构建一种精确表达小分子蛋白的技术平台

目的:克服原核表达的小分子蛋白难以去除附加氨基酸的问题,为基因工程精确表达小分子蛋白提供一种简便有效的解决方案.方法:以73个氨基酸的小分子蛋白(黑色素瘤生长激活因子CXCL1的功能区)为例,用PCR方法扩增了基因,TA克隆到载体PET SUMO.测序验证后的重组质粒转化至表达茵BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,融合蛋白用基质辅助解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪进行串联质谱鉴定(MALDI-TOF-MS/MS).通过特异性的SUMO蛋白酶酶解载体SUMO蛋白,利用SUMO蛋白和其蛋白酶带6x His标签的性质,经镍螯合柱亲和层析将二者去除,以Western blotting证明目的小分子蛋白的分离.结果:①经测序,重组质粒无突变,TA克隆方向正确,重组载体构建成功.②MALDI-TOF-MS/MS证明融合蛋白由SUMO蛋白和CXCLl蛋白组成,除去SUMO蛋白后的表达终产物经Westem blotting鉴定,与其相应的抗体有特异性结合,证明分离得到的小分子蛋白即为目的蛋白.结论:运用这一技术可将载体蛋白完全去除从而达到精确表达小分子蛋白的目的,在分子生物学的实验研究中有很好的应用前景.     

SUMO基因的内在原核启动子活性及其在大肠杆菌蛋白表达系统中的应用

SUMO融合系统已成为目前大肠杆菌重组蛋白生产的重要手段,但在载体构建效率和蛋白可溶性等方面仍有待改进。本研究在PCR克隆酿酒酵母SUMO基因Smt3(Sm) 时意外发现Sm具有组成型原核启动子活性;而且经软莓BPROM程序预测发现大多数物种SUMO基因编码区都具有依赖s70的原核启动子。进一步通过整合Sm启动子和Sm 3￠末端StuⅠ位点特性以及引入His标签和超酸增溶标签,构建了基于Sm’-LacZα融合基因的一系列通用克隆表达载体,并通过蓝白斑筛选和SDS-PAGE分析进行了多个靶蛋白基因的克隆和表     

低分子量麦谷蛋白基因XYGluD3-LMWGS1原核表达增溶体系的探索

为研究SUMO标签增溶体系和小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基功能,利用SUMO标签构建XYGluD3-LM-WGS基因原核表达可溶性增强的系统,采用PCR方法从已有质粒XYGluD3-LMWGS1/pGEM-Teasy中克隆到该基因不含上游启动子片段XYGluD3-LMWGS1-no Promoter 798 bp(简称LnoP),构建原核表达载体LnoP/pGEX-4T-1,并借助已有质粒SUMO1/pET-41a( )构建原核表达载体LnoP-SUMO1/pET-41a( )与LnoP-SUMO1-N2/pET-41a( )以及LnoP-SUMO1/pET-32a( ),分别诱导表达融合蛋白分析其可溶性,结果显示;(1)融合蛋白GST-LnoP、GST-SUMO1-LnoP、SUMO1-LnoP和Trx-SUMO1-LnoP表达成功;(2)电泳和Western blot分析显示,GST-LnoP和GST-SUMO1-LnoP的可溶蛋白表达均为电泳不可见,SUMO1-LnoP与Trx-SUMO1-LnoP有微量可溶表达.结果表明,试验首次实现人的SUMO1标签在麦谷蛋白低分子量亚基中的融合表达;尽管人的SUMO1做为融合标签对于增加低分子量麦谷蛋白D位点亚基可溶性的作用并未达到预期效果,但研究结果为SUMO标签增溶体系的建立和小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基功能研究奠定了基础.     

