广西扶绥片段化栖息地中黑叶猴的食物选择

为了研究黑叶猴在片段化生境中的适应能力,2006年1～12月,采用焦点动物取样法和连续记录技术于每月初连续观察8 d,记录片段化栖息地中的一群黑叶猴觅食行为,同时采用样带法监测黑叶猴家域内食物可获得性的季节性变化。结果显示,黑叶猴以61种植物为食,月平均食物种类为21.8种。黑叶猴取食的食物部位中,嫩叶占比例最大,达55.8%,其次为果实的比例达12.4%,其他依次为成熟叶占12.1%,种子10.6%、花4.3%、芽2.7%和树皮2.4%。成熟叶的可获得性最大,可获得性指数在75%(2月)到100%(7～9月)之间;其次为嫩叶,可获得性指数在25%(11月)到94%(7月)之间,芽、花和果实等食物部位的可获得性指数在20%以下。取食各食物部位的时间与相应部位的可获得性指数间没有显著的相关关系(P>0.05)。月食物种类与生境中食物种数的可获得性间没有显著的相关关系(P>0.05)。因此,在片段化的栖息地中黑叶猴选择性地利用生境中的食物资源。     

食物可获得性对白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)食物季节性组成的影响

研究喀斯特石山栖息地食物可获得性对食物多样性和种类季节相似性的影响是动物对环境适应研究的重要组成部分。采用瞬时扫描取样法(instantaneous scanning sampling)对广西扶绥白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)的食物多样性和季节性种类进行了研究;同时,采用固定样线法监测各月份白头叶猴家域内食物可获得性。结果表明,白头叶猴年平均食物多样性指数(FDI)为4.02,各月份间FDI没有显著变化(P=0.89),FDI与栖息地中主要食物的嫩叶的可利用性指数(FAI)有明显的负相关关系(P0.05)。在全年取食的食物种类中,有8种食物在11个月份都被取食,其他种类则只在特定的月份被取食。各月份间食物种类的相似性在0.36(3—4月)和0.74(9—10月)之间变化,月份间FAI的相似度与月份间食物种类的相似度有明显的正相关关系(P0.05)。白头叶猴对栖息地中食物种类的利用方式是:每个月用几种相同食物种类,并且主要食物可获得性高时,则集中采食,先满足基本的能量需求,再取食其他种类作为补充,使食物种类多样化,以满足不同的营养需求。     

广西扶绥黑叶猴主要食物种类能量含量的初步研究

能量对灵长类食物选择的影响是营养生态学中重要的组成部分。为了研究黑叶猴食物能量及其对食物选择的影响,采用焦点动物取样法和连续记录法在广西扶绥观察记录野生黑叶猴的觅食行为;每月观察结束后采集被取食的植物部位样本,利用全自动氧弹热量计测定其能量。结果表明,黑叶猴食物中嫩叶最高（58.5%）,其次为果实（12.4%）,其他种类依次为成熟叶（12.1%）、种子（10.6%）、花（4.3%）和树皮（2.4%）。在不同的生活型食物中,乔木占48.5%,灌木占34.6%,藤本和草本分别占19.4%和17.2%。各种食物平均能量为17.09 kJ/g,月平均能量在16.52 -17.61 kJ/g之间变化。种子的能量最高,达19.52 kJ/g,最低为成熟叶,仅为16.84 kJ/g。不同生活型植物中,灌木能量最高,达17.52 kJ/g,草本植物最低,仅为15.73 kJ/g。不同植物种类之间能量有显著的差异（P < 0.001）。取食量最多的15种和最少的15种植物之间平均能量有显著差异（P < 0.001）,但在月份间、雨季和旱季间则无显著差异（P > 0.05）。取食不同种类的时间与其平均能量之间无显著相关关系（P = 0.40）,食物能量含量并非影响黑叶猴食物选择的主要原因,其觅食策略需要进一步的研究。     

