水稻白叶枯病菌中超氧阴离子的非酶来源分析

以电子自旋共振法及羟胺氧化法检测超氧阴离子,分析水稻白叶枯病原细菌OS-14细胞中超氧阴离子的来源。结果显示,OS-14细胞中的超氧阴离子释放活性主要位于胞外,因此胞外组分很可能为主要的释放位点。实验从多个角度排除了胞外组分中蛋白质酶类分子对超氧阴离子释放贡献的可能性,有机酸分子有可能是水稻白叶枯病菌OS-14细胞胞外组分中超氧阴离子释放的非酶分子。     

互作对水稻白叶枯病菌JXOⅢ和JXOⅤ超氧阴离子释放的调控

水稻白叶枯病菌能够引起水稻的白叶枯病等一系列水稻病害。水稻白叶枯病菌JXOⅢ和JXOⅤ细胞中超氧阴离子的释放水平存在显著的差异,并进一步显示在两者亚细胞组分的超氧阴离子释放水平上。这种差异暗示致病性不同的病原菌中,O2^-可能具有信号传导及毒性因子的不同作用。亲和性不同的植物一病原菌互作过程对病原菌JXOⅢ和JXOⅤ的超氧阴离子释放具有不同的调控作用。对自身O2^-水平很低的JXOⅢ来说,亲和互作和非亲和互作过程都可诱导JXOⅢ中O2^-的释放;然而在自身听水平较高的JXOⅤ中,则随亲和性不同而表现出诱导或抑制的不同调控作用。无论是在JXOⅢ还是在JXOⅤ中,互作后分离得到的病原菌仍然能够显示出互作对其O2^-释放的显著影响,这种调控作用很可能具有一定的遗传稳定性。虽然机制还不清楚,但是推测这种调控可能和互作的走向相关。     

植物中超氧阴离子自由基测定方法的改进

通过对植物超氧阴离子自由基测定反应中动力学曲线的分析, 确定了最佳的反应介质、反应参数和羟胺浓度, 以三氯甲烷代替乙醚作为植物色素萃取试剂, 克服了植物超氧阴离子测定中存在的诸多问题, 提高了测定结果的准确性、重复性和可比性。     

衰老叶片和叶绿体中超氧阴离子和有机自由基浓度的变化

以电子自旋共振波谱技术,研究从水稻、玉米、花生和苋菜的成熟及衰老叶片分离的叶绿体中O_2~-的形成,以及干燥叶绿体和叶片粉末的有机自由基。经紫外光照射后老叶叶绿体的O_2~-浓度比成熟叶增大10～249％。冷冻干燥叶绿体及烘干叶片粉末在辐照前后皆有明显的单峰信号。辐照引发两种干样中形成更多的有机自由基。老叶制备的干样不论辐照或暗下都有较高水平的自由基。以上结果表明,叶片的衰老与自由基引起的损伤有关。     

植物病原细菌的细菌素

植物病原细菌的细菌素吴健胜,王金生（江苏南京农业大学植保系,南京２１００９５）细菌素是一种细菌的某些菌系所产生的对该种细菌的另一些菌株或关系较近的细菌有杀伤作用,非复制性的含蛋白的抗菌物质［１］。继１９４６年Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｑ报道大肠杆菌产生的大肠杆...     

光系统Ⅱ颗粒内单线态氧诱导产生超氧阴离子自由基

活性氧是生物体有氧代谢的必然产物。当机体处于疾病或胁迫条件下 ,活性氧的生成将更加活跃[1] 。由于类囊体膜是植物体光合放氧的器官 ,处于高浓度的氧环境中 ,同时类囊体膜上还存在着活跃的电子传递体系 ,因此类囊体膜是超氧阴离子自由基生成的活跃部位[2 ] 。最近的研究表明 ,ＰＳⅠ和ＰＳⅡ都是超氧阴离子自由基的生成部位[3] 。其中 ,对ＰＳⅠ生成超氧的机制研究已比较深入[2 .4 ] ,而对ＰＳⅡ生成超氧阴离子自由基的机制研究是在近几年内刚刚开展[3 ,5- 7] 。ＰＳⅡ中生成的另一活性氧是单线态氧。通常认为由于强光照射下ＰＳⅡ生成的…     

