatomine infestation in houses
in the province of Loja in southern Ecuador despite repeated insecticide and
educational interventions. We aim to develop a sustainable strategy for the
interruption of Chagas disease transmission by promoting living environments that are
designed to prevent colonisation of rural houses by triatomines. This study used
positive deviance to inform the design of an anti-triatomine prototype house by
identifying knowledge, attitudes and practices used by families that have remained
triatomine-free (2010-2012). Positive deviants reported practices that included
maintenance of structural elements of the house, fumigation of dwellings and animal
shelters, sweeping with "insect repellent" plants and relocation of domestic animals
away from the house, among others. Participants favoured construction materials that
do not drastically differ from those currently used (adobe walls and tile roofs).
They also expressed their belief in a clear connection between a clean house and
health. The family''s economic dynamics affect space use and must be considered in the
prototype''s design. Overall, the results indicate a positive climate for the
introduction of housing improvements as a protective measure against Chagas disease
in this region. 相似文献
5.
Maria-Jesus Pinazo Maria-Carmen Thomas Juan Bustamante Igor Correia de Almeida Manuel-Carlos Lopez Joaquim Gascon 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):422-432
The definition of a biomarker provided by the World Health Organization is any
substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body, or its products
and influence, or predict the incidence or outcome of disease. Currently, the lack of
prognosis and progression markers for chronic Chagas disease has posed limitations
for testing new drugs to treat this neglected disease. Several molecules and
techniques to detect biomarkers in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected
patients have been proposed to assess whether specific treatment with benznidazole or
nifurtimox is effective. Isolated proteins or protein groups from different
T. cruzi stages and parasite-derived glycoproteins and synthetic
neoglycoconjugates have been demonstrated to be useful for this purpose, as have
nucleic acid amplification techniques. The amplification of T. cruzi
DNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method is the leading test
for assessing responses to treatment in a short period of time. Biochemical
biomarkers have been tested early after specific treatment. Cytokines and surface
markers represent promising molecules for the characterisation of host cellular
responses, but need to be further assessed. 相似文献
6.
Martha Elba Gonzalez-Mejia Enrique Torres-Rasgado Leonardo M Porchia Hilda Rosas Salgado José-Luis Totolhua Arturo Ortega Luisa Clara Regina Hernández-Kelly Guadalupe Ruiz-Vivanco Blanca G Báez-Duarte Ricardo Pérez-Fuentes 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(2):174-181
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an endemic
among Latin America countries. The participation of free radicals, especially nitric
oxide (NO), has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of seropositive individuals
with T. cruzi. In Chagas disease, increased NO contributes to the
development of cardiomyopathy and megacolon. Metallothioneins (MTs) are efficient
free radicals scavengers of NO in vitro and in vivo. Here, we developed a murine
model of the chronic phase of Chagas disease using endemic T. cruzi
RyCH1 in BALB/c mice, which were divided into four groups: infected non-treated
(Inf), infected N-monomethyl-L-arginine treated (Inf L-NAME), non-infected L-NAME
treated and non-infected vehicle-treated. We determined blood parasitaemia and NO
levels, the extent of parasite nests in tissues and liver MT-I expression levels. It
was observed that NO levels were increasing in Inf mice in a time-dependent manner.
Inf L-NAME mice had fewer T. cruzi nests in cardiac and skeletal
muscle with decreased blood NO levels at day 135 post infection. This affect was
negatively correlated with an increase of MT-I expression (r = -0.8462, p <
0.0001). In conclusion, we determined that in Chagas disease, an unknown inhibitory
mechanism reduces MT-I expression, allowing augmented NO levels. 相似文献
7.
María Angeles Zuriaga Santiago Mas-Coma María Dolores Bargues 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):353-362
A pseudogene, designated as "ps(5.8S+ITS-2)", paralogous to the 5.8S gene and
internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), has been
recently found in many triatomine species distributed throughout North America,
Central America and northern South America. Among characteristics used as criteria
for pseudogene verification, secondary structures and free energy are highlighted,
showing a lower fit between minimum free energy, partition function and centroid
structures, although in given cases the fit only appeared to be slightly lower. The
unique characteristics of "ps(5.8S+ITS-2)" as a processed or retrotransposed
pseudogenic unit of the ghost type are reviewed, with emphasis on its potential
functionality compared to the functionality of genes and spacers of the normal rDNA
operon. Besides the technical problem of the risk for erroneous sequence results, the
usefulness of "ps(5.8S+ITS-2)" for specimen classification, phylogenetic analyses and
systematic/taxonomic studies should be highlighted, based on consistence and
retention index values, which in pseudogenic sequence trees were higher than in
functional sequence trees. Additionally, intraindividual, interpopulational and
interspecific differences in pseudogene amount and the fact that it is a pseudogene
in the nuclear rDNA suggests a potential relationships with fitness, behaviour and
adaptability of triatomine vectors and consequently its potential utility in Chagas
disease epidemiology and control. 相似文献
8.
Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya Zoraida Díaz-Bello Cecilia Colmenares Raiza Ruiz-Guevara Luciano Mauriello Arturo Mu?oz-Calderón Oscar Noya 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):377-386
Orally transmitted Chagas disease has become a matter of concern due to outbreaksreported in four Latin American countries. Although several mechanisms for orallytransmitted Chagas disease transmission have been proposed, food and beveragescontaminated with whole infected triatomines or their faeces, which containmetacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, seems to be theprimary vehicle. In 2007, the first recognised outbreak of orally transmitted Chagasdisease occurred in Venezuela and largest recorded outbreak at that time. Since then,10 outbreaks (four in Caracas) with 249 cases (73.5% children) and 4% mortality haveoccurred. The absence of contact with the vector and of traditional cutaneous andRomana’s signs, together with a florid spectrum of clinical manifestations during theacute phase, confuse the diagnosis of orally transmitted Chagas disease with otherinfectious diseases. The simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM by ELISA and thesearch for parasites in all individuals at risk have been valuable diagnostic toolsfor detecting acute cases. Follow-up studies regarding the microepidemics primarilyaffecting children has resulted in 70% infection persistence six years afteranti-parasitic treatment. Panstrongylus geniculatus has been theincriminating vector in most cases. As a food-borne disease, this entity requiresepidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that differ fromthose approaches used for traditional direct or cutaneous vector transmission. 相似文献
9.
Jaquelline Carla Valamiel de Oliveira-Silva Girley Francisco Machado-de-Assis Maykon Tavares Oliveira Nívia Carolina Noguieira Paiva Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo Cláudia Martins Carneiro Olindo Assis Martins-Filho Helen Rodrigues Martins Marta de Lana 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(1):86-94
Trypanosoma cruzi strains from distinct geographic areas show differences in drug
resistance and association between parasites genetic and treatment response has been
observed. Considering that benznidazole (BZ) can reduce the parasite burden and
tissues damage, even in not cured animals and individuals, the goal is to assess the
drug response to BZ of T. cruzi II strains isolated from children of the
Jequitinhonha Valley, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, before treatment. Mice infected
and treated with BZ in both phases of infection were compared with the untreated and
evaluated by fresh blood examination, haemoculture, polymerase chain reaction,
conventional (ELISA) and non-conventional (FC-ALTA) serologies. In mice treated in
the acute phase, a significant decrease in parasitaemia was observed for all strains.
Positive parasitological and/or serological tests in animals treated during the acute
and chronic (95.1-100%) phases showed that most of the strains were BZ resistant.
However, beneficial effect was demonstrated because significant reduction (p <
0.05%) and/or suppression of parasitaemia was observed in mice infected with all
strains (acute phase), associated to reduction/elimination of inflammation and
fibrosis for two/eight strains. BZ offered some benefit, even in not cured animals,
what suggest that BZ use may be recommended at least for recent chronic infection of
the studied region. 相似文献
10.
Behavioural alterations are independent of sickness behaviour in chronic
experimental Chagas disease
Glaucia Vilar-Pereira Leonardo Alexandre de Souza Ruivo Joseli Lannes-Vieira 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(8):1042-1050
The existence of the nervous form of Chagas disease is a matter of discussion sinceCarlos Chagas described neurological disorders, learning and behavioural alterationsin Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals. In most patients, theclinical manifestations of the acute phase, including neurological abnormalities,resolve spontaneously without apparent consequence in the chronic phase of infection.However, chronic Chagas disease patients have behavioural changes such as psychomotoralterations, attention and memory deficits, and depression. In the present study, wetested whether or not behavioural alterations are reproducible in experimentalmodels. We show that C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with the Colombian strain ofT. cruzi (150 days post-infection) exhibit behavioural changes as(i) depression in the tail suspension and forced swim tests, (ii) anxiety analysed byelevated plus maze and open field test sand and (iii) motor coordination in therotarod test. These alterations are neither associated with neuromuscular disordersassessed by the grip strength test nor with sickness behaviour analysed bytemperature variation sand weight loss. Therefore, chronically T.cruzi-infected mice replicate behavioural alterations (depression andanxiety) detected in Chagas disease patients opening an opportunity to study theinterconnection and the physiopathology of these two biological processes in aninfectious scenario. 相似文献
11.