广西黑叶猴栖息地景观格局破碎化分析及其对种群的影响

黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)是仅分布于喀斯特石山生境的珍稀濒危灵长类动物。由于非法捕杀和人类活动干扰,其种群数量正在急剧减少。同时,随着森林砍伐和土地开垦的加速,其栖息地严重破碎化。因此,了解栖息地破碎化对黑叶猴种群的影响对于保护这一珍稀濒危物种具有重要意义。基于遥感影像、土地利用数据以及黑叶猴种群调查数据,通过Fragstats软件开展广西黑叶猴栖息地景观破碎化分析,并通过相关性和多元逐步回归分析,探讨了景观格局对广西黑叶猴种群数量的影响。结果表明：(1)广西黑叶猴栖息地呈现破碎化严峻、斑块形状复杂化、斑块团聚程度较弱且分散化的现象;栖息地以林地景观占据重要优势,但人为景观的干扰十分强烈;在不同地区中,生境破碎化程度、人为干扰强度以及景观配置均呈现不同的特征,其中扶绥地区人为干扰最为强烈,德保地区的景观块数破碎化程度较为严重,而龙州地区的人为干扰程度最小,其森林景观最为聚集。(2)蔓延度指数、平均斑块分维指数、林地面积、林地斑块大小、裸岩面积和裸岩面积比重等景观指数与黑叶猴种群数量有显著正向关系,Shannon多样性指数则是显著负向关系;而耕地面积、耕地...     

黑叶猴食物组成及其季节性变化

对灵长类来说,喀斯特石山生境是一种比较独特的生活环境。喀斯特森林具有生物量低,物种多样性高的特点,生活于其中的灵长类的食物资源受环境的影响强烈,有明显的季节性变化。黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)是生活在喀斯特石山的特有灵长类动物。在食物资源波动较大的石山生境中,黑叶猴如何在食物匮乏时期获得食物?是否采取了大多数灵长类的应对策略,还是采用适应喀斯特环境的特殊对策?为了回答这些问题,2005年9月至2006年8月,在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区选择一群黑叶猴作为观察对象,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集相关的食性数据。通过比较不同季节食物组成的差异来探讨黑叶猴如何应对喜食食物(嫩叶、果实)的季节性缺乏的问题。结果表明:黑叶猴共采食92种植物,其中乔木和灌木38种,藤本植物52种,草本植物1种,寄生植物1种。猴群平均每月采食食物22.8种(6-34种),月平均食物多样性指数为2.5(1.6-3)。在弄岗黑叶猴的食物组成中,树叶占总觅食记录的71%,其中嫩叶46.9%,成熟叶24.1%的;果实、花和种子分别占13.2%、6.3%和4.3%;其他食物类型占5.4%,分别包括茎1.8%,叶柄1.1%,未知部位2.5%。黑叶猴的食物组成具有明显的季节性差异。在旱季,平均月食物种类和食物多样性指数分别为29.3和2.8,明显高于雨季的16.2和2.1。在雨季,嫩叶在食物中的比例明显高于旱季(61.5%相对32.3%);在旱季,猴群对成熟叶的采食比例明显高于雨季(39.4%相对8.9%),且在该季节才利用种子作为食物,占食物组成的8.6%。黑叶猴的食物组成受食物可获得性的影响。主要表现为嫩叶在食物中所占的比例与其可获得性有显著的正相关关系(r=0.865,n=12,P=0.000)。另外,当成熟叶和果实的可利用性降低时,黑叶猴的食物多样性指数提高(成熟叶:r=-0.602,n=12,P=0.039;果实:r=-0.716,n=12,P=0.009)。黑叶猴在嫩叶丰富的雨季,它们采食更多的嫩叶;而在喜食性食物短缺的旱季,它们采取选择更多种类的成熟叶和种子为食,同时它们采食的种类和食物多样性也相应地增加。这与大多数叶食性灵长类的适应策略相似。     

黑叶猴对广西扶绥破碎生境的选择和利用

从2001年3月至12月,对生活在广西扶绥珍贵动物保护区内-孤立石山上的一群黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)进行观察.通过收集有关栖息地利用的数据,探讨栖息地的破碎化对黑叶猴生态习性的影响.为分析人类活动对柄息地植被的影响,作者设置了10个植被样方,其中5个位于人类活动频繁的山坡;5个位于人类活动较少的山顶.观察结果表明,山坡的植物种类、多样性以及植物密度均低于山顶;山顶上黑叶猴喜食植物的密度也明显高于山坡.扶绥黑叶猴生境喜好程度分析表明,猴群偏好在食物丰富而人类活动少的山顶休息和觅食,而很少利用人类活动频繁的山坡.雨季里,猴群明显增加对山顶的利用率,而相应地减少对崖壁的利用.因此,扶绥黑叶猴对栖息地选择和利用可能是觅食利益和躲避人类活动干扰权衡的结果.黑叶猴选择崖壁上的突出平台或石洞作为夜宿地;通常重复利用少数几个夜宿地,并且会连续利用同一个夜宿地.     