壳聚糖对植物病原细菌的抑制作用研究

本文通过测定最小抑制浓度和相对抑制率,观察了分子量和脱乙酰度对壳聚糖抑制植物病原细菌(胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌Erwinia cartovara Var carotovara、油菜黄单孢菌绒毛草致病菌Xanthamonas campestris Pv holcicola、丁香假单孢菌黍致病变种Pseudomonas spyings Pv panici)作用的影响。结果表明：在一定范围内,随分子量和脱乙酰度的增大,壳聚糖的抑菌效果相应降低,而且各种病原细菌对不同,壳聚糖的敏感性也有很大差异。     

超氧阴离子的产生及其在植物体内作用的研究

超氧阴离子自由基不仅是生物体内重要的自由基之一,也是所有活性氧自由基的前体。近年来许多文献报道生物体的一些重大疾病与超氧阴离子自由基关系密切,因此对超氧阴离子的研究具有非常重要的意义。本文综述了有关超氧阴离子自由基在生物体内及体外的产生、超氧阴离子对生物体的作用、超氧阴离子的检测方法、重点总结了超氧阴离子的产生及其在植物体内的作用。     

植物病原棒形细菌的分类研究进展

植物病原棒形细菌从棒杆菌属中独立出来之后,对于其中各菌分类地位的确立一直有较多争议。近年来已分别归入棒形杆菌属（Clavibacter）、短小杆菌属（Curtobacterium）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）、红球菌属（Rhodococcus）和拉氏杆菌属（Rathayibacter）5个属中。但此后又有人提出有些属中仍有异质性。这些分类上的变化主要是由于分类手段逐渐由传统的形态学分类方法向分子生物学方法和多相分类法过度。新的方法还在不断的完善之中。此外,植物病原棒形细菌分类系统的完善还有赖于植物病理学和微生物学家等多学科科学家的合作。     

植物识别子与病原细菌识别子间的相互作用

本文介绍了不同的植物-病原细菌相互作用体系中植物识别子和病原细菌识别子的种类、性质,评述了两类识别子之间相互作用的分子学、细胞学和生理生化学及其意义。     

Inhibition of superoxide anion production by extracellular acidification in neutrophils

Extracellular acidification inhibited formyl-Met-Leu-Phe- or C5a-induced superoxide anion (O₂⁻) production in differentiated HL-60 neutrophil-like cells and human neutrophils. A cAMP-increasing agonist, prostaglandin E₁, also inhibited the formyl peptide-induced O₂⁻ production. The inhibitory action on the O₂⁻ production by extracellular acidic pH was associated with cAMP accumulation and partly attenuated by H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor. A significant amount of mRNAs for T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8) and other proton-sensing ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1)-family receptors is expressed in these cells. These results suggest that cAMP/protein kinase A, possibly through proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors, may be involved in extracellular acidic pH-induced inhibition of O₂⁻ production.     

Electron spin resonance detection of extracellular superoxide anion released by cultured endothelial cells

Objective and Methods Endothelium produces oxygen-derived free radicals which play a major role in vessel wall physiology and pathology. Whereas NO^· production from endothelium has been extensively characterized, little is known about endothelium-derived O^-·₂. In the present study, we determined the O^-·₂ production of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1 pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.

