Stress‐tolerator leaf traits determine population dynamics in the endangered New Caledonian conifer Araucaria muelleri

Demographic and ecophysiological data for the endangered New Caledonian conifer, Araucaria muelleri (Araucariaceae), were analysed to: (i) evaluate population viability in relation to site conditions and human impacts; and (ii) advance our understanding of how stress‐tolerator plant functional traits affect the population dynamic behaviour and conservation requirements of long‐lived tree species. Growth, survivorship and recruitment in four A. muelleri populations were monitored across 9 years. Demographic rates were analysed using stage‐based transition matrices. Leaf δ¹³C, %N and photosystem II stress (Fv/Fm) were measured for seedlings, saplings and trees, and leaf mass per area (LMA) for trees, and correlations among ecophysiological and demographic variables explored. Seedling, sapling and tree stem growth were among the slowest, and annual survivorship among the highest, reported for any tree. Transition matrix analyses yielded stable estimated population growth rates, λ, not significantly different from 1.0 for all populations. Leaf δ¹³C was positively correlated with seedling and sapling height growth, while daytime photosystem II stress (Fv/Fm) was high in seedlings, but low in saplings and trees. Ecophysiological measures suggest that individuals transition from moisture‐limited growth at the seedling stage to nutrient‐limited growth as adults. High levels of environmental stress result in slow stand dynamics, characterized by low recruitment and growth rates counterbalanced by equally low mortality rates. These dynamics result in populations with limited capacity to increase in size quickly, but potentially highly vulnerable to decline should the rate of adult mortality increase. This combination of traits is likely typical of extreme stress‐tolerator woody species and suggests a conservation focus on the preservation of mature individuals.     

The Role of Cloud Combing and Shading by Isolated Trees in the Succession from Maquis to Rain Forest in New Caledonia1

This study examined the role of shading and cloud combing of moisture by scattered trees of the emergent conifer Araucaria laubenfelsii (Corbass.) in montane shrubland‐maquis at Mont Do, New Caledonia, in facilitating the succession from shrubland to rain forest. Water collection experiments showed that these trees combed significant amounts of water from low clouds on days when no rainfall was recorded and deposited this moisture on the ground beneath the tree canopy. Analysis of photosystem II function in A. laubenfelsii and five other plant species using fluorometry revealed much lower photosystem stress in plants beneath scattered A. laubenfelsii than for individuals exposed to full sunlight in the open maquis. Transition matrix analyses of vegetation change based on “the most likely recruit to succeed” indicated that the transition from maquis to forest was markedly faster when emergent trees of A. laubenfelsii acted as nuclei for forest species invasion of die maquis. On the basis of these lines of evidence, it is argued that increased moisture and shading supplied to the area directly below the crown of isolated A. laubenfelsii trees in the maquis facilitates the establishment of both conifer seedlings and other rain forest tree and shrub species. In the absence of fire, rain forest can reestablish through spread in two ways: first, by expansion from remnant patches, and second, from coalescence of small rain forest patches formed around individual trees of A. laubenfelsii.     

Stand structure of the emergent conifer Araucaria laubenfelsii) in maquis and rainforest,Mont Do,New Caledonia

Abstract Despite its small size, New Caledonia has a flora which includes 43 endemic species of conifer. This study examines the stand structure of the New Caledonian conifer, Araucaria laubenfelsii Corbasson, a species which occurs on ukramafic soils as an emergent tree in rainforest and in an unusual structural association with maquis vegetation. Fire and cyclone blow-down are the primary disturbances in the maquis, but fire is infrequent in the rainforests which is evident from the low proportion of fire scarred trees. Preliminary results show abundant seedlings and saplings of A. laubenfelsii both in maquis and forest. Size class distributions of individuals suggest that the species is continuously regenerating in the maquis and immature forests. Variability in the stand structure in maquis communities reflects the probable patchy nature of disturbance from small-scale fires and blow-down from tropical cyclones. In mature forests, Nothofagus codonandra (Baillon) Steenis is the dominant canopy species and ‘other tree species’ are continuously regenerating, while the size class distributions and basal area of A. laubenfelsii suggest that there is, at present, limited regeneration of this species. Tree ring counts indicate that individuals in forest areas grow at a slower rate than those in maquis, but attain greater age, probably as a result of greater protection from fire.     