广西扶绥黑叶猴的主要食源植物及其粗蛋白含量

食物的营养物质是影响动物食物选择的生态因子。研究动物食物的营养组成及其对野生动物取食的影响对野生动物的保护具有重要的参考意义。为了研究喀斯特环境中食物粗蛋白对黑叶猴食物选择的影响,2006年1月-12月在广西扶绥自然保护区, 采用焦点动物取样法和连续记录法研究了片断化栖息地中黑叶猴的觅食行为,同时采集黑叶猴取食部位样本共40种190份,用凯氏定氮法测量其粗蛋白含量。结果表明,黑叶猴取食的食物包括嫩叶、成熟叶、花、果和种子等部位;食源植物的生活型包括了乔木、灌木、藤本和草本。食物的平均粗蛋白含量为12.7%,有明显的季节性变化。4月份样品的月平均粗蛋白含量全年最高,高达19.1%,而最低在6月份,仅为5.4%。食物的粗蛋白含量在前半年和后半年之间没有显著的差异（z= -1.28,p= 0.20）,在雨季和旱季之间亦无差异（z= -1.22,p= 0.22）;不同食源植物部位的平均粗蛋白含量不同,嫩叶的年平均粗蛋白含量最高,为13.7%,其次是成熟叶和花,分别是13.0%和12.1%,果实最低,仅为9.6%;不同生活型的食源植物粗蛋白含量不同,藤本的粗蛋白含量最高,为 14.1%,草本的最低,仅为10.1%,乔木和灌木分别是11.3%。不同食源植物的取食时间与其粗蛋白含量没有显著的相关关系（p>0.05）,粗蛋白含量不是影响黑叶猴取食的主要因素。     

贵州麻阳河地区野生黑叶猴与同域放养山羊冬季食物重叠的初步分析

于2009年12月～2010年2月采用瞬时扫描取样法对贵州麻阳河自然保护区的5个黑叶猴Trachypithecus francoisi猴群以及同域放养的山羊羊群的取食行为进行观察记录,并对两者的取食数据进行比较分析,以期了解该地区黑叶猴与放养山羊在食物资源最为匮乏的冬季的资源竞争关系,为黑叶猴的保护管理提供科学依据.研究结果表明:黑叶猴冬季取食植物67种,放养山羊同期取食植物44种,两者食物重叠26种;对26种重叠食物的采食分别占黑叶猴与放养山羊冬季取食时间的76.2％与22.0％;黑叶猴冬季采食的19种主要食物(＞1％冬季采食时间)中,有14种为放养山羊所采食,占黑叶猴与山羊冬季采食时间的71.7％与17.8％;黑叶猴与山羊冬季食物生态位宽度分别为0.68与0.39,两者的冬季食物生态位重叠指数C=0.74.表明贵州麻阳河地区黑叶猴与同域放养山羊在食物最为匮乏的冬季存在较为激烈的食物资源竞争关系.     

生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响

生境破碎化对生物多样性和生态系统功能的影响是当前国内外生态学家研究的热点问题之一。生境破碎化导致原生境的总面积减小,产生隔离的异质种群,从而影响个体行为特性、种群间基因交换、物种间相互作用及生态过程。生境破碎化的过程引起栖息地内部食物、繁殖场所、局部小气候、边缘效应等生物和非生物条件的变化,从而影响植物种群的大小和灭绝速率、扩散和迁入、遗传和变异以及存活力等,影响动物种群的异质种群动态、适宜生境比例、灭绝阈值、种间关系等。随着景观生态学与农业科学的融合,探索利用景观布局控制害虫发生将是人类利用生境破碎化为人类服务的一条新途径。     

