植物生理生态学的学科起源与发展史

探讨了植物生理生态学的起源及其发展问题。植物生理生态学是植物生态学的一个分支,它主要是用生理的观点和方法来分析生态学现象。从现有的资料看,该门学科的创始人当为德国学者辛泊尔(A. F. W. Schimper);但近代最早建议将植物生理生态学作为独立的学科的为比林斯(W. D. Billings);拉夏埃尔(W. Larcher)为该门学科在国际上的传播起到了非常重要的作用。在中国,近代植物生理生态学的发展应归功于李继侗先生;然而,李博先生对拉夏埃尔《植物生理生态学》的翻译出版促进了该门学科在中国的传播。植物生理生态学目前在国内外发展十分迅速,由于它能够对一些生态学现象以及资源的可持续利用给以机理上的解释,因此越来越受到研究者的重视。     

在应用实践中不断发展的植物生理生态学

大家知道 ,植物生理生态学并不是一门年轻的学科 ,早在植物生态学框架形成时期就存在了。有两个重要的原因使得这门科学在近 1 0年发展迅速。其一是生态环境问题的不断出现 ,尤其是以 CO2 升高为主题的全球变化问题 ,使她在解决实际问题 (气候变化、环境污染、粮食危机等 )上有了用武之地 ;其二则是技术的进步 ,便携式快速而精确测定仪器不断推出 ,可以实现在野外自然状态下测定植物的气体交换过程、叶绿素荧光、能量交换、水势、水分在植物体内的流动及进行冠层与根系生长的分析 ,各种环境控制手段的不断完善使实验的重复性加强 ,而室内稳…     

青藏高原小型哺乳动物的生理生态学研究：从个体到生态系统

本文回顾了青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究取得的主要成就,包括能量代谢特征与环境适应性、适应性产热与体温调节、能量平衡与体重调节、生理极限值和种群能流估算等,总结了近年一些新兴领域的最新进展,包括双标记水方法测定能量消耗、肠道菌群的功能、地理生理学、种群生理学、植物次生代谢产物及其生理功能等。有些工作引领了中国动物生理生态学的发展,如生态能量学、适应性产热和生理适应等。本文对未来需要发展的领域和深入方面提出了建议,希望能建立青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学学科体系。     

以“光合助手”计算光合参数的一些问题

随着科学研究的深入和现代光合测定仪器的推广,越来越多的植物生理学和植物生态学以及农学、林学、园艺学和遗传学的研究均涉及叶片光合作用的测定（许大全2006）。对测定的光响应数据进行处理是人们深入研究植物光合特性,判断环境对植物影响的基础。     

残遗植物半日花与四合木生理生态特征的比较研究

利用ＣＩ－３０１ＰＳ便携式光合作用测定仪,ＣＩ－２０３手持式激光叶面积测定仪对濒危植物半日花和四合木进行了光合、蒸等生理生态学指标的测定,揭示了２种荒漠植物的生理生态学特征,并探讨了其对干旱生态环境的适应机制。分析表明,２种植物都是通过减少叶面积、降低蒸腾、减新新陈代谢活动来抵御干旱、高温的自然环境。     

东北林业大学森林植物生态学教育部重点实验室简介

森林植物生态学教育部重点实验室(东北林业大学)成立于1992年。目前实验室拥有国家重点学科——植物学科和博士点学科——生物化学与分子生物学学科。实验室的主要研究方向是植物分子生态学、植物生理生态学、野生植物保护与利用、非线性生态学模型、植物次生代谢产物及其生物学研究。实验室已经建立了植物分子生态学、植物生理生态学和植物次生代谢产物等研究平台。实验室现有配套设施齐全的总面积为6286m2的“逸夫实验楼”一座及其附属用房和5个野外研究基地。本实验室现有科研人员42人,客座研究人员、博士后、博士和硕士研究生147人。实…     

