微生物展示技术在重金属污染生物修复中的研究进展

自然界对环境金属污染物的迁移和转化具有微秒而复杂的选择控制机理,生物修复技术以其投资少,效率高,可以原位处理低浓度有害污染物的特性而在环境治理中具有极大潜力。考虑传统的生物修复技术常常不能满足重金属治理的要求,基于重金属离子高效结合肽的微生物展示技术,有望在重金属生物修复中发挥重要作用。     

微生物分子生态学技术及其在环境污染研究中的应用

较为系统地概述了核酸探针检测技术、利用引物的PCR技术、DNA序列分析技术和电泳分离及显示技术在国内外的研究进展,并探讨了这些技术在环境污染研究中的应用及其方向。结果表明,这些被认为是重要的微生物分子生态学技术,在探索微生物与污染环境之间的相互关系中发挥了重要作用。促进了污染环境的微生物遗传适应进化机制的研究,污染物的微生物降解有关基因的定位及微生物工程菌的构建等方面的工作,从而推进了污染环境微生物修复的分子生态学的发展。     

微生物固定化技术在水体修复中的研究进展

微生物固定化技术目前已被广泛应用于环境生态修复等领域，对此，文章围绕微生物固定化技术，基于前人的研究成果和目前微生物固定化技术的相关研究进展，及其在水体修复方面的应用展开了探讨，并提出了发展展望，期望能够为微生物固定化技术的发展应用提供有益参考。     

3D生物打印技术在微生物修复中的应用

排放到环境中的各种农药、多环芳烃、卤代芳烃等有机污染物以及阻燃剂等新兴污染物,对环境污染、农产品质量和环境安全造成了沉重负担。因此,有效去除环境中的有机污染物已成为迫在眉睫的挑战。3D生物打印技术已经在医学材料、制药等行业中发挥着重要作用。现在,越来越多的微生物被确定适合通过3D生物打印生产具有复杂结构和功能的生物材料。微生物的3D生物打印越来越受到环境微生物学家和生物技术专家的关注。本文综述了用于污染物微生物去除的不同3D生物打印技术的原理和优缺点,及用于微生物生物修复技术的可行性,并指出了可能遇到的限制和挑战。     

分子生物学在石油微生物多样性研究中的应用

该文较系统地概述了目前以16SrRNA为基础的核酸探针检测技术、利用引物的PCR技术、DNA序列分析技术和电泳分离及显示技术在油藏微生物群落多样性和石油环境污染研究中的研究进展,并探讨了未来分子生物学技术在石油微生物研究中的发展方向。     

生物修复的研究和应用现状及发展前景

综述了生物修复的研究和应用现状及发展前景。内容涉及生物修复的研究方法和手段、生物修复在土壤和水体中的应用、生物修复的发展前景等。     

生物修复技术在水污染治理中的应用研究

水是生命之源,与人们的生活息息相关,然而随着社会的不断发展,当前水污染问题也越来越严重,使人们的生活与身体健康受到严重的威胁。传统的水污染治理技术存在治理周期长、成本高等问题,难以满足现代社会对水环境治理的要求,因此,当前亟需寻求一种科学、高效、可持续的水污染治理技术。生物修复技术是近些年发展起来的一种新型水污染治理技术,具有治理周期短、成本低、效果好等优点,受到了民众的广泛关注。文章将重点探讨生物修复技术在水污染治理中的应用,以期为生物修复技术的实际推广应用提供理论和实践支持。     

PCR-DGGE技术在微生物生态学中的应用

PCR-DGGE技术是随着现代分子生物学发展起来的一种很重要的分析手段,与传统的种群鉴定方法相比,PCR-DGGE技术具有快速和操作简便等优点,对于不可培养的微生物也能达到分离的效果,因而在微生物生态学中受到普遍关注与重视。介绍了该技术的基本原理、主要影响因素等研究动态以及在微生物生态学中的应用现状,并对其应用前景作了综述。     