SUMO蛋白酶的发酵和纯化工艺的研究

目前, 小分子肽多需要进行融合表达,虽然有GST标签等表达体系,但是表达产物切割时仍留有多余氨基酸,影响小分子肽的功能;SUMO蛋白酶对SUMO融合表达系统表达的重组蛋白进行切割时没有多余氨基酸残留,因此成为蛋白切割工具的热点。利用基因工程技术构建重组His-Ulp1/pET3c/BL21（DE3）工程菌株,用摇瓶优化表达条件,摸索高密度发酵工艺和不同层析纯化工艺条件。结果表明,经1.0mmol/L的IPTG 30℃诱导表达6h,表达效果最好。罐发酵后菌体SDSPAGE分析表达量可达24.39%,通过CM Sepharose Fast Flow阳离子交换一步层析可获得纯度大于98%的SUMO蛋白酶,每升发酵液可获得355mg的SUMO蛋白酶纯品。Western blot分析表明,UlP1能与6×His抗体产生免疫反应。为日后大规模产业化生产奠定了基础。     

融合蛋白GST-Ulp1p在大肠杆菌中的高效可溶性表达及其活性鉴定

利用基因工程技术,体外重组小分子类泛素修饰蛋白酶1(Ulp1)的活性片段,获得高表达、高特异性重组蛋白酶。从酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisia中提取Ulp1编码第403到621个氨基酸残基之间的DNA片段(Ulp1p),在其C端加入6×His并连接到大肠杆菌表达载体pGEX中,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-Ulp1p-his6。将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中,氨苄青霉素抗性筛选转化子。表达、纯化后,以SUMO融合蛋白检测其活性。经过优化,该蛋白可溶性表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的40.12%。可通过谷胱甘肽琼脂糖凝胶柱或Ni-NTA凝胶亲和层析纯化得到纯度98%的蛋白。经酶切分析,比活力为1.375×104U/mg。融合蛋白GST-Ulp1p-His6无需切除谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)标签,具有很高的活性,制备简易;6×His标签,有利于底物蛋白切割后纯化,减少蛋白损失。本研究为制备高活力的SUMO蛋白酶提供了一个新方法。     

人乙醛脱氢酶2的原核表达及其条件优化

为实现人乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)基因在原核生物中高效表达,将含有6×His标签和SUMO融合蛋白标签的人乙醛脱氢酶2基因的表达载体转化至宿主菌BL21(DE3)中。在异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导下,目的基因在大肠杆菌内高效表达。通过对表达条件的优化,37℃使用终浓度0.3mmol/L的IPTG诱导3h,重组大肠杆菌的表达量可占全菌蛋白的16%。SUMO融合蛋白标签的加入以及较低的诱导温度(16℃)有利于提高人乙醛脱氢酶2基因在大肠杆菌内的可溶性表达。     

SUMO蛋白酶Ulp1的高效表达纯化并通过His-SUMO标签制备scFv

SUMO蛋白酶(Ulp1)是切割小分子泛素修饰(SUMO)融合蛋白获得天然N端靶蛋白的一种工具酶,具有酶切效率高、特异性好等优点。但现有市售SUMO蛋白酶Ulp1价格昂贵、操作复杂,限制了SUMO融合体系的运用。利用基因工程技术,合成基因ulp1(Leu403-Lys621),并在N端和C端加入多聚组氨酸标签(His_6),构建重组表达载体psv T7-ulp1,将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和BL21 trx B(DE3)中。经过高通量筛选技术快速确定最优的表达条件为采用BL21(DE3)作为表达宿主,转接后7h加入IPTG,IPTG的终浓度为0.1mmol/L,诱导时间为16h,最终蛋白质表达量占菌体总蛋白质量的34.5%,重组蛋白Ulp1的表达量为190mg/L,通过Ni-NTA一步纯化即可得到纯度95%以上的Ulp1。通过酶切反应,测定酶活为5.19U/μl,比酶活为5.23×10~4U/mg,是先前报道比酶活的1.87倍,通过酶活动力学分析,Ulp1的表观米氏常数K_m=0.359g/L,V_m=5.10μg/(ml·min)。将SUMO融合表达体系用于单链抗体(single-chain antibody fragment,scFv)的表达,得到可溶的SUMO-scFv融合蛋白,使用表达的Ulp1进行酶切并纯化,获得纯度高于90%且N端不含多余氨基酸的scFv,操作步骤简单,显著改善了scFv在大肠杆菌中难以高效可溶性表达纯化的现状。     