José Rodrigues Coura Pedro Albajar Vi?as Lucia Maria Brum-Soares Andréa Silvestre de Sousa Sérgio Salles Xavier 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):1009-1013
A case-control study on the morbidity of Chagas heart disease was carried out in the
municipality of Barcelos in the microregion of the Rio Negro, state of Amazonas. One
hundred and six individuals, who were serologically positive for Trypanosoma
cruzi infection, as confirmed by at least two techniques with different
principles, were matched according to age and sex with an equal number of
seronegative individuals. The cases and controls were evaluated using an
epidemiological questionnaire and clinical, electrocardiograph and echocardiograph
examinations. In the seroepidemiological evaluation, 62% of the interviewees
recognised triatomines and most of them confirmed that they had seen these insects in
the piassava plantations of the riverside communities of the Negro River tributaries.
Of the seropositive patients, 25.8% affirmed that they had been stung by the
triatomines and 11.7% denied having been stung. The principal clinical manifestations
of the seropositive individuals were palpitations, chest pain and dyspnoea upon
effort. Cardiac auscultation revealed extrasystoles, bradycardia and systolic
murmurs. The electrocardiographic alterations were ventricular extrasystoles, left
and right bundle branch block, atrioventricular block and primary T wave alterations.
The echocardiogram was altered in 22.6% of the seropositive individuals and in 8.5%
of the seronegative individuals. 相似文献
12.
Emi Sasagawa Ana Vilma Guevara de Aguilar Marta Alicia Hernández de Ramírez José Eduardo Romero Chévez Jun Nakagawa Rafael Antonio Cedillos Kiyoshi Kita 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(2):256-258
Several parasitological studies carried out in El Salvador between 2000-2012 showed ahigher frequency of acute cases of Chagas disease than that in other Central Americancountries. There is an urgent need for improved Chagas disease surveillance andvector control programs in the provinces where acute Chagas disease occurs andthroughout El Salvador as a whole. 相似文献
13.
Hélène Hiwat 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(4):452-458
Nine species of Triatominae, representing three tribes and five genera, are currentlyknown in Suriname. An annotated list of the species based on the collections of theBureau of Public Health (Suriname), the National Zoological Collection Suriname andthe National History Museum Leiden (the Netherlands) is provided. Additionally, theresults of several years of opportunistic collection in two domestic environments arepresented. The most common species are Rhodnius pictipes Stål,1972, Rhodnius robustus Larrouse, 1972 and Panstrongylusgeniculatus (Latreille, 1811). The significance of the species as vectorsof Chagas disease in Suriname is discussed. 相似文献
14.
Pedro Emmanuel Alvarenga Americano do Brasil Rodolfo Castro Liane de Castro 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2016,111(1):1-19
Chronic Chagas disease diagnosis relies on laboratory tests due to its clinicalcharacteristics. The aim of this research was to review commercial enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic testperformance. Performance of commercial ELISA or PCR for the diagnosis of chronicChagas disease were systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web, andLILACS through the bibliography from 1980-2014 and by contact with the manufacturers.The risk of bias was assessed with QUADAS-2. Heterogeneity was estimated with theI2 statistic. Accuracies provided by the manufacturers usuallyoverestimate the accuracy provided by academia. The risk of bias is high in mosttests and in most QUADAS dimensions. Heterogeneity is high in either sensitivity,specificity, or both. The evidence regarding commercial ELISA and ELISA-recsensitivity and specificity indicates that there is overestimation. The currentrecommendation to use two simultaneous serological tests can be supported by the riskof bias analysis and the amount of heterogeneity but not by the observed accuracies.The usefulness of PCR tests are debatable and health care providers should not orderthem on a routine basis. PCR may be used in selected cases due to its potential todetect seronegative subjects. 相似文献
15.
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is, together with geohelminths, the
neglected disease that causes more loss of years of healthy life due to disability in
Latin America. Chagas disease, as determined by the factors and determinants, shows
that different contexts require different actions, preventing new cases or reducing
the burden of disease. Control strategies must combine two general courses of action
including prevention of transmission to prevent the occurrence of new cases (these
measures are cost effective), as well as opportune diagnosis and treatment of
infected individuals in order to prevent the clinical evolution of the disease and to
allow them to recuperate their health. All actions should be implemented as fully as
possible and with an integrated way, to maximise the impact. Chagas disease cannot be
eradicated due because of the demonstrated existence of infected wild triatomines in
permanent contact with domestic cycles and it contributes to the occurrence of at
least few new cases. However, it is possible to interrupt the transmission of
Trypanosoma cruzi in a large territory and to eliminate Chagas
disease as a public health problem with a dramatic reduction of burden of the
disease. 相似文献
16.
