城市公园生境类型对鸟类群落的影响

2011年12月—2012年11月,在上海世纪公园和滨江森林公园对鸟类群落和植物群落进行调查,通过对12个植被变量进行主成分分析,将两个公园分为8种不同的生境类型。结果表明:2个公园生境构成存在显著差异,滨江森林公园灌木层植物发达的生境(Habitat with developed shrub layer,S型)以及灌木层和地被层植物都发达的生境(Habitat with developed tree layer and shrub layer,T+S型)数量显著多于世纪公园,世纪公园地被层发达的生境(Habitat with developed ground cover layer,G型)以及乔木层和地被层植物都发达的生境(Habitat with developed tree layer and ground cover layer,T+G型)数量显著多于滨江森林公园。世纪公园不同生境中鸟种数差异显著,而滨江森林公园中差异不显著。2个公园有24种共有鸟种,对共有鸟种生境利用率的配对t检验结果表明,滨江森林公园鸟类生境利用率显著高于世纪公园。对2个公园共有生境类型中鸟种数进行分析,发现滨江森林公园鹟科(Muscicapidae)鸟类种数显著大于世纪公园。根据以上结果,上海城市公园不同生境类型对鸟类群落结构存在显著影响。因此,建议在规划和建设大型城市公园时,应构建植被分层结构复杂的生境,多样化种植各类乔木,林下多样化搭配灌木。在保留供游客休憩草坪区域的同时种植各类草本植物,以此提高鸟类生境利用率,增加城市公园的鸟类多样性。     

城市公共绿地常见木本植物组成对鸟类群落的影响

快速城市化背景下, 城市公共绿地已经成为重要的鸟类栖息地, 其中的木本植物群落构成对鸟类群落结构有显著影响, 研究木本植物配置与鸟类多样性的关系对提升城市公共绿地作为鸟类栖息地的生态服务功能有重要的理论和应用价值。我们于2009–2010年间在上海市滨江森林公园就木本植物和鸟类群落的相互关系展开研究。样线法结合样点调查共记录到鸟类10目25科64种5,368只(次), 鸟类多度全年变化显著, 峰值分别出现在4月和11月。丰富度全年也呈现双峰型变化, 峰值出现在4月和12月。全年鸟类多样性(Simpson指数)差异显著, 10月最高, 8月最低。样方调查共记录到77种木本植物, 其中有14种(乔木9种、灌木5种)出现率超过5个样方, 定义为常见种, 其果期主要集中在9月到翌年2月, 其上常见林业致病害虫的发生盛期集中在5–11月。主成分分析显示, 常见木本植物上观察到的鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团, Spearman秩相关检验显示秋冬季常见木本植物果期与植食性、肉食性、食虫性、杂食性等多个鸟类集团的多度均呈显著正相关。说明在秋冬季鸟类迁徙高峰期不同鸟类集团均能获得丰富的食物资源。就常见木本植物对鸟类群落的重要值进行排序, 结果显示, 大叶杨(Populus lasiocarpa)、枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)等乔木对鸟类重要值较高, 而灌木层对鸟类的重要性整体偏低, 说明滨江森林公园的灌木层作为鸟类栖息地的功能建设尚需加强。根据以上研究结果, 我们提出了提高上海城市公园鸟类多样性的植被配置建议。     

云南哀牢山徐家坝常绿阔叶林的鸟类取食集团

2006年3-4月,采用无距离估计样线法对云南哀牢山徐家坝中山湿性常绿阔叶林中的鸟类群落做了直接观察,观察到鸟类取食行为14 345次只.运片j聚类分析,依据鸟类的栖息取食行为格局将62种鸟划分为11个取食集团:(G1)地面拾取集团、(G2)地面扒取集团、(G3)树冠层飞取/拾取集团、(G4)树冠层飞取集团、(G5)树干层探取集团、(G6)灌层竹秆探取集团、(G7)树干粗枝搜寻集团、(G8)树冠层粗枝搜寻集团、(G9)树冠层拾取集团、(G10)灌丛下层叶层/树干/地面拾取集团、(G11)灌层拾取集团.结果表明,由于各个集团在栖息基层、取食基层及取食方式上的分离,使各集团分割了该地区的取食空间和食物资源;而集团内部的各个种间主要通过对取食高度的划分,使得集团内部的取食空『白j和食物资源得到了更深层次的利用,使种间竞争减至最小.其结果还表明,鸟类取食集团的数量和结构因不同的植被类型而异,顶级群落中包含的鸟类种类更多,各个种间的生态位分化也更为细致.     

森林/草原过渡地带鸟类群落空间结构研究

1993～ 1998年夏季间研究了森林 /草原过渡地带鸟类群落结构及与该生境的关系。共记录鸟类 10 3种。该地区不同生境类型鸟类相互渗透 ,鸟类组成混杂 ,4种环境梯度鸟类群落的相似性系数较低 ,鸟类群落结构随环境变化而呈现出明显的水平梯度变化。森林区是鸟类栖息的主要生境 ,由林缘至林内 5 0m和由林缘至草原 3 0m范围内为鸟类的高密度带。鸟类群落结构随森林植被垂直空间层次复杂性的不同而有明显的空间变化 ,群落物种多样性和均匀性具有垂直空间变化。通过聚类分析和主分量分析将鸟类群落划分为 6个垂直空间栖息取食集团 ,各集团根据各自的栖息取食行为格局分割了生境的空间和食物资源 ,集团内部的鸟类则通过更为细致的生态分割和加剧生态位重叠而得以共存。     