濒危植物水青树的种群结构与数量动态

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制四川草坡自然保护区水青树Tetracentron sinense种群特定时间生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合时间序列模型,分析该种群数量的动态变化。结果表明：(1)草坡自然保护区的水青树的年龄结构表现为稳定型,虽然幼苗较多,但幼树死亡率高,种群处于衰退早期;(2)水青树种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅲ龄级出现一高峰,即幼树死亡率较高;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(3) 4个生存函数曲线表明,水青树种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定和末期衰退的特点,其种群处于衰退早期;(4)种群的时间序列预测模型分析表明,在未来9年水青树种群数量将下降,老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数更显不足,呈衰退势态。     

准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群结构与动态研究

通过样地调查和数据统计分析,对准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群现状绘制径级结构图,编制生命表、分析存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:种群整体结构属于增长型,但梭梭种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目.存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关;环境因素和人为干扰的影响,梭梭在Ⅲ～V龄级死亡率较高,种群在第Ⅳ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大;时间序列分析表明,在未来第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持梭梭种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键.     

极小种群野生植物峨眉含笑的种群结构与数量动态

该研究以极小种群野生植物——峨眉含笑(Michelia wilsonii)为对象,采用样地调查法对雅安市周公山峨眉含笑野生种群进行群落调查,依据空间代替时间理论及匀滑技术,将种群动态变化情况量化,编制种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线分析其年龄结构现状,并用时间序列预测模型对其未来的数量动态进行预测,以揭示峨眉含笑的生存潜力和濒危机制,为该种群的恢复与重建提供依据。结果表明：(1)研究区内峨眉含笑种群的数量变化动态指数V_pi和V_pi′均大于0,年龄结构呈倒J型,存活曲线趋于Deevey Ⅱ型,种群结构属于增长型,但种群的演替过程存在波动性,幼苗的数量丰富但向幼树的发展受阻,幼树向中、壮树阶段的补充也有所减少,种群存在衰退风险。(2)峨眉含笑野生种群的死亡率和消失率均在第Ⅰ龄级、第Ⅶ~Ⅷ龄级和第Ⅹ龄级出现高峰,而在第Ⅱ~Ⅵ龄级阶段比较稳定。(3)随龄级增加,峨眉含笑种群的生存率持续下降,累积死亡率持续上升,危险率在第Ⅰ龄级时最高(1.308),死亡密度在第Ⅶ~Ⅷ龄级降至最低,在整个龄级阶段中对应龄级的危险率均高于生存率,种群存在断代衰退的风险。(4)时间序列预测分析表明,经历未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后,中、壮树阶段个体数量有减少的趋势。研究认为,峨眉含笑野生种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。     

贡嘎山海螺沟林线附近峨眉冷杉种群的结构与动态

通过对贡嘎山海螺沟海拔 35 80m处 1.0hm2 峨眉冷杉 (AbiesfabriCraib)林的定位调查 ,分析了峨眉冷杉的个体生长、种群结构与动态、干扰及更新特征。结果表明 :1)林线附近的环境胁迫影响了个体的形态发育和高、径生长 ,但对其更新繁殖无明显影响 ;2 )静态生命表和种群生存曲线反映了 2 0a以前和 6 0～ 140a分别经历的强烈环境筛选和竞争自疏 ,以及后期与环境变化相关的死亡率波动 ,峨眉冷杉寿命极限为 40 0a左右。 3)林线种群遭受高频率、小规模的林隙干扰。尽管 86 .4%的林隙由多木形成 ,但死亡的峨眉冷杉以枯立为主导致林隙较小 ;病害、冰雪和死树的打压是林隙形成的重要因素 ,而风不是这里林线环境的主要自然干扰。 4)峨眉冷杉的幼苗表现了相当的耐荫性 ,尽管其更新依赖林隙的存在 ,但更新格局存在多尺度的成因     

