不同密度华北落叶松林天然更新及其影响因子

以关帝山区8种林分密度(128、240、320、400、480、560、640和720株·hm^-2)华北落叶松纯林为研究对象,分析了不同密度下华北落叶松天然更新优劣及其影响因子。结果表明: 更新指数随林分密度增大先升高后降低,中密度(400～560株·hm^-2)林分更新效果明显优于过疏和过密林分;林下光环境、草本植物及凋落物对落叶松更新有双重作用,光照过强、草本植物盖度过大或凋落物过厚不利于林下更新,土壤有机质可使土壤质地松软、水分含量充足并形成低磷高氮环境促进林分更新;各因子对更新指数的影响依次为:土壤含水量(0.798)>全氮(0.621)>凋落物厚度(-0.597)>土壤孔隙度(0.504)>土壤有机质(0.493)>全磷(-0.404)>林下总光照(-0.274)>草本植物盖度(-0.021)。在后续森林经营中,可通过抚育间伐或补植将林分密度控制在480株·hm^-2左右,并适当清理林下凋落物,改善土壤条件,促进华北落叶松天然更新。     

间伐强度对华北落叶松天然更新的影响

以山西庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松纯林为对象,设置5个间伐强度(5%、25%、45%、65%、85%),利用相关性分析,构建间伐强度-林下生境-天然更新的结构方程模型,分析间伐强度对华北落叶松天然更新的影响机制。结果表明：中度间伐(45%)和强度间伐(85%)林地的更新指数明显大于其他间伐强度并且差异显著。构建的结构方程模型适配度良好,间伐强度对各因子的影响依次为：土壤碱解氮(-0.564)>更新指数(0.548)>土壤容重(-0.462)>母树平均高度(-0.348)>草本植物盖度(-0.343)>土壤有机质(0.173)>枯落物未分解层厚度(-0.146)>土壤全氮(0.110),间伐强度对更新指数有正向影响,这种影响主要通过调整母树高度、加速枯落物分解、改善土壤理化性质,间接促进华北落叶松天然更新。抚育间伐能够有效改善更新苗的生存环境,在后续森林经营中从华北落叶松天然更新的角度考虑,间伐强度选取中度间伐(45%)和强度间伐(85%)更为合理。     

丹江口库区湖北水源区不同密度马尾松人工林水源涵养能力

为了研究南水北调中线水源区汛期森林的水源涵养功能,以丹江口库区龙口林场马尾松人工林为对象,于2018年6-9月采用野外观测与室内分析相结合的方法,对高、中、低3种密度马尾松人工林,从林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层进行分析,探究其丰水期水源涵养功能的林分密度效应.结果表明:(1)3种密度马尾松人工林林冠截留量为56.13~77.68 mm,且随林分密度增加林冠截留量增大,林内穿透雨量则趋势相反;(2)3种密度马尾松人工林枯落物总生物量为12.76~19.56 t·hm^-2,随着林分密度增加枯落物总生物量增大,且半分解层枯落物生物量均大于未分解层枯落物生物量;高密度枯落物总厚度最大,中密度次之,低密度最小;枯落物最大持水量为21.32~28.24 mm,有效持水量为16.82~22.51mm,且均表现为中密度>高密度>低密度;枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间分别呈对数函数和幂函数关系式;(3)3种密度马尾松人工林O~ 30 cm土层土壤容重为1.45~ 1.54g·cm^-3,总孔隙度均值为42.18%~45.71%,土壤有效持水量为2.94~4.81 mm,且土壤容重大小为低密度>高密度>中密度,土壤总孔隙度排序则与之相反,土壤有效持水量表现为中密度>低密度>高密度;(4)3种密度马尾松人工林综合水源涵养能力为204~237.55 mm,表现为中密度>高密度>低密度.综上,丹江口库区中密度马尾松人工林水源涵养服务能力最优,建议在今后库区森林抚育过程中,合理控制林分密度.     