高黎贡山赧亢白眉长臂猿春季食物选择

2007年3月9日—4月28日,在高黎贡山赧亢跟踪观察白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock)的春季食性及取食行为,将其行为分为食果、食果汁和食叶。采用瞬时扫描法记录白眉长臂猿的取食行为,取食的种类、部位和地点等。在其活动区域内,以取食树为中心设置20m×20m的利用样方和以随机方式设置同样大小的可利用样方各19个。在样方内收集与取食树及食物资源相关的6个因子的数据。统计食物种类和资源量、选择指数、取食点的选择性等。结果表明,赧亢白眉长臂猿春季取食的食物共10种,其中果实类植物3种,果汁类植物1种,嫩叶类植物6种。10种食物中,白眉长臂猿对印度木荷(Schima khasiana)的果实和缅甸木莲(Maglietia haokeri)的嫩叶呈弱选择,对其他8种食物资源均呈强选择。Mann-WhitneyU-检验结果表明,利用样方和可利用样方间的食物资源量及食物种类数均差异极显著,以利用样方的资源量大,每一样方食物种类较多。果实是赧亢白眉长臂猿春季的主要食物资源,而嫩叶是补充。呈强选择的食物并不一定是取食频次高的食物;反之,取食频次高的食物也不一定呈强选择。白眉长臂猿常选择易处理的果实和粗灰分含量少的嫩叶,且果实是它摄取水分的主要来源。白眉长臂猿通常选择食物资源和种类相对集中的区域取食,这可以减少动物因寻找食物所耗费的能量,同时获得多种食物,满足其生理对营养的需求。     

Dietary breadth and resource use of François' langur in a seasonal and disturbed habitat

Previous studies of Trachypithecus species indicated that they were selective feeders that concentrated on relatively few food species/items. From January to December 2005, I quantified potential food availability and the food species/items eaten by five groups of François' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) in the Mayanghe Nature Reserve (MNR), People's Republic of China. These langurs fed on 164 species, of which the top ten accounted for 51% of all feeding records. Langurs consumed more species (91) in the spring than in other seasons (73 summer, 75 autumn, and 67 winter), and only 38 species were consumed in all seasons. Nontree food species, such as bushes and lianas, accounted for 47% of the total feeding records and for a majority (68%) of the feeding records in winter. The annual diet consisted of leaves (64% of feeding records), fruit and seed (32%), and other nonfoliage items (4%); the langurs switched from being more folivorous in spring (93%) and summer (79%) to being more frugivorous in autumn (53%) and winter (56%). There was no correlation between the proportion of feeding records and the food availability in the most frequently consumed species, indicating that these langurs were selective feeders; there were significant correlations between consumption and abundance in both the entire set of 112 food species and the set of 86 infrequently consumed species, indicating that foods that are more available are eaten more frequently. It appeared that in the seasonal and disturbed habitat, feeding decisions and diet composition of the langur may be driven more by food availability, and less by animal's selectivity, than at other sites. The results indicate that François' langur copes with habitat alterations by broaden its dietary breadth; this has implications for the adaptive significance of dietary breadth, and has implications for future conservation strategies for species which exist in degraded habitats. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1176–1187, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Feeding strategy of François' langur and white-headed langur at Fusui, China

We investigated the diet of a group of François' langur inhabiting a forest fragment between August 2002 and July 2003 to add to our knowledge of behavior and ecology of this langur. Our objective was to study whether the François' langur would adopt a feeding strategy similar to the white‐headed langur in the same nature reserve. Data indicated that a total of 37 plant species were eaten by François' langur; however, only ten species accounted for 90% of the total feeding time. Four species belong to the ten most dominant tree species within the vegetation quadrats. Ninety‐four percent of feeding time of François' langur was spent on leaves, whereas the remaining 6% of time was spent on fruits, flowers and twigs. Results also demonstrated that François' langur are similar to white‐headed langur in being predominantly folivorous and that Francois' langur adopted a similar strategy to white‐headed langur in diet, dietary variation and time spent on feeding. François' langur exhibited a habitat use preference for the middle zone of the forest, whereas the white‐headed langur utilized the bottom zone of the forest. Further analysis indicates that human interference and habitat fragmentation caused by agriculture also impact habitat use. Am. J. Primatol. 70:320–326, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Food diversity and choice of white-headed langur in fragmented limestone hill habitat in Guangxi,China