峨眉山桫椤种群结构与动态特征

以峨眉山桫椤种群为研究对象,采用实地调查方法,以高度级(H)代替年龄级,通过建立种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算生存函数描绘其种群结构与动态特征,并运用时间序列预测模型,研究其种群生存现状及未来发展趋势。结果显示:(1)峨眉山桫椤种群结构呈现不规则金字塔形,桫椤种群内中龄级(0.6mH≤2.1m)的数量占样本总量的58.5%,幼龄级(H≤0.6m)与老龄级(H4.8m)分别占比12.7%和1%,幼龄个体匮乏,种群结构的维持与发展主要依靠中龄和成龄级(2.1mH≤4.8m)个体。(2)考虑未来外部干扰下的总体数量动态指数V′_(pi)=3.0270,种群总体呈现增长趋势,但增长幅度逐渐降低。(3)存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,前期死亡率较为平稳,但后期死亡率有较大幅度上升,表明峨眉山桫椤种群具有前期减少,中期稳定,后期衰退的特点。(4)时间序列预测显示,桫椤种群在短暂增长过后,若不加以保护会逐渐走向衰退,甚至濒危。研究表明,峨眉山桫椤种群濒危的主要因素是幼树个体损失无法补充种群更新,建议在峨眉山设立局部自然保护区,并对幼苗进行抚育,加强对高效育种技术的研究,促进峨眉山桫椤种群的复壮与更新。     

Population Density and Home Range Size of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Indri indri</Emphasis> in a Protected Low Altitude Rain Forest

We report the results of a census of Indri indri conducted in Betampona Nature Reserve, a lowland rain forest in eastern Madagascar. In addition, we conducted a year-long study of the ranging behavior of 3 groups in the southwestern region of the reserve. We used 2 methods to calculate population density and home range size, and to provide minimum and maximum estimates. Population density of Indri indri ranged from 6.9–13.2 individuals/km² in Betampona. Mean home range size is 27 ha. The values for population density and home range size are intermediate between values for Indri indri in selectively logged and undisturbed montane rain forest. Our results suggest a relationship between habitat disturbance, population density and home range size for the species. Recent increases in habitat disturbance appear to cause an increase in population density and a decrease in home range size. The results are consistent with ones for other folivorous primate populations. Further research on habitat requirements of Indri and availability in Betampona is necessary to investigate the possibility of translocating Indri from nearby forest fragments into Betampona.     

山西南部翅果油树种群动态与谱分析

从种群生态方面,探讨山西南部濒危树种——翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollis Diels）的濒危机制,具有重要的科学价值。本文利用生存分析理论研究了翅果油树种群径级结构,编制了特定时间生命表,并绘制存活曲线、死亡曲线等曲线,同时又分析了生存率、积累死亡率和死亡密度等生存函数;而且应用谱分析理论分析了翅果油树种群的周期性。结果表明：（1）径级结构分析说明翅果油树种群属于增长型。（2）生命表分析表明,翅果油树种群损失度动态趋势和死亡率变化基本相似,呈现波动变化。存活曲线经统计检验更趋于DeeveyⅡ型。生命期望在17～21 cm径级出现高峰,说明此径级阶段翅果油树的生存质量相对较高。（3）生存函数分析表明,积累死亡率单调增加,生存率单调下降,其增加或下降幅度是前期高于后期。死亡密度函数曲线和死亡曲线变化趋势基本一致,危险率函数曲线也和死亡率变化趋势一致。（4）谱分析表明在自然更新过程中翅果油树种群动态表现出大周期内的小周期迭加现象,并且受基波的影响较大。     

雅鲁藏布江三大支流流域小花水柏枝种群结构及动态特征

小花水柏枝(Myricaria wardii)为西藏特有物种,是重要的藏药资源,主要分布于雅鲁藏布江（简称雅江）三大支流河谷流域。为探索小花水柏枝种群结构及分布特征,在雅江三大支流拉萨河、年楚河和尼洋河流域设定15个样点,每个样点5个样方,测量小花水柏枝的基径大小,用径级大小划分年龄结构,通过编制静态生命表并绘制存活曲线来描述种群结构,并使用种群动态量化和时间序列分析预测小花水柏枝种群数量变化。结果表明：雅江三大支流小花水柏枝种群径级结构均为底部狭窄中部膨大的非典型金字塔结构。动态指数显示三大支流小花水柏枝种群均为增长型但增长趋势不明显,并且对外界干扰比较敏感,抗干扰能力较差。静态生命表及相关曲线显示三大支流小花水柏枝种群存活数量和生命期望随着径级增大逐渐下降,三大流域小花水柏枝种群均发生不同程度的波动,整体呈现不稳定的状态。生存分析和时间序列分析均表明缺乏幼苗是导致未来小花水柏枝衰退的主要原因,且预测年楚河和拉萨河小花水柏枝种群将更快进入衰退期,尼洋河流域小花水柏枝种群衰退期较晚。同时,幼苗所占比例与居群所在地降水量显著正相关,因此高降水量的尼洋河流域更适合小花水柏枝的生存。然而此环境的小花水柏枝种群数量对干扰较敏感,建议在雅江三大支流流域经济发展的同时加强对小花水柏枝种群幼苗保护,保护和改善小花水柏枝种群生境,以维持其种群的天然更新和恢复。     