宁夏六盘山4种典型森林伴随降水的无机氮通量变化特征

在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域,选择建立了4种典型森林的样地,测定了2011年生长季(5月24日—10月20日)大气降水(724.3 mm)、穿透水、干流、枯落物渗透水和主根系层(0—30 cm)土壤渗透水的无机氮(NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N)浓度及相应通量的变化。结果表明,在林外降水转化林下降水中,各样地林下降水携带的生长季NH~+_4-N通量(kg/hm~2)(华北落叶松人工林2.40、华山松次生林2.37、野李子灌丛2.29、桦木次生林2.09)均明显低于林外降水(3.04),NO~-_3-N通量(kg/hm~2)(华北落叶松人工林2.15、桦木次生林2.14、野李子灌丛2.09、华山松次生林1.92)更显著低于林外降水(4.27)。整体看来,阔叶林林冠的无机氮吸附(吸收)作用稍高于针叶林。在4种森林样地的枯落物层渗透水中,无机氮浓度变化在0.68—0.88 mg/L,稍高于林冠穿透水的无机氮浓度;4个样地的枯落物渗透水的无机氮通量(kg/hm~2)(野李子灌丛4.10、桦木次生林3.24、华山松次生林3.22、华北落叶松人工林2.77)均低于林下降水。在华山松次生林和华北落叶松人工林的主根系层(0—30 cm)土壤渗透水中,无机氮浓度均高于枯落物渗漏水;因土壤淋出作用,华山松次生林和华北落叶松人工林的土壤渗透水的无机氮输出通量分别为16.34 kg/hm~2和18.93 kg/hm~2,均显著高于枯落物渗透水的输入通量。整体来看,林外降水在林地无机氮输入中占有重要地位,在研究年份生长季,林冠层和枯落物层的吸附(吸收)作用使降水输入的无机氮通量明显降低,但主根系层土壤淋出作用显著增大了土壤渗透水携带的无机氮输出通量,表现为土壤层氮素流失。     

六盘山典型森林伴随降水的总有机碳(TOC)通量变化特征

在六盘山香水河小流域,选择6种典型森林样地,测定了2011年生长季的大气降水、穿透水、干流、枯落物渗漏水和主根系层(0—30 cm深)土壤渗漏水的总有机碳(TOC)浓度及其相应的通量变化。结果表明,在降水转化为由穿透雨和干流组成的林下降水中,所有样地的TOC浓度都不同程度地增大;虽然林冠截持使林下降水减小,但因雨水淋洗和与林冠发生碳交换,各样地林下降水携带的生长季TOC通量(kg/hm2)(华北落叶松人工林132.28、华山松次生林106.56、油松人工林94.10、灌木林79.49、桦木林66.52、辽东栎次生林63.01)都比林外降水(53.17)不同程度地明显增大,整体看来,林冠的TOC淋出作用在针叶林很大,在阔叶林较弱。在6种森林样地的枯落物层渗漏水中,其TOC浓度彼此相差不大,平均为24.51 mg/L,高于林冠穿透水的TOC浓度;受枯落物截持部分降水及与枯落物TOC交换的影响,4个样地枯落物渗漏水的TOC通量(kg/hm2)(桦木次生林84.35、野李子灌丛129.35、辽东栎次生林79.21、油松人工林114.93)都比其林下降水TOC通量增加了,但华北落叶松人工林和华山松次生林的TOC通量分别降至90.76和104.90 kg/hm2。在测定的华北落叶松人工林和华山松次生林的主根系层(0—30 cm)土壤渗漏水中,TOC浓度均低于枯落物渗漏水;由于水量减小和与土壤发生碳交换,土壤渗漏水的TOC通量均显著低于枯落物渗漏水,两个林分样地分别降至43.04和66.33 kg/hm2。整体来看,林外降水携带的TOC输入通量在林地TOC输入中占有重要地位,林冠的TOC淋洗使其程度不同地增加TOC通量,枯落物层具有增加或减少TOC通量的作用,但主根系层土壤会显著减少TOC输出通量,所以是固定TOC的重要场所。     

林分密度对尾赤桉人工林群落结构与生态效应的影响研究

对永安市不同经营密度下尾赤桉(Eucalyptus urophylta×E. eamalducensis)人工林的林分结构、群落组成以及林下枯落物和土壤持水性能进行了分析,探讨造林密度对闽西北地区桉树人工林生态效应的影响。结果表明,密度对尾赤桉人工林林分径级结构有极显著影响,密度与平均胸径、树高间存在极显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.99和-0.93,对林分蓄积量也存在显著影响(r=0.84)。密度对林下灌草层物种多样性的影响呈现分异现象,与灌木层的相关性达到极显著水平(r=0.94),但与草本层的相关不显著(r=-0.52)。不同密度林分的林下植物种类有较大差异,但低密度林分的林下植被收获量最大。林分密度对枯落物持水率的影响较大(r=0.94)。     