全国首届植物分子生态学学术研讨会会议纪要

由中国植物学会青年工作委员会与东北林业大学森林植物生态学(国家教委)开放研究实验室共同举办的“全国首届植物分子生态学学术研讨会”于1996年10月21日至23日在哈尔滨市东北林业大学召开。来自北京、上海、云南、山东、辽宁、吉林等地的17个单位,从事分子生态学及其相关领域研究的50余位专家、学者及有关人员参加了会议。 大会的学术报告以中国植物分子生态学的研究现状与进展为主题。中国科学院院士洪德元教授做了题为“关于植物分子生态学若干问题”、中国科学院植物研究所胡志昂研究员做了题为“分子生态学的两种前途”、东北林业大学祖元刚教授做了题为“分子生态学的形成与发展”、中国科学院植物研究所马克平研究员做了题为“生物安全与分子生态学”的学术报告,引起与会者的浓厚兴趣。会议期间结合东北林业大学森林植物生态学开放研究实验室核酸实验室的仪器进行了现场实验技术交流和操作演示。学术论坛以中国植物分子生态学发展战略为主题,与会代表各抒己见     

当前植物生理生态学研究的几个热点问题

简要介绍了最近国内外植物植物生理生态学的几个热点问题,这些问题主要围绕着人类活动影响造成的几大重要环境因子改变而可能导致的植物植物生理生态变化展开,包括CO2浓度升高、紫外辐射增加,温度变化,强光、盐生环境扩大化等;部分工作探讨已经存在的特殊生境下的植物生态适应。其中,围绕着陆地生态系统的碳平衡是最为热门的话题之一。虽然以CO2浓度升高主题展开对C3和C4植物的影响研究依然是众多刊物发表生理生态学原始论文的重要内容,一些特殊功能如CMA植物的响应引起了人们的兴趣,植物对于紫外辐射的生理生态响应有望成为新的研究热点,研究手段的完善以及实验材料的改进是最近植物植物生理生态学不断出新成果的重要原因之一,如稳定同位素技术的应用、野外FACE实验、叶绿素荧光技术等使一些机理性问题不断被揭示出来。     

当前国际上植物生理生态学研究的几个热点问题

 简要介绍了最近国内外植物生理生态学研究的几个热点问题。这些问题主要围绕着人类活动影响造成的几大重要环境因子改变而可能导致的植物生理生态变化展开,包括CO2浓度升高、紫外辐射增加、温度变化、强光、盐生环境扩大化等;部分工作探讨已经存在的特殊生境下的植物生态适应。其中,围绕着陆地生态系统的碳平衡是最为热门的话题之一。虽然以CO2浓度升高主题展开对C3和C4植物的影响研究依然是众多刊物发表生理生态学原始论文的重要内容,一些特殊功能型如CAM植物的响应引起了人们的兴趣;植物对于紫外辐射的生理生态响应有望成为新的研究热点。研究手段的完善以及实验材料的改进是最近植物生理生态学不断出新成果的重要原因之一,如稳定同位素技术的应用、野外FACE实验、叶绿素荧光技术等使一些机理性问题不断被揭示出来。     

车前属(Plantago L.)植物生态与进化生物学研究进展

车前属植物是理论生态学、生理生态学、进化生物学研究的理想材料。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在车前属生态学、进化生物学、系统分类学方面的研究概况。     

The scientific development of the physiology of plants in the American tropics

This paper is a research and journalistic work that summarizes and synthesizes the scientific development of the physiology of plants in the American tropics, also known as the Neotropics. It contains the contributions of numerous biologists interested in the physiology of tropical plants. The fabulous structural and functional diversity of tropical forests is still the major driver of research in this field. Classical physiological work involving tropical plants, such as the discovery of C4 photosynthesis in sugarcane, is invoked to exemplify the historical and current importance of physiological research in the tropics, and its applications in agriculture, forestry and conservation. An historical background describing the early and more recent development of a tradition on the physiological study of tropical plants is followed by a summary of the research conducted on the physiology of tropical crops. Common areas of interest and influence between the fields of crop physiology and plant ecophysiology are identified and exemplified with problems on the environmental physiology of crops like coffee and cassava. The physiology of tropical forest plants is discussed in terms of its contributions to general plant physiological knowledge in areas such as photosynthetic metabolism and plant water relations. Despite the impressive technical advances achieved during the past decade, the importance of continuous development of appropriate instrumentation to study and measure the physiology of plants in situ is stressed. Although the basic metabolic processes that underlie the mechanisms of plant responses to the environment are probably highly conserved and qualitatively similar among tropical and temperate plants, it is also apparent that tropical plants exhibit metabolic peculiarities. These include aspects of photosynthetic metabolism, phloem transport physiology, sensitivity to low temperatures, reproduction, responses to climatic seasonality, and a large variety of biotic interactions. Old and new paradigms are examined in light of recent evidence and comparative studies, and the conceptual and technical advances needed to foster the development of tropical plant ecophysiology are identified.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Production of Temperate Agroecosystems