小陇山国家级自然保护区华山松种群更新动态分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代替年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术编制小陇山国家级自然保护区华山松种群静态生命表,对其种群年龄结构、死亡率曲线、损失度曲线、存活曲线、生存函数曲线及其幼苗的更新动态、死亡率和原因进行分析。结果表明:该种群属于增长型,表现出前期增长,中期稳定,后期衰退的特点;该种群的整个生命过程,显示了三次死亡高峰,其中幼苗死亡率较高,以后的死亡率低而平缓,符合种群的自然动态规律,也指出"天保工程"实施的意义和效果;该研究指示了华山松的动态以及种群的变化趋势,对保护区已经实施的生态监测和森林保护有着十分重要的意义。     

海南铜鼓岭鸭脚木种群动态特征研究

鸭脚木(Schefflera octophylla)是海南文昌铜鼓岭国家级自然保护区内滨海森林的优势种,也是海南其他地区热带森林常见伴生种。为深入了解该区滨海森林内鸭脚木种群的生存现状、更新机制以及未来发展的动态变化特点,该研究通过对海南热带滨海森林2.56 hm²样地中鸭脚木种群的调查,以径级结构代替龄级结构,编制鸭脚木种群静态生命表,并结合种群动态量化指数、生存函数、时间序列预测模型等方法定量分析鸭脚木种群结构和数量动态变化。结果表明:(1)研究区域内共记录鸭脚木数量2 814株,按照径级大小共划分为12个龄级,龄级结构呈倒J字型,属于趋向稳定型种群。(2)该区鸭脚木的存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群各径级的死亡率相接近。(3)鸭脚木种群的量化指数显示,V_pi=30.685> 0,V_pi’=0.236> 0,说明该种群现处增长阶段并且相对稳定。(4)据时间序列模型预测鸭脚木种群在未来的3、6、9 a内各龄级的种群个体数量整体呈现增加的趋势。综上分析认为,该区生境有利于鸭脚木种群的生长且该种群形成了良好...     

Population dynamics and comparative demographics in sympatric populations of the round-leaved orchids Platanthera macrophylla and P. orbiculata

Orchids (Orchidaceae) are a family of flowering plants with a high proportion of threatened taxa making them an important focus of plant conservation. Orchid conservation efforts are most effective when informed by reliable demographic research. We utilized transition matrix models to examine the population dynamics and demography within sympatric populations of a species pair of terrestrial round-leaved orchids, Platanthera macrophylla and P. orbiculata. The models were parameterized from a large data set spanning 9 years from field observations of over 1,000 orchids. Life table response experiments (LTRE) were used to identify which life history transitions, and which vital rates within those transitions, most contributed to observed differences between the two species and most contributed to interannual variation within each species. Results from mean transition matrices projected finite rates of population growth that were not significantly different between the two species, with P. macrophylla near the replacement rate and P. orbiculata below it. LTRE revealed that the difference in population growth rates between the two species was mostly due to differences in fecundity (flowering adult to protocorm transition) driven by differences in fruit set and seed germination into protocorm, which were much greater for P. macrophylla. The two primary contributors to interannual variation in population growth rates for both orchids were adult survival and fruit set, respectively. These findings indicate that any environmental disturbances harming adult survival or fecundity will have a disproportionately negative effect on the orchid populations.     

珍稀植物银砂槐中国分布区的种群结构与动态分析

通过对中国唯一银砂槐(Ammodendron bifolium)分布区———新疆伊犁河谷地塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠狭窄区域的样地调查和数据统计分析,绘制了银砂槐自然种群的径级结构图,编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态。结果表明:(1)研究区内银砂槐种群结构中小径级个体较多,即Ⅰ~Ⅲ径级占70.4%,Ⅳ~Ⅶ径级占27.62%,Ⅷ~Ⅹ径级仅占1.98%,种群整体结构属于增长型,但Ⅰ径级个体数少于Ⅱ径级,种群的自然更新相对较差。(2)静态生命表分析结果表明,随着径级的增加银砂槐种群死亡率大致为上升趋势,且种群内基径超过3.5cm(Ⅷ径级)的银砂槐数量迅速下降,即研究区内银砂槐基径越接近Ⅷ径级就越接近其生理寿命。(3)研究区内银砂槐的存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,但Ⅰ径级存活数低于Ⅱ径级,Ⅱ径级后存活数量迅速下降,说明该种群幼苗补充量较少,自然更新受阻。(4)时间序列分析表明,随着时间推移,种群未来会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势。研究认为,新疆伊犁河谷地的银砂槐种群的生长发育主要受限于其自身的生物学特性和种内竞争,其种群的长期稳定维持较为困难,现有植株及生境斑块的妥善保护和适当的人工辅助措施是该区银砂槐种群恢复的关键。     