Results An ESR adduct DMPO-OH detected in the supernatant of BAEC after stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 originated from the trapping of extracellular O^-·₂, because coincubation with superoxide dismutase (30 U/ml) completely suppressed the ESR signal, whereas catalase (2000 U/ml) had no effect. A23187 stimulated extracellular O^-·₂ production in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The coenzymes NADH and NADPH both increased the ESR signal, whereas a flavin antagonist, diphenylene iodonium, abolished the ESR signal. Phorbol myristate acetate potentiated, whereas bisindolylmaleimide I inhibited the A23187-stimulated O^-·₂ production, suggesting the involvement of protein kinase C. These signals were not altered L-NAME, a NO-synthase inhibitor, suggesting that the endogenous production of NO^· did not alter O^-·₂ production. Finally, the amount of O^-·₂ generated by A23187-stimulated post-confluent BAEC was one order of magnitude higher than that evoked by rat aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated under the same conditions.     

Magnetic field effects on the fluorescence of two reaction centerless mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Magnetic field induced changes in the fluorescence intensity are observed from two reaction centerless mutants of $\text{Rhodopseudomonas capsulata}$. These results constitute the first direct assignment of such effects arising solely from the antenna pigments in photosynthetic bacteria.     

Electron spin resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centred radicals in human serum following exhaustive exercise

Free radicals or oxidants are continuously produced in the body as a consequence of normal energy metabolism. The concentration of free radicals, together with lipid peroxidation, increases in some tissues as a physiological response to exercise – they have also been implicated in a variety of pathologies. The biochemical measurement of free radicals has relied in the main on the indirect assay of oxidative stress by-products. This study presents the first use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in conjunction with the spin-trapping technique, to measure directly the production of radical species in the venous blood of healthy human volunteers pre- and post-exhaustive aerobic exercise. Evidence is also presented of increased lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity post-exercise. Accepted: 30 October 1997     

Confirmation of superoxide generation via xanthine oxidase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play key roles in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in patients with diabetes. In this study, xanthine oxidase (XO) system was examined as a potential source of superoxide in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes. Plasma XO activity increased 3-fold in diabetic mice (50±33 μU/ml) 2 weeks after the onset of diabetes, as compared with non-diabetic control mice (15±6 μU/ml). In vivo superoxide generation in diabetic mice was evaluated by an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR)/spin probe method. Superoxide generation was significantly enhanced in diabetic mice, and the enhancement was restored by the administration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid (Tiron), which was reported to scavenge superoxide. Pretreatment of diabetic mice with XO inhibitors, allopurinol and its active metabolite oxipurinol, normalized the increased superoxide generation. In addition, there was a correlation (r=0.78) between the level of plasma XO activity and the relative degree of superoxide generation in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Hence, the results of this study strongly suggest that superoxide should be generated through the increased XO seen in the diabetic model mice, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.     

Tocopheramine succinate and tocopheryl succinate: Mechanism of mitochondrial inhibition and superoxide radical production

Tocopherols (TOH) are lipophilic antioxidants which require the phenolic OH group for their redox activity. In contrast, non-redox active esters of α-TOH with succinate (α-TOS) were shown to possess proapoptotic activity in cancer cells. It was suggested that this activity is mediated via mitochondrial inhibition with subsequent ${\text{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}$ production triggering apoptosis and that the modification of the linker between the succinate and the lipophilic chroman may modulate this activity. However, the specific mechanism and the influence of the linker are not clear yet on the level of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Therefore, this study systematically compared the effects of α-TOH acetate (α-TOA), α-TOS and α-tocopheramine succinate (α-TNS) in cells and submitochondrial particles (SMP). The results showed that not all cancer cell lines are highly sensitive to α-TOS and α-TNS. In HeLa cells α-TNS did more effectively reduce cell viability than α-TOS. The complex I activity of SMP was little affected by α-TNS and α-TOS while the complex II activity was much more inhibited (IC₅₀ = 42 ± 8 μM α-TOS, 106 ± 8 μM α-TNS, respectively) than by α-TOA (IC₅₀ >1000 μM). Also the complex III activity was inhibited by α-TNS (IC₅₀ = 137 ± 6 μM) and α-TOS (IC₅₀ = 315 ± 23 μM). Oxygen consumption of NADH- or succinate-respiring SMP, involving the whole electron transfer machinery, was dose-dependently decreased by α-TOS and α-TNS, but only marginal effects were observed in the presence of α-TOA. In contrast to the similar inhibition pattern of α-TOS and α-TNS, only α-TOS triggered ${\text{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}$ formation in succinate- and NADH-respiring SMP. Inhibitor studies excluded complex I as ${\text{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}$ source and suggested an involvement of complex III in ${\text{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}$ production. In cancer cells only α-TOS was reproducibly able to increase ${\text{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}$ levels above the background level but neither α-TNS nor α-TOA. Furthermore, the stability of α-TNS in liver homogenates was significantly lower than that of α-TOS. In conclusion, this suggests that α-TNS although it has a structure similar to α-TOS is not acting via the same mechanism and that for α-TOS not only complex II but also complex III interactions are involved.     

