共查询到8条相似文献，搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Jason R. How William K. de la Mare Douglas K. Coughran Michael C. Double Simon de Lestang 《Marine Mammal Science》2021,37(3):782-806
Entanglement of whales in fishing gear occurs globally and where populations are recovering from past exploitation, entanglement frequency is likely to increase. The Western Australian population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) is growing rapidly, yet from 1990 to 2010 the number of whales reported entangled in gear from the pot-based western rock lobster fishery was relatively stable at around one per year. However, from 2010, reported entanglements increased, reaching a maximum of 17 in 2013. This increase occurred immediately after a shift to a year-round quota-based fishery that eliminated the annual 4½-month closure that coincided with the whale migration. Gear modifications that eliminated surface rope, shortened rope lengths, and reduced float numbers were implemented in June 2014 to reduce whale entanglements. The effectiveness of these modifications was evaluated using a Bayesian model that incorporated changes in humpback whale population size, entanglement reporting probability, fishing effort, and whale migration timing. Our analyses indicate that gear modifications reduced entanglement in fishing gear from the rock lobster fishery by at least 25% (with 95% probability), with a median reduction of 64%. The model also showed that the greatest entanglement risk occurs on the northward migration and in water depths of 55–73 m. 相似文献
2.
Laurens E. Howle Scott D. Kraus Timothy B. Werner Douglas P. Nowacek 《Marine Mammal Science》2019,35(3):760-778
Population estimates of the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) put the number of individuals at 458 with the actual number likely being lower due to a recent unusual mortality event. Entanglement with fixed fishing gear is the most significant cause of mortality of North Atlantic right whales. There remains little documentation of how North Atlantic right whales become enwrapped during an encounter with fixed fishing gear. In order to gain a better understanding of how entanglements might occur, an interactive simulator was developed that allows the user to swim a virtual whale model using a standard game controller through a gear field in an attempt to re‐create an entanglement. The morphologically accurate right whale model produces realistic swimming motions and is capable of pectoral fin motions in response to user input. Using the simulator, gear entanglements involving the pectoral flippers including ropes wrapping around the body and entanglements involving the tailstock were re‐created. Entanglements involving the pectoral flippers with body wraps were more easily generated than entanglements involving the tailstock only. The simulator should aid scientists, fisheries experts, fishing gear designers, and bycatch reduction scientists in understanding entanglement dynamics and testing potential new gear configurations. 相似文献
3.
Amanda Johnson Glenn Salvador John Kenney Jooke Robbins Scott Kraus Scott Landry Phil Clapham 《Marine Mammal Science》2005,21(4):635-645
Interactions between marine mammals and fishing gear are an issue of global concern. Entanglements in the western North Atlantic are a major source of injury and mortality for endangered large whales. In this study, entanglements of 31 right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) and 30 humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) were analyzed to determine the types and parts of gear involved. When gear was identified, 89% ( n = 32) of the entanglements were attributed to pot and gill net gear; however, a wide range of specific gear types were implicated. Despite gear recovery, gear type was not identified in 20% ( n = 9) of the cases. Although pot gear was recovered from both species equally, gill net gear was less frequently retrieved from right whales ( n = 2) than humpback whales ( n = 11). When gear part was identified, 81% ( n = 21) involved entanglements in buoy line and/or groundline. For right whales, the most common point of gear attachment was the mouth (77.4%); for humpback whales, the tail (53%) and the mouth (43%) were common attachment sites. Four right and three humpback whales in this sample were known to have died subsequent to entanglement. However, when identified, the gear types and parts involved in lethal cases were not substantially different from entanglements with non-lethal outcomes. Large whales can become entangled in a wide variety of fishing gear types and parts, and additional insight will depend on continued efforts to document entanglements and recover associated gear. 相似文献
4.
用聚类分析法分析了2003年6月-2005年6月东、黄海水团的分布,并讨论了水团动态变化与夏季休渔效果间的关系。结果表明,6月表层水团主要包括东海表层水团、黄海水团、黄-东海混合水团和沿岸冲淡水,底层水团主要包括东海次表层水团、黄海冷水团和黄海水团。另外,各水团的分布面积存在年间差异。夏季休渔期间,中上层鱼类资源和底层鱼类资源的恢复速度均在2005年最快,在2003年最慢。9月东、黄海中上层鱼类的主要作业渔场在28°00′-32°30′N,125°30′E以西海域,该海域表层主要受东海表层水团所控制;底层鱼类的主要作业渔场在29°30′-33°00′N,127°00′E以西海域,该海域底层主要受东海次表层水团所控制。6月较强的东海表层水团有利于中上层鱼类资源的恢复;较强的东海次表层水团有利于底层鱼类资源的恢复,而较强的黄海冷水团不利于底层鱼类资源的恢复。 相似文献
5.