梵净山自然保护区珙桐萌蘖繁殖在种群数量中的作用

为探讨梵净山自然保护区珙桐(Davidia involucrata)的繁殖策略,揭示萌蘖苗和实生苗在维持种群数量中的作用。采用每木调查法调查贵州省梵净山自然保护区标水岩珙桐种群,根据调查数据绘制径级结构图。以珙桐径级结构代替年龄结构,采用匀滑技术分别编制了萌蘖苗和实生苗种群静态生命表,并绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线及4个生存函数曲线。结果显示:(1)珙桐种群年龄结构存在一定的波动性,按萌蘖苗统计则幼龄个体占78.78%,按实生苗统计则幼龄个体占21.45%,两种统计的珙桐种群的生存曲线接近于DeeveyⅡ型。(2)珙桐种群整体是增长的,萌蘖苗V_(spi)高于V_(sepi)(6.50%>2.30%)。(3)珙桐种群生存率呈单调下降趋势,萌蘖苗较明显。(4)珙桐种群累计死亡率呈单调上升的趋势,萌蘖苗更明显。(5)珙桐种群生存率和消失率曲线呈单调上升趋势,萌蘖苗和实生苗基本一致。标水岩珙桐种群属于增长型种群,存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,后期种群保持稳定,萌蘖繁殖有利于维持种群数量,在维持种群稳定中具有十分重要的作用。     

长白山阔叶红松林红松种群年龄结构与数量动态特征

该研究以分布于长白山阔叶红松林内的红松(Pinus koraiensis)种群为对象, 通过编制种群静态生命表, 计算数量动态指数, 绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线, 应用4个生存函数并引入谱分析和时间序列预测模型, 分析红松种群年龄结构, 揭示其天然更新过程及未来发展趋势, 以期为野生红松种群的保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果显示: 红松种群数量变化具有阶段性, 幼龄(I-III龄级)和成龄(VII-X龄级)个体数量多, 中龄(IV-VI龄级)和老龄(XI-XIV龄级)个体数量少, 形成明显间断的两个优势年龄分布区。种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型, 表明幼龄个体死亡率高。忽略外部干扰时的总体数量动态变化指数大于>0, 表明红松种群为增长型; 考虑未来外部干扰时的种群动态变化指数趋近于0, 结合死亡率和消失率曲线呈现出连续先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势, 可知该种群受外界随机干扰时增长不明显。生存函数分析显示, 红松种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。谱分析表明红松种群天然更新呈周期性波动。未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10个龄级时间后, 红松幼、中龄个体数逐渐减少, 而成、老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。幼龄个体死亡率高、生存空间和资源条件有限, 老龄个体生理衰老明显是限制红松种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼龄个体的抚育工作, 提高其存活率和生存质量; 保护和改善生存环境, 从而促进红松种群的自然更新和恢复。     

黄龙山林区不同培育措施对油松种群数量动态及物种多样性的影响

根据对黄龙山林区经过抚育、渐伐和封育措施的3类油松林种群开展样地调查,研究了3种培育措施对油松林种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和物种多样性的影响,并运用时间序列模型对不同培育措施的油松林种群数量动态进行了预测.结果表明:3种油松林种群结构特征基本一致,其幼、老龄级个体数较少,中龄级个体数量较大,总体判断黄龙山油松林种群属于稳定状态.在经历3种不同培育措施的油松林群落中,抚育和渐伐措施物种丰富度指数最大;封育措施物种多样性和均匀度指数最大.经过抚育和渐伐措施的油松种群属进展型,而经过封育措施的油松种群属稳定型.说明在黄龙山林区,油松林种群未来应该以封育为主,适当的抚育和渐伐措施为辅,以促进群落持续发育.