嗜盐微生物在环境修复中的研究进展

人类活动产生的污染物,使一些天然盐环境遭受不同程度的污染,或者使环境受到污染物与高盐的双重污染。在高盐条件下,非嗜盐微生物的代谢会受到抑制,其生物修复效率明显降低,甚至丧失修复能力。嗜盐微生物则能够在高盐环境中栖息繁殖,凸显其修复被污染高盐环境的生物学效率和广阔的应用前景。就嗜盐微生物降解石油烃、芳香烃衍生物和有机磷等污染物的研究进展进行了综述和讨论。     

油藏微生物多样性的分子生态学研究进展

油藏微生物是一类宝贵的资源, 在油层生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥着主导作用。传统上, 主要依赖纯培养技术, 使得大部分油藏微生物都没能得到充分认识。分子方法克服了纯培养方法中遇到的问题, 能更好地了解环境微生物群落多样性。近年来, 在油藏微生物群落多样性研究中的应用进展迅速, 对油藏微生物学和生态学的发展产生了重要影响。文中评述了近年来国内外在油藏微生物分子生态方面的研究进展, 并对进一步的研究提出了展望。     

油藏微生物多样性的分子生态学研究进展

油藏微生物是一类宝贵的资源,在油层生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发着主导作用.传统上,主要依赖纯培养技术,使得大部分油藏微生物都没能得到充分认识.分子方法克服了纯培养方法中遇到的问题,能更好地了解环境微生物群落多样性.近年来,在油藏微生物群落多样性研究中的应用进展迅速,对油藏微生物学和生态学的发展产生了重要影响.文中评述了近年来国内外在油藏微生物分子生态方面的研究进展,并对进一步的研究提出了展望.     

分子生物学方法在水体微生物生态研究中的应用

微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分,研究水体中微生物的多样性和群落结构对于开发微生物资源、进行水体生物修复具有重要意义。现代分子生物学的发展为研究水体微生物提供了行之有效的方法。综述了16S rDNA文库构建、变性梯度凝胶电泳、限制性片段长度多态性、末端标记限制性片段长度多态性等技术的原理以及在水体微生物研究中的主要应用。     

DGGE技术在微生物生态学研究中的应用

简要介绍了DGGE（denaturing gradient gel electrophorests）的基本原理,及其在研究微生物类群多样性,环境中微生物变化的动态监测,微生物新物种的发现,不同DNA提取方法效果的比较和功能基因多样性研究等微生物生态学领域中的应用,并对该技术自身存在的缺陷进行了评价。     

Microbial Biofilms: from Ecology to Molecular Genetics

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces or associated with interfaces. Despite the focus of modern microbiology research on pure culture, planktonic (free-swimming) bacteria, it is now widely recognized that most bacteria found in natural, clinical, and industrial settings persist in association with surfaces. Furthermore, these microbial communities are often composed of multiple species that interact with each other and their environment. The determination of biofilm architecture, particularly the spatial arrangement of microcolonies (clusters of cells) relative to one another, has profound implications for the function of these complex communities. Numerous new experimental approaches and methodologies have been developed in order to explore metabolic interactions, phylogenetic groupings, and competition among members of the biofilm. To complement this broad view of biofilm ecology, individual organisms have been studied using molecular genetics in order to identify the genes required for biofilm development and to dissect the regulatory pathways that control the plankton-to-biofilm transition. These molecular genetic studies have led to the emergence of the concept of biofilm formation as a novel system for the study of bacterial development. The recent explosion in the field of biofilm research has led to exciting progress in the development of new technologies for studying these communities, advanced our understanding of the ecological significance of surface-attached bacteria, and provided new insights into the molecular genetic basis of biofilm development.     