SENP1与前列腺癌

SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier)是一种小泛素相关修饰物,能共价结合许多调控基因转录的重要蛋白,包括转录因子、转录辅助因子等．SUMO化修饰对蛋白-蛋白之间的相互作用、亚细胞定位、基因转录的活性以及靶蛋白的稳定性等具有重要的调节作用． SUMO化修饰是一个动态可逆的过程,将SUMO从靶蛋白上去除,称为去SUMO化（desumoylation）,去SUMO化是SUMO特异蛋白酶（SUMO-specific proteases,SENPｓ）的主要功能．由于SUMO化是近几年才发现的一种新的蛋白质翻译后修饰系统,对其生物学功能还不十分清楚．前列腺癌是男性最常见的恶性肿瘤,最近的研究发现,SENP1在前列腺癌细胞中高表达,而且雄激素能诱导SENP1的表达,表明SENP1与前列腺癌的发生、发展密切相关．在本篇综述中,我们将就SENP1作一介绍．     

人源TNFα的原核表达及活性测定

目的:利用SUMO标签构建人TNFα原核表达载体,通过表达及纯化获得重组蛋白,为深入研究和利用人TNFα奠定基础。方法:利用PCR技术,从质粒pET32a-hTNFα中扩增出人TNFα成熟肽编码序列,并在其上游添加SUMO标签,与原核表达载体pET28a连接,构建表达质粒pET28a-SUMO-hTNFα。在BL21(DE3)工程菌中表达融合蛋白,经Ni-NTA纯化体系纯化,切除SUMO标签,纯化获得hTNFα成熟蛋白。CCK-8法检测TNFα对L929细胞的细胞毒性,以测定TNFα的生物学活性。结果:成功构建pET28a-SUMO-hTNFα原核表达质粒,酶切鉴定和测序分析与预期结果完全一致。在BL21(DE3)工程菌中实现了融合蛋白的可溶性表达。经纯化、水解酶切除标签及再次纯化获得hTNFα成熟肽。CCK-8法检测得所制备的TNFα蛋白ED50约为12.8μg/ml。结论:成功构建原核表达载体pET28a-SUMO-hTNFα,经表达、纯化、酶切及再纯化,获得有生物活性的hTNFα蛋白,为深入研究和利用hTNFα奠定基础。     

高效表达可溶性重组蛋白表达载体——pHisSUMO

目的:构建含有IL-1基因的原核表达质粒,并对其原核表达情况进行检测,验 证pHisSUMO表达载体的高效可溶性表达.方法:以质粒pMD18-T-IL-1为模板,利用PCR获得I L-1基因克隆并将其与表达载体pET、pTYB、pHisSUMO连接,重组质粒经鉴定后转化到大肠杆 菌DH5α中,并检测其蛋白表达情况.结果:仅在pHisSUMO表达系统获得了IL-1融合蛋白的 高效可溶性表达.利用Ni-NTA纯化后的融合蛋白经SUMO蛋白酶Ⅰ切割,获得了纯度较高的成熟 蛋白且不残留任何氨基酸残基.结论:实验证明pHisSUMO表达系统有助于增加外源蛋白可溶性和表达量.     

Generating recombinant C-terminal prion protein fragments of exact native sequence

Transmissibility and distinctive neuropathology are hallmark features of prion diseases differentiating them from other neurodegenerative disorders, with pathogenesis and transmission appearing closely linked to misfolded conformers (PrP(Sc)) of the ubiquitously expressed cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(C)). Given the apparent pathogenic primacy of misfolded PrP, the utilisation of peptides based on the prion protein has formed an integral approach for providing insights into misfolding pathways and pathogenic mechanisms. In parallel with studies employing prion peptides, similar approaches in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer Disease, have demonstrated that differential processing of parent proteins and quite minor variations in the primary sequence of cognate peptides generated from the same constitutive processing (such as Aβ1-40 versus Aβ1-42 produced from γ-secretase activity) can be associated with very different pathogenic consequences. PrP(C) also undergoes constitutive α- or β-cleavage yielding C1 (residues 112-231 human sequence) or C2 (residues 90-231), respectively, with the full cell biological significance of such processing unresolved; however, it is noteworthy that in prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and murine models, the moderately extended C2 fragment predominates in the brain suggesting that the two cleavage events and the consequent C-terminal fragments may differ in their pathogenic significance. Accordingly, studies characterising biologically relevant peptides like C1 and C2, would be most valid if undertaken using peptides completely free of any inherent non-native sequence that arises as a by-product of commonly employed recombinant production techniques. To achieve this aim and thereby facilitate more representative biophysical and neurotoxicity studies, we adapted the combination of high fidelity Taq TA cloning with a SUMO-Hexa-His tag-type approach, incorporating the SUMO protease step. This technique consistently produced sufficient yields (～10 mg/L) of high purity peptides (>95%) equating to C1 and C2 of exact native primary sequence in the α-helical conformation suitable for biological and biophysical investigations.     