林地枯落物最佳蓄积量确定方法的探讨

本文根据最优化理论原理,在综合考虑森林枯落物抑制土壤蒸发、控制土壤侵蚀及影响土壤矿质层温度三个主要的生态因子的前提下,提出了确定林地枯落物最佳蓄积量的方法。研究工作中,依此确定出华北落叶松人工林和辽东栎林地的枯落物最佳蓄积量分别为16.0吨/公颐和10.5吨/公顷。通过改变模型中的参数,本方法可用于任何立地环境中去。     

宁南山区华北落叶松林下草本层群落特征及其影响因素

林下草本植物是森林生态系统的基本组成要素,对森林的更新、生态系统结构、功能的维持和提升具有重要作用,理解林下草本层群落特征及其影响因素,有助于构建理想的林-草结合模式。本研究以宁南山区泾源县无人为干扰的华北落叶松林人工林、间伐处理的华北落叶松林人工林和华北落叶松与白桦自然混交林为研究对象,探究林下草本层群落特征(物种多样性和地上生物量)及其与土壤理化特性(土壤容重、含水量、全碳含量、全氮含量及全磷含量)和林分结构(密度和郁闭度)的关系。结果表明：(1)与人工林相比,自然混交林林下草本植物组成最丰富(34种),且物种多样性和地上生物量也最高;(2)自然混交林林下土壤特性均优于人工林,但间伐处理的人工林林下土壤特性较无人为干扰的人工林土壤特性有显著提高;(3)冗余分析表明,林下草本层物种多样性主要与土壤含水量、土壤全碳、全氮和全磷含量呈正相关,与土壤容重、林分密度和郁闭度呈负相关,且林分密度、0～20 cm土层含水量对林下草本物种多样性有显著影响(P<0.05);(4)回归分析结果表明,0～20 cm土层的土壤特性、物种丰富度和优势度、林分密度及郁闭度显著影响林下草本地上生物量的积累...     

六盘山华北落叶松林和红桦林枯落物持水特征及其截持降雨过程

在六盘山南坡野外调查了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)两个林分的枯落物数量特征,其厚度分别是3.6cm和4.0cm,储量为16.83 t/hm2和9.04 t/hm2.浸泡测定了单位重量(1.0kg/m2)枯落物的持水能力,华北落叶松林和红桦林的最大持水深分别是1.8 mm和2.7 mm.在六盘山地区自然雨强范围内(<30 mm/h),利用模拟降雨研究了枯落物的截持降雨过程,表明枯落物持水能力随雨强增大而提高;在雨强为30 mm/h时,华北落叶松林和红桦林枯落物(1.0kg/m2)的最大截持雨量为1.5mm和2.6mm,分别是浸泡测定持水能力的83.3%和96.2%,两种实验吸持水分的过程基本一致.分析表明,枯落物截持过程的吸水速率受其本身含水量大小的影响,同时构建了具有较好截持机制的枯落物截持降雨过程模型,并基于枯落物浸泡实验和模拟降雨截持实验的数据拟合了模型参数.     

冀北山区滦平县4种新造林地水源涵养能力研究

为研究密云水库上游冀北山区生态水源保护林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,以油松×落叶松(林地Ⅰ)、油松×山杏(林地Ⅱ)、油松×蒙古栎(林地Ⅲ)、侧柏×山杏(林地Ⅳ)4种混交林为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力及林地水源涵养能力。研究结果表明:枯落物现存量为林地Ⅱ林地Ⅳ林地Ⅰ林地Ⅲ,林地Ⅱ的枯落物层有效持水量最大,为81.30 t/hm~2,林地Ⅰ最小。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大的均为林地Ⅳ,分别为56.02%、50.26%和5.76%,林地Ⅳ的土壤层有效持水量最大,为1507.90 t/hm~2,林地Ⅲ最小。综合4种林地的枯落物层和土壤层持水能力,可知林地Ⅳ(侧柏×山杏)的水源涵养能力最强,为157.43 mm,林地Ⅲ(油松×蒙古栎)最弱。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.