Abstract

The importance of arbuscular fungi for plant development and health is now widely demonstrated. However, although it is more and more evident that they are not only an integral part of many cultivated plants but also an essential component of soil fertility, their rational use in plant production is still in its infancy. Because of their role as bioregulators, biofertilizers, and biocontrol agents, they represent potentially important tools for new orientations in agriculture, particularly in Europe, where there is increasing demand for development of new plant management techniques that are less dependent on chemical inputs. The discovery of mycmutants turned out to be an excellent tool for better understanding the ecophysiology of arbuscular mycorrhizas under field conditions and for allowing considerable progress in our knowledge on the genes controlling this symbiosis. Progress in this area, together with ongoing generation of specific nucleic acid probes for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, appear to be essential for promoting mycorrhizal biotechnology. Despite this, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can already be exploited successfully in certain areas of plant production, such as orchards and ornamental nurseries.     

GERMINATION ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF ARENARIA GLABRA,A WINTER ANNUAL OF SANDSTONE AND GRANITE OUTCROPS OF SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

The germination ecophysiology of Arenaria glabra Michx., a characteristic winter annual plant species of granite and sandstone outcrops of southeastern United States, was investigated. Seeds germinate in early autumn, plants overwinter in the rosette stage and then flower, set seeds, and die in late spring; seeds are dispersed soon after maturity. Eighty-five to 90% of freshly-matured seeds were innately dormant, and the other 10–15% germinated only at temperatures lower than those that occur in the habitat at the time of seed dispersal in June. During the summer after-ripening period, seeds stored dry under ambient laboratory conditions exhibited progressive increases in rates and total percentages of germination, a widening of the temperature range for germination, and a loss of the light requirement. At a 14-hr daily photoperiod, seeds kept on continuously moist soil germinated to 83% at simulated July and August temperatures during July and August, and the remainder germinated at September temperatures in September. On the other hand, seeds subjected to alternate wetting and drying during July and August germinated to only 9% during those 2 months, and the remainder germinated after the soil was kept continuously moist, beginning on 1 September, at simulated habitat temperatures during September and October. Thus, the timing of germination of A. glabra in the field is controlled by an interplay of the seeds' physiological state with the dynamics of temperature and soil moisture conditions.     

Plant water uptake modelling: added value of cross-disciplinary approaches

In recent years, research interest in plant water uptake strategies has rapidly increased in many disciplines, such as hydrology, plant ecology and ecophysiology. Quantitative modelling approaches to estimate plant water uptake and spatiotemporal dynamics have significantly advanced through different disciplines across scales. Despite this progress, major limitations, for example, predicting plant water uptake under drought or drought impact at large scales, remain. These are less attributed to limitations in process understanding, but rather to a lack of implementation of cross-disciplinary insights into plant water uptake model structure. The main goal of this review is to highlight how the four dominant model approaches, that is, Feddes approach, hydrodynamic approach, optimality and statistical approaches, can be and have been used to create interdisciplinary hybrid models enabling a holistic system understanding that, among other things, embeds plant water uptake plasticity into a broader conceptual view of soil–plant feedbacks of water, nutrient and carbon cycling, or reflects observed drought responses of plant–soil feedbacks and their dynamics under, that is, drought. Specifically, we provide examples of how integration of Bayesian and hydrodynamic approaches might overcome challenges in interpreting plant water uptake related to different travel and residence times of different plant water sources or trade-offs between root system optimization to forage for water and nutrients during different seasons and phenological stages.     

温度对云南高原稻开花结实生态生理反应的影响

在人工气候控调箱内,于开花期进行不同稻作区稻种开花结实对温度的生态生理反应的模拟试验。 本试验用5个来源于云南的高原稻种:滇榆1号、黑选5号、麻线谷、高原粳8号和老来白;3个来源于浙江和日本的平原稻种:农虎6号、越富和纵新134。试验从生态生理角度探讨了不同水稻品种开花结实与温度的关系,开花对温度的生态生理反应以及不同温度对颖花生理活性的影响。 试验结果表明,在水稻开花时遭受低温,高原品种表现出耐冷抗冷的特性,但开颖小穗的花粉生理活性受阻抑,花药不开裂,柱头上花粉数和花粉萌发数减少,致使一系列受精过程受干扰,结实率下降。而平原品种开花对低温的生态生理反应则是极少开花,甚至不开花,表现为“闭花抗冷”。至处理结束后,花粉生理活性受低温影响甚微,因此对小穗结实率的影响较小。 上述结果表明,不同水稻品种开花时对低温的不同生态生理反应,是由它们各自在不同生态环境下形成的不同新陈代谢类型和对环境的适应力所决定的。     