环境因子对上海城市园林春季鸟类群落结构特征的影响

2004年3—5月,对上海8个园林绿地的春季鸟类做了研究。在调查中共观察到55种鸟类,其中留鸟31种,候鸟24种。运用回归与相关统计分析方法分析了鸟类群落结构和分布特征与8个园林绿地的公园面积、水体比例、植被种数、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、人流量、行道宽度10项环境指标的关系。结果表明：(1)公园面积、植被种数、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、行道宽度等7个因子在影响园林鸟类群落结构和分布中起关键性作用;(2)上海城市鸟类数量、多样性呈单一化趋势,而且公园绿地内大面积水体等建设方案并不利于鸟类的栖息。     

湿地公园鸟类栖息地营建研究——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例

北京地区处于全球候鸟东亚-澳大利西亚的迁徙路线上,是候鸟重要的迁徙路线,近些年,随着人为活动的影响,该区生境破碎化问题愈发突出,直接威胁着本地鸟种和过境迁徙鸟类的生存。为达到保护鸟类多样性的目的,需开展相应的栖息地恢复工作。不同生态类群的鸟类对栖息地有着不同的要求,相同鸟种在不同空间、季节和生活期对栖息地的选择也有着不同的特点。因而,鸟类栖息地恢复应针对目标鸟种根据其繁殖特点、巢位空间分布、食性特点、活动空间特点等进行规划营造。以北京房山琉璃河湿地公园为例,针对项目所在区域的鸟类分布特征,确定目标恢复鸟种,结合项目区现场条件,围绕目标鸟种对于栖息地水系、植被等方面的需求,从岸线重塑、水深设计、植物配置、生态鸟岛等方面规划设计鸟类栖息地修复措施。     

广西弄岗喀斯特森林繁殖鸟群落的集团结构

于2010、2011和2012年5—7月在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区对喀斯特森林繁殖鸟类群落的集团结构进行了研究。对44种繁殖鸟类的取食方式、取食基层和取食高度进行聚类分析和主成分分析。其结果如下:(1)鸟类群落可分为6个取食集团,分别为地面取食集团、下层取食集团、上层取食集团、多层取食集团、树干取食集团和空中出击集团;(2)与其他森林类型的鸟类群落集团结构相比,喀斯特季节性雨林的鸟类群落以中、下层取食鸟类为主,多层取食集团次之。其原因可能是:弄岗喀斯特森林植被结构和鸟类食性特点形成了中下层取食的鸟类种数占优势的现象;鸟类以扩展各自生态位宽度方式来缓解竞争压力,从而形成了多层取食集团这一特点。     

鸟类栖木在森林植被恢复中的生态意义

鸟类传播种子对于植物种群自然更新及群落演替具有重要的生态意义,鸟类栖息的树木具有富集种子雨功能,在山体滑坡区及废弃矿区等干扰生境中人工设置鸟类栖木,可以增加鸟类传播的种子雨输入,丰富土壤种子库,尤其食果鸟类可以传播那些处于群落演替中期至后期的乔、灌木树种,能够促进受干扰地区森林植被的演替进程.5·12汶川大地震对地震灾区造成了大面积的山体滑坡和严重的植被破坏,在地震灾区森林植被的生态恢复工作中,一些地区可以采用人工设置鸟类栖木方法,充分利用山体滑坡区周围残余森林的丰富种子源及众多食果鸟类,促进灾区森林植被的自然恢复.     

城市绿地中鸟类对海南蒲桃的取食和传播作用

海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)是亚热带地区城市绿地中常见的绿化植物,其果实数量多、果期长,可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2020年6月—8月借助Safari 10×26变焦双筒望远镜,采用焦点扫描法对访问海南蒲桃果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察,详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、访问频次、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息,探讨鸟类在海南蒲桃种子传播及种群更新中的生态作用。结果表明:成熟的海南蒲桃能吸引7种食果鸟类对其种子进行取食,其中白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster)和黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)4种鸟类以整吞的方式取食海南蒲桃的种子,属于种子潜在传播者。不同种鸟类对海南蒲桃果实的取食频次间存在显著差异(t=4.310,df=6,P<0.01),平均访问只数、平均取食时间和平均取食量间存在极显著差异(P<0.001)。食果鸟类的形态特征(体长、体重和嘴峰大小)与取食数量间均呈正相关。鸟类主要以呕吐的方式传播海南蒲桃的种子,观...     

红腹锦鸡的冬季栖息地

采用样方法研究了红腹锦鸡冬季栖息地的地理特征、植被组成等特点。结果表明：红腹锦鸡对栖息地的坡度具有明显的选择性,而对坡向的选择性则不明显。栖息地植被层次明显,其中乔木层主要决定着栖息地植被的外貌和内部环境;灌木层对红腹锦鸡的活动有较大影响。灌木植物火棘的果实较多地被红腹锦鸡所取食。     

千岛湖陆桥岛屿鸟类集团对栖息地片段化的敏感性及其季节变化

为探究千岛湖陆桥岛屿不同鸟类集团对栖息地片段化敏感性的差异和季节变化,于2009年4月—2012年1月鸟类繁殖季(4、5、6月)和冬季(11、12、1月)对千岛湖41个陆桥岛屿鸟类集团进行了研究。结果表明,冬季杂食鸟对片段化敏感性高于食虫鸟,繁殖季时