How to Deal with PCR Contamination in Molecular Microbial Ecology

Microbial ecology studies often use broad-range PCR primers to obtain community profiles. Contaminant microbial DNA present in PCR reagents may therefore be amplified together with template DNA, resulting in unrepeatable data which may be difficult to interpret, especially when template DNA is present at low levels. One possible decontamination method consists in pre-treating PCR mixes with restriction enzymes before heat-inactivating those enzymes prior to the start of the PCR. However, this method has given contrasting results, including a reduction in PCR sensitivity. In this study, we tested the efficiency of two different enzymes (DNase 1 and Sau3AI) as well as the effect of dithiothreitol (DTT), a strong reducing agent, in the decontamination procedure. Our results indicate that enzymatic treatment does reduce contamination levels. However, DNase 1 caused substantial reductions in the bacterial richness found in communities, which we interpret as a result of its incomplete inactivation by heat treatment. DTT did help maintain bacterial richness in mixes treated with DNase 1. No such issues arose when using Sau3AI, which therefore seems a more appropriate enzyme. In our study, four operational taxonomic units (OTU) decreased in frequency and relative abundance after treatment with Sau3AI and hence are likely to represent contaminant bacterial DNA. We found higher within-sample similarity in community structure after treatment with Sau3AI, probably better reflecting the initial bacterial communities. We argue that the presence of contaminant bacterial DNA may have consequences in the interpretation of ecological data, especially when using low levels of template DNA from highly diverse communities. We advocate the use of such decontaminating approaches as a standard procedure in microbial ecology.     

微生物分子生态学技术在湖泊微生物多样性研究中的应用

微生物是湖泊生物圈物质循环和能量流动的主要参与者,在湖泊的生态系统中起着重要的作用。但是,湖泊中存在着大量不可培养的细菌,利用传统的培养技术,无法对湖泊微生物的多样性进行深入而全面的研究,而不依赖培养的分子生物学技术的发展为此方面研究开辟了新的路径。微生物分子生态学作为分子生物学与微生物生态学交叉产生的学科,在研究湖泊微生物多样性方面已经得到了广泛的应用。主要综述了变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性技术(T-RFLP),16SrDNA克隆文库技术等微生物分子生态学技术在研究湖泊微生物多样性方面的应用情况。     

Linking Molecular Microbial Ecology to Geochemistry in a Coastal Hypoxic Zone

Multiple environmental mechanisms have been proposed to control bottom water hypoxia (<2 mg O₂ L^?1) in the northern Gulf of Mexico Louisiana shelf. Near-bottom hypoxia has been attributed to a direct consumption of oxygen through benthic microbial respiration and a secondary chemical reaction between oxygen and reduced metabolites (i.e. ferrous iron and total sulfide) from these populations. No studies to date have examined the metabolically active microbial community structure in conjunction with the geochemical profile in these sediments. Temporal and spatial differences in dissolved and solid phase geochemistry were investigated in the upper 20 cm of the sediment column. Pyrosequencing of reverse transcribed small subunit (SSU) ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) was used to determine population distribution. Results indicated that populations shallower than 10 cm below surface were temporally variable yet uniform between sites, while below this depth, populations were more site-specific. This suggests a potential interaction between the water column and the benthic microbial population limited to a shallow depth. The presence of dissolved reduced iron in the upper sediment column was indicative of low oxygen concentration, yet sulfide was at or below detection limits. Putative sulfate and iron reducing and oxidizing populations were metabolically active at similar depths suggesting potential recycling of products. Results from this study indicate low carbon concentrations in the shallow sediments limit general metabolic activity, reducing the potential for microbial respiration. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Geomicrobiology Journal to view the supplemental file.     

瘤胃微生物多样性及功能性研究方法概述

庞大的瘤胃微生物群系之间存在着共生关系,影响着宿主的代谢,是反刍动物营养学的研究热点之一.通过基于16S rRNA的分子生物学方法,如探针法、实时定量PCR法、DGGE/TGGE,RAPD和RFLP技术等研究瘤胃微生物多样性及组成结构,应用宏基因组学如建立YAC文库、BAC文库等研究方法对瘤胃微生物功能特征进行更深入的研究,实现改善反刍动物乳、肉产品品质的目的.