We studied the diet and food choice of three groups of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) from July 2002 to June 2003 at Fusui Rare Animal Reserve, Guangxi, China. Data were collected from via focus group sampling, with continuous recording. A total of 109 plant species (including 19 unidentified species) were used as food by the white-headed langur. They spent 91.6% of total feeding time feeding on leaves, 4.2% on fruits and 3.3% on stems. Flowers and other food items accounted for only 0.3% and 0.6% of total feeding time, respectively. There were significant seasonal variations in the langurs’ diets with changes in the total number of species and the diversity of food species consumed. The langurs used significantly more plant species as food in the rainy season than in the dry season (36 species vs. 26.5 species). Dietary diversity was also significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season (2.6 vs. 2.4). No significant seasonal variation was found in the percentage of various plant parts in their monthly diets. Though the white-headed langur fed on many plant species, 11 species made up 84.9% of their diet. There were no significant correlations between the percentage of feeding time for main food plant species and their corresponding abundance in the habitat, content of water, crude protein, crude fiber and the ratio of crude protein to crude fiber. These results suggest that food choice of the white-headed langur is not influenced by their abundance and nutritional content.     

Diet of the Delacour's langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Van Long Nature Reserve,Vietnam

The six limestone langur taxa of Southeast Asia inhabit the rugged limestone karst mountains, although the reason for their current restriction to this habitat is unclear. From August 2007 to July 2008, I collected data on the diet and feeding behavior of the critically endangered Delacour's langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Van Long Nature Reserve, Vietnam. I used these data to evaluate the hypothesis that limestone langurs are found on karst habitat because they depend on endemic limestone plants. Feeding accounted for 29% of the langurs' activity budget. Young leaves dominated the diet monthly, seasonally, and annually. The annual diet consists of nearly 79% foliage with almost 60% young leaves. Despite a distinct wet and dry season, over the study period, seasonal variation in plant part consumption was slight. Fruit and seeds were a small contribution to the diet. Delacour's langurs ate 42 of 145 available species, and they concentrated on a subset of this number. Five plant species comprised more than 60% of the diet and 16 species comprised more than 93%. More than half of the diet came from climbers. Delacour's langurs are among the most highly folivorous of studied colobines and, along with the closely related T. leucocephalus of southern China, the most folivorous of the Asian langurs. Whether high folivory is owing to a lack of available fruits and seeds in limestone habitats is unknown. What is certain, however, is that the plant species most important in the Delacour's langurs' diet at VLNR, throughout the study, were not plants endemic to limestone. Feeding dependence alone, therefore, cannot explain the current distribution of limestone langurs on karst habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 72:317–324, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Food Items Consumed by White-headed Langurs in Fusui, China

We studied the socioecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) from September 1997 to September 1998 in Fusui Precious Animal Reserve, SW Guangxi, China. We collected data on climate, phenology of food plant species, and foods consumed by langurs living in habitats with different levels of human disturbance. Feeding records showed that the most food is from less common plant species. Young leaves were the staple food item in all langur groups, and consumption correlates with availability. Consumption of mature leaves is not significantly correlated with their availability, but the langurs fed on them, and other food items such as fruits and seeds, when the availability of young leaves was low. Langurs in different areas had broadly similar diets, but they varied most in the proportion of supplementary items such as fruit. Groups in more disturbed habitat did not increase the overall proportion of mature leaves in their diet, but instead maintained their intake of young leaves from a greater diversity of species, and incorporated more immature fruit. Conservationists should direct efforts toward protection of rare plant species providing preferred food items, particularly supplementary foods at times when, and in areas where, preferred food items are less available.     