Antioxidant phenylpropanoid glycosides from the leaves of Wasabia japonica

From the MeOH extract of the leaves of W. japonica, seven phenylpropanoid gentiobiosides (1-7) were isolated along with eight known phenylpropanoids (8-15). Structures of 1-7 were determined based on spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. The activity of compounds 1-15 to scavenge superoxide anion radicals was investigated using an electron spin resonance (ESR) method.     

Lipoxygenase-mediated production of superoxide anion in senescing plant tissue

Lipoxygenase activity and superoxide (O^.?₂) production by microsomal membranes and cytosol from bean cotyledons increased in parallel as senescence progressed. Superoxide production was heat denaturable and dependent on the availability of linoleate, the substrate for lipoxygenase. The specific inhibitor of lipoxygenase, U28938, caused a parallel reduction in enzyme activity and the formation of O^?₂. These observations demonstrate that lipoxygenase activity mediates the formation of superoxide anion, and support the contention that membrane senescence is attributable to a sequence of reactions in which lipasederived fatty acids are utilized by lipoxygenase to generate O^?₂ and hydroperoxides.     

In vivo real-time measurement of superoxide anion radical with a novel electrochemical sensor

The dynamics of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) in vivo remain to be clarified because no appropriate method exists to directly and continuously monitor and evaluate O₂⁻ in vivo. Here, we establish an in vivo method using a novel electrochemical O₂⁻ sensor. O₂⁻ generated is measured as a current and evaluated as a quantified partial value of electricity (Q_part), which is calculated by integration of the difference between the baseline and the actual reacted current. The accuracy and efficacy of this method were confirmed by dose-dependent O₂⁻ generation in xanthine–xanthine oxidase in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline and human blood. It was then applied to endotoxemic rats in vivo. O₂⁻ current began to increase 1 h after lipopolysaccharide, and Q_part increased significantly for 6 h in endotoxemic rats, in comparison to sham-treated rats. These values were attenuated by superoxide dismutase. The generation and attenuation of O₂⁻ were indirectly confirmed by plasma lipid peroxidation with malondialdehyde, endothelial injury with soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and microcirculatory dysfunction. This is a novel method for measuring O₂⁻ in vivo and could be used to monitor and treat the pathophysiology caused by excessive O₂⁻ generation in animals and humans.     

巴氏碳球C_（60）对红细胞膜的光敏作用研究

用人红细胞膜作实验材料,研究了巴氏碳球Ｃ_（６０）对红细胞膜的光敏作用。结果发现,Ｃ_（６０）光激发后对膜蛋白质几种重要氨基酸有明显破坏作用,并氧化膜蛋白巯基和膜不饱和脂肪酸,采用ＮａＮ３和ＳＯＤ作抑制剂探明了Ｃ_（６０）的光敏作用存在氧自由基的影响,并在Ｃ_（６０）光激发后的电子顺磁共振（ＥＳＲ）研究中得到进一步证实。