Expression and purification of an antitumor-analgesic peptide from the venom of Mesobuthus martensii Karsch by small ubiquitin-related modifier fusion in Escherichia coli

To prevent protein aggregation, some proteins are usually expressed as fusion proteins from which target proteins can be released by proteolytic or chemical reagents. In this report, small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) linked with a hexa-histidine tag was used as a fusion partner for the antitumor-analgesic peptide from the venom of Buthus martensii (Karsch) scorpion (AGAP). The optimal expression level of the soluble fusion protein, SUMO-AGAP, was up to 40% of the total cellular protein. The fusion protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and cleaved by a SUMO-specific protease (Ulp1) to obtain the recombinant AGAP (rAGAP), which was further purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified final product was >95% pure by SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. Mass spectroscopic analysis indicated the protein to be 7142.63 Dalton, which equaled the theoretically expected mass. N-terminal sequencing of rAGAP showed the sequence corresponded to the native protein. MTT assay indicated the rAGAP could significantly inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat and Hut 78 T lymphoma cell lines. The further writhing experiment showed that the rAGAP had an intensive analgesic effect. The expression strategy presented in this study allows convenient high yield and easy purification of the rAGAP with native sequences.     

Enrichment of fermentation media and optimization of expression conditions for the production of EAK(16) peptide as fusions with SUMO

EAK(16) (AEAEAKAKAEAKAEAK) belongs to a novel class of self-assembling peptides, which is being investigated in research and industry. SUMO belongs to the ubiquitin class of proteins and is a promising fusion partner currently in use. In this study, EAK(16) peptide fusions with hexa-histidine tagged SUMO have been constructed using Escherichia coli based pET expression vector. Intracellular expression of the SUMO-EAK(16) fusion using LB media has been optimized. Low-cost complex media (fungal autolysates, wheat and gluten hydrolysates) produced via a novel wheat-based biorefinery have been used as alternative fermentation media to LB. Shake flask cultures using either enriched LB or complex wheat-derived media containing 2 g/L of glucose resulted in intracellular SUMO-EAK(16) fusion protein production of approximately 250 mg/L fermentation volume which corresponded to 30-35% of the total bacterial protein expressed being the fusion protein. Fusion protein productivities up to five times higher were achieved when using a bioreactor.     

Enhanced protein expression in mammalian cells using engineered SUMO fusions: secreted phospholipase A2

SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), is a eukaryotic post-translational event that has been demonstrated to play a critical role in several biological processes. When used as an N-terminal tag or fusion partner, SUMO has been shown to enhance functional protein production significantly by improving folding, solubility, and stability. We have engineered several SUMOs and, through their fusion, developed a system for enhancing the expression and secretion of complex proteins. To demonstrate the fidelity of this fusion technology, secreted phospholipase A(2) proteins (sPLA(2)) were produced using HEK-293T and CHO-K1 cells. Five mouse sPLA(2) homologs were expressed and secreted in mammalian cell cultures using SUMO or SUMO-derived, N-terminal fusion partners. Mean and median increases of 43- and 18-fold, respectively, were obtained using novel SUMO mutants that are resistant to digestion by endogenous deSUMOylases.     