Guillermo Moscatelli Ada Berenstein Ana Tarlovsky Susana Siniawski Miguel Biancardi Griselda Ballering Samanta Moroni Marta Schwarcz Susana Hernández Facundo García-Bournissen Andrés Espejo Cozzi Héctor Freilij Jaime Altcheh 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(5):644-648
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of this disease inwomen of childbearing age and children treated at health centres in underservicedareas of the city of Buenos Aires. Demographic and Chagas disease status data werecollected. Samples for Chagas disease serology were obtained on filter paper and thereactive results were confirmed with conventional samples. A total of 1,786 subjectswere screened and 73 positive screening results were obtained: 17 were from childrenand 56 were from women. The Trypanosoma cruzi infection risk wasgreater in those individuals who had relatives with Chagas disease, who rememberseeing kissing bugs, who were of Bolivian nationality or were born in the Argentineprovince of Santiago del Estero. The overall prevalence of Chagas disease was 4.08%.Due to migration, Chagas disease is currently predominantly urban. The observedprevalence requires health programme activities that are aimed at urban children andtheir mothers. Most children were infected congenitally, which reinforces the needfor Chagas disease screening of all pregnant women and their babies in Argentina. Theactive search for new cases is important because the appropriate treatment inchildren has a high cure rate. 相似文献
17.
José Rodrigues Coura Pedro Albajar Vi?as Angela CV Junqueira 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(7):856-862
Chagas disease is maintained in nature through the interchange of three cycles: the
wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles. The wild cycle, which is enzootic, has
existed for millions of years maintained between triatomines and wild mammals. Human
infection was only detected in mummies from 4,000-9,000 years ago, before the
discovery of the disease by Carlos Chagas in 1909. With the beginning of
deforestation in the Americas, two-three centuries ago for the expansion of
agriculture and livestock rearing, wild mammals, which had been the food source for
triatomines, were removed and new food sources started to appear in peridomestic
areas: chicken coops, corrals and pigsties. Some accidental human cases could also
have occurred prior to the triatomines in peridomestic areas. Thus, triatomines
progressively penetrated households and formed the domestic cycle of Chagas disease.
A new epidemiological, economic and social problem has been created through the
globalisation of Chagas disease, due to legal and illegal migration of individuals
infected by Trypanosoma cruzi or presenting Chagas disease in its
varied clinical forms, from endemic countries in Latin America to non-endemic
countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, particularly to the United
States of America and Spain. The main objective of the present paper was to present a
general view of the interchanges between the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles
of the disease, the development of T. cruzi among triatomine, their
domiciliation and control initiatives, the characteristics of the disease in
countries in the Americas and the problem of migration to non-endemic countries. 相似文献
18.
Christiane Santos Matos José Eloy dos Santos Júnior Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso Medeiros Eliana Furtado Jo?o Carlos Pinto Dias 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(3):374-378
Recognising the importance of Chagas disease in Brazil, Bambuí set up epidemiological
surveillance for Chagas disease in 1974 and was the first municipality to do so. To
ascertain the current epidemiology of Chagas disease in this municipality, 1.782
blood samples from the general population were analysed; 7.7% of samples were found
to be seropositive for Chagas disease. A strong positive correlation between
increasing age and Chagas disease was evident in both genders, with the highest
prevalence in individuals aged over 60 years. Clinically, the cardiodigestive form of
Chagas disease was the most common in these samples. These data confirm the
interruption of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission, in parallel with a
still important residual morbidity of Chagas disease in the county, thus supporting
political decisions that will prioritise epidemiological surveillance and medical
treatment of Chagas disease in the coming years. 相似文献
19.
We refer to Oswaldo Cruz''s reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of ahealthcare system for the Brazilian Amazon Region and about the journey of CarlosChagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted.We discuss the risks of endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region. Werecommend that epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Brazilian AmazonRegion and Pan-Amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring ofthe human population that lives in the area, their housing, the environment and thepresence of triatomines. The monitoring should be performed with periodicseroepidemiological surveys, semi-annual visits to homes by health agents and thetraining of malaria microscopists and healthcare technicians to identifyTrypanosoma cruzi from patients'' samples and T.cruzi infection rates among the triatomines caught. We recommend healthpromotion and control of Chagas disease through public health policies, especiallythrough sanitary education regarding the risk factors for Chagas disease. Finally, wepropose a healthcare system through base hospitals, intermediate-level units in theareas of the Brazilian Amazon Region and air transportation, considering thedistances to be covered for medical care. 相似文献
20.
Guillermo Moscatelli Samanta Moroni Facundo García-Bournissen Griselda Ballering Margarita Bisio Héctor Freilij Jaime Altcheh 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(4):507-509
It is currently unknown whether treatment of Chagas disease decreases the risk ofcongenital transmission from previously treated mothers to their infants. In a cohortof women with Chagas disease previously treated with benznidazole, no congenitaltransmission of the disease was observed in their newborns. This finding providessupport for the treatment of Chagas disease as early as possible. 相似文献