John J. Citta John J. Burns Lori T. Quakenbush Vicki Vanek John C. George Robert J. Small Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen Harry Brower 《Marine Mammal Science》2014,30(2):445-459
Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) of the western Arctic stock winter in ice‐covered continental shelf regions of the Bering Sea, where pot fisheries for crabs (Paralithodes and Chionoecetes spp.) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) pose a risk of entanglement. In the winter of 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 the spatial distribution of 21 satellite tagged bowhead whales partially overlapped areas in which pot fisheries for cod and blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) occurred. However, these fisheries ended before whales entered the fishing areas, thus avoiding temporal overlap. A fishery for snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) typically runs from January to May and provides the greatest potential for bowhead whales to encounter active pot gear. Tagged whales did not enter the area of the snow crab fishery during this study and generally remained in areas with >90% sea ice concentration, which is too concentrated for crab boats to penetrate. Pack ice sometimes overruns active fishing areas, resulting in lost gear, which is the most likely source of entanglement. The western Arctic stock of bowhead whales was increasing as of 2004; as such, incidental mortality from commercial pot fisheries is probably negligible at this time. Regardless, entanglement may increase over time and should be monitored. 相似文献
6.
Pioneer Taashwa Gamundani Kudzai Mpakairi Christopher Magadza Shakkie Kativu Elmon Dhlomo 《African Journal of Ecology》2020,58(3):432-445
Climate models project a hot and dry future for Southern Africa. In this research, Maximum Entropy was used to model the extent to which climate change, land cover and distance from water edges may influence current and future distribution of the African skimmer in the mid-Zambezi Valley. Global Biodiversity Information Facility data collected between the years 2000–2019 were used to develop the models. Three models were built: one for current distribution and two for future distribution under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 6.0. Results revealed that annual precipitation and distance from water edges were the most important predictors of habitat suitability for the African skimmer under current and future climate. Temperature and land cover were least important in explaining current and future distribution of the species. The RCP 2.6 predicted future decrease in suitable habitat for the African skimmer in the mid-Zambezi Valley, while RCP 6.0 predicted future increase in suitable habitat for the species. This research conclusively revealed that precipitation and distance from water edges were consistently key predictors of suitable habitat for the African skimmer. 相似文献
7.
对黄土塬区不同土地利用方式下2012年3—10月7龄果园(挂果初期)、17龄果园(盛果期)、小麦地、玉米地土壤水文状况进行分析,结果显示,0—600 cm试验土层7龄果园土壤贮水量最高,其次为玉米地、小麦地,17龄果园最低,且不同土地利用方式下贮水量随着降水量的变化而上下波动,但其变化滞后于降水。不同土地利用方式均表现为随土壤深度增加土壤含水量变异程度减弱的特征,且其土壤剖面的水分含量变化存在季节变异。农田和7龄果园中不存在土壤干燥化现象,而17龄果园土壤剖面存在较厚的干燥化土层,其分布深度为320—600 cm。不同的土地利用方式的土壤水分的消耗和补充深度有较大差异,17龄果园消耗深度为500 cm,补充深度为200 cm;7龄果园、玉米地和小麦地消耗深度分别为200、300 cm和300 cm,且补充深度均超过了测定的土壤深度,大于600 cm。 相似文献
8.
The presence of collagen and charged macromolecules like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the interstitial space limits the space available for plasma proteins and other macromolecules. This phenomenon, known as interstitial exclusion, is of importance for interstitial fluid volume regulation. Physical/mathematical models are presented for calculating the exclusion of electrically charged and neutral macromolecules that equilibrate in the interstitium under various degrees of hydration. Here, a central hypothesis is that the swelling of highly electrically charged GAGs with increased hydration shields parts of the neutral collagen of the interstitial matrix from interacting with electrically charged macromolecules, such that exclusion of charged macromolecules exhibits change due to steric and charge effects. GAGs are also thought to allow relatively small neutral, but also charged macromolecules neutralized by a very high ionic strength, diffuse into the interior of GAGs, whereas larger macromolecules may not. Thus, in the model, relatively small electrically charged macromolecules, such as human serum albumin, and larger neutral macromolecules such as IgG, will have quite similar total volume exclusion properties in the interstitium. Our results are in agreement with ex vivo and in vivo experiments, and suggest that the charge of GAGs or macromolecular drugs may be targeted to increase the tissue uptake of macromolecular therapeutic agents. 相似文献