Diet and Food Choice of Trachypithecus francoisi in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China

We studied the diet and food choice of 1 group of Fran?ois’ langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) from August 2003 to July 2004 in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, Guangxi province, China. The langurs consumed 90 plant species, including 14 unidentified species. Leaves constituted 52.8% of the diet (38.9% young leaves and 13.9% mature leaves). Fruits and seeds accounted for 17.2% and 14.2%, respectively. Flowers and other items—including petioles, stems, roots, and bark—contributed to 7.5% and 7.4% of the diet, respectively. The langur diet varied according to season. They fed on more young leaves from April to September. Consumption of seeds, petioles, and stems increased between October and March, when young leaves were scarce. The diet shift corresponded to higher dietary diversity during the young leaf-lean period. Though the langurs fed on many plant species, 10 species accounted for 62.2% of the diet, only 2 of which were among the 10 most common tree species in vegetation quadrants, and the percentage of feeding records on a plant species and the percentage of individuals of the species in vegetation quadrants does not correlate significantly. Fran?ois’ langurs fed selectively, and they did not base their diet simply on the abundance of plant species in the habitat.     

白头叶猴与黑叶猴觅食行为的比较

开展近缘物种觅食行为比较对理解动物的行为可塑性及适应性具有重要意义。白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)和黑叶猴(T.francoisi)是近缘物种,体形大小相近,社会结构和栖息环境相似,是广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区喀斯特季节性雨林中邻域分布的灵长类。为了探索两个物种在喀斯特生境中是否有相似的觅食策略,我们于2012年1—12月采用瞬时扫描取样法对两种叶猴的觅食行为进行研究。结果表明,白头叶猴与黑叶猴在不同时段均为叶食性,树叶是两种叶猴各个时段主要食物,其中白头叶猴日均取食树叶77.0%±4.4%,黑叶猴日均取食68.9%±8.3%,两者对树叶的采食比例均没有显著的日时段差异(白头叶猴:χ²=6.602,df=11,P=0.830;黑叶猴:χ²=11.393,df=11,P=0.411)。两种叶猴的觅食行为都在猴群清晨离开夜宿石洞后和进入过夜山洞前的时段中频繁发生。白头叶猴在09:00—10:59和16:00—17:59出现觅食高峰,时间占比分别为41.7%和46.3%;黑叶猴同样在09:00—10:59...     

Food Choice of White-Headed Langurs in Fusui,China

We studied the feeding ecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) from September 1997 to September 1998 in Fusui Rare and Precious Animal Reserve, SW Guangxi, China. We collected data in the central part of a group of limestone hills where the main population pool of langurs was located. The langurs fed on 50 plant species (belonging to 42 genera from 28 families) out of 164 species in the habitat (belonging to 112 genera from 48 families). Most of the food plant species were not common in the habitat. There are 16 important food species, including 6 key species. White-headed langurs were extremely folivorous, feeding mainly on young leaves (75% of total feeding records) of a broad range of less common plant species, which were in less disturbed areas. Thus, langur groups in high quality habitat had greater access to preferred foods, and the future of langurs in the Reserve may depend on immediate cessation of tree felling.     

Effect of habitat fragmentation on ranging behavior of white-headed langurs in limestone forests in Southwest China

The critically endangered white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) is confined to fragmented karst forests of southwest Guangxi Province, China. A lack of information on the influence of habitat fragmentation on langur behavior has prevented a comprehensive understanding of their ranging behavior and the development of effective langur conservation strategies. We collected comparative data on time budgets, daily path lengths, home range and diets of four langur groups inhabiting the lightly fragmented Fusui forest (G1, G2) and the more heavily fragmented Chongzuo forest (G3, G4). The aim was to explore the effect of this fragmentation on langur ranging behavior. Our results showed that the Fusui groups spent more time on moving and less time on feeding and playing than the Chongzuo groups. Daily path lengths were 472.4–536.1 m for the Fusui groups and 449.6–480.7 m for the Chongzuo groups, indicating no marked inter-site variation. The Fusui groups occupied much larger home ranges (23.8–33.8 ha) than the Chongzuo groups (14.5–15.8 ha). However, all groups had similar monthly home ranges. Diets significantly differed among langur groups. The Fusui groups consumed more young leaves and had much lower diet diversity compared with the Chongzuo groups. Our findings indicate that habitat fragmentation is one of the crucial determinants of white-headed langur ranging behavior because fragmentation reduces and restricts the home range. Langurs in fragmented habitat adopt an energy conservation strategy characterized by devoting more time to feeding and less time to moving, with a smaller home range and consumption of more plant species. We argue that linking fragmented forests with corridors should be considered a priority in a wider and comprehensive longer term langur population conservation and habitat management strategy.