Comparison of SUMO fusion technology with traditional gene fusion systems: enhanced expression and solubility with SUMO

Despite the availability of numerous gene fusion systems, recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli remains difficult. Establishing the best fusion partner for difficult-to-express proteins remains empirical. To determine which fusion tags are best suited for difficult-to-express proteins, a comparative analysis of the newly described SUMO fusion system with a variety of commonly used fusion systems was completed. For this study, three model proteins, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP13), and myostatin (growth differentiating factor-8, GDF8), were fused to the C termini of maltose-binding protein (MBP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin (TRX), NUS A, ubiquitin (Ub), and SUMO tags. These constructs were expressed in E. coli and evaluated for expression and solubility. As expected, the fusion tags varied in their ability to produce tractable quantities of soluble eGFP, MMP13, and GDF8. SUMO and NUS A fusions enhanced expression and solubility of recombinant proteins most dramatically. The ease at which SUMO and NUS A fusion tags were removed from their partner proteins was then determined. SUMO fusions are cleaved by the natural SUMO protease, while an AcTEV protease site had to be engineered between NUS A and its partner protein. A kinetic analysis showed that the SUMO and AcTEV proteases had similar KM values, but SUMO protease had a 25-fold higher kcat than AcTEV protease, indicating a more catalytically efficient enzyme. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SUMO is superior to commonly used fusion tags in enhancing expression and solubility with the distinction of generating recombinant protein with native sequences.     

SUMO2 is essential while SUMO3 is dispensable for mouse embryonic development

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO1–3) conjugation plays a critical role in embryogenesis. Embryos deficient in the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 die at the early postimplantation stage. Sumo1^−/− mice are viable, as SUMO2/3 can compensate for most SUMO1 functions. To uncover the role of SUMO2/3 in embryogenesis, we generated Sumo2- and Sumo3-null mutant mice. Here, we report that Sumo3^−/− mice were viable, while Sumo2^−/− embryos exhibited severe developmental delay and died at approximately embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). We also provide evidence that SUMO2 is the predominantly expressed SUMO isoform. Furthermore, although Sumo2^+/− and Sumo2^+/−;Sumo3^+/− mice lacked any overt phenotype, only 2 Sumo2^+/−;Sumo3^−/− mice were found at birth in 35 litters after crossing Sumo2^+/−;Sumo3^+/− with Sumo3^−/− mice, and these rare mice were considerably smaller than littermates of the other genotypes. Thus, our findings suggest that expression levels and not functional differences between SUMO2 and SUMO3 are critical for normal embryogenesis.     

SUMO在转录中的抑制作用

许多调控基因转录的重要蛋白质能被SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier)化修饰,这些蛋白质包括转录因子,转录辅助因子和染色质修饰酶.SUMO化修饰对底物蛋白的活性产生影响,在大多数情况下,与转录活性的抑制有关.最近,对SUMO化调控转录的机制有了新的认识,认为SUMO化的一个重要作用是促进转录因子与转录抑制因子之间的相互作用.另一方面,已经发现转录共抑制因子HDAC (组蛋白去乙酰化酶)可以作为SUMO化的底物、效应因子和调控因子,说明乙酰化和SUMO化之间复杂的相互作用对基因转录调控起着非常重要的作用.     

蛋白质的类泛素化修饰

SUMO(small ubiquitin-related modifier)是一类重要的类泛素蛋白,在生物进化过程中高度保守,其三维结构及生化修饰过程与泛素类似,但该两类蛋白质修饰的生物学意义却不尽相同。SUMO化修饰作为一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,广泛参与细胞活动的各个方面,且SUMO化修饰异常与许多人类重大疾病密切相关。     

小泛蛋白样修饰物双荧光融合蛋白及其特异性蛋白酶的原核表达及鉴定

本实验克隆了人的4种SENP(Sentrin-specific protease)C端催化结构域、3种SUMO(Smallubiq uitin-like modifer)、ECFP(Enhanced cyan fluorescent protein)以及EYFP(Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein)的基因,通过RecJoin克隆技术分别成功构建SENP和ECFP-SUMO-EYFP表达载体B28和B13。将表达载体转化大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导表达,通过Ni-NTA离子交换柱层析纯化,进一步采用SDS-PAGE和Westernblotting分析鉴定,并以酶切实验初步分析了SENP相对于底物ECFP-SUMO-EYFP的酶切特异性。最终,SENP3C(SENP3 catalytic domain)截短表达,SENP5C以包涵体形式表达,其他蛋白均为可溶性表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明表达产物分子质量(Mr)与预期相符,Western blotting方法进一步证实其为目的蛋白。酶切实验初步鉴定了SENP1C和SENP2C的酶切特异性。以上蛋白的原核表达为荧光共振能量转...