植物叶片水分利用效率研究综述

植物能否适应当地的极限环境条件,最主要的看它们能否很好地协调碳同化和水分耗散之间的关系,即植物水分利用效率(WUE)是其生存的关键因子.就近来研究最多的叶片水平上的WUE,从叶片WUE的定义,方法,进展等方面对其进行总结概括,并就今后植物叶片水分利用效率的研究提出了几点看法:方法上,叶片碳同位素方法是目前植物叶片长期水分利用效率研究的最佳方法,而δ13C的替代指标将继续是方法研究中的一个方向,前景乐观;研究内容上,要加强极端干旱区河岸林木的δ13C和WUE的研究;结合植物生理生态学,生物学和稳定同位素技术,探究植物叶片长期水分利用效率的机理,特别是要加强运用双重同位素模型加深和理解植物叶片长期水分利用效率变化规律和内在机制的研究;要结合多种方法,加强多时空尺度植物叶片WUE及其之间的转换研究.     

Ecophysiology of Antarctic marine ectotherms: limits to life

The ecophysiology of Antarctic marine ectotherms is an area of active research. This review of recent progress covers metabolism, mitochondrial function, aerobic scope, growth and development. Energetics is shown to be a central feature of adaptation to temperature, with mitochondrial function and tissue oxygen supply important in setting limits to organismal size and performance.     

从近年PNAS,Nature,Science发表的涉及地衣的文章看地衣学进展

通过分析近10年在PNAS,Nature及Science上发表的涉及地衣的文章,并结合相关文献,总结了当前地衣学研究的主要方面及重要进展。对地衣化石、共生进化、系统发育、共生藻、功能遗传学、地衣生殖及生态生理学等领域取得的成果进行了概述,同时展望了中国地衣学研究的发展前景。     

气候变暖对陆生植物的影响

温度是影响植物生长、发育和功能的重要环境因子,是调节许多陆地生态系统生物地球化学过程的关键因素之一.全球气候持续变暖直接或间接地对陆生植物产生不同程度的影响.本文从不同方面分析了植物对温度升高及其它生态环境因子变化交互作用下的生理生态适应机制,包括生态系统的土壤呼吸、植物的气体交换、水分关系、生物量和生产力的响应等方面的研究进展,并就未来开展陆生植物对气候变暖响应研究提出加强和改进的设想.     

Leaf/shoot level ecophysiology in two broadleaf and two needle-leaf species under representative cloud regimes at alpine treeline

Aims The effects of clouds are now recognized as critically important to the understanding of climate change impacts on ecosystems. Regardless, few studies have focused specifically on the ecophysiological responses of plants to clouds. Most continental mountain ranges are characterized by common convective cloud formation in the afternoons, yet little is known regarding this influence on plant water and carbon relations. Here we compare the ecophysiology of two contrasting, yet ubiquitous growth forms, needle-leaf and broadleaf, under representative cloud regimes of the Snowy Range, Medicine Bow Mountains, southeastern Wyoming, USA.Methods Photosynthetic gas exchange, water use efficiency, xylem water potentials and micrometeorological data were measured on representative clear, overcast and partly cloudy days during the summers of 2012 and 2013 for two indigenous broadleaf (Caltha leptosepala and Arnica parryi) and two needle-leaf species (Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa) that co-occur contiguously.Important findings Reductions in sunlight with cloud cover resulted in more dramatic declines in photosynthesis for the two broadleaf species (ca. 50–70% reduction) versus the two conifers (no significant difference). In addition, the presence of clouds corresponded with lower leaf conductance, transpiration and plant water status in all species. However, the more constant photosynthesis in conifers under all cloud conditions, coupled with reduced transpiration, resulted in greater water use efficiency (ca. 25% higher) than the broadleaf species. These differences appear to implicate the potential importance of natural cloud patterns in the adaptive ecophysiology of these two contrasting, but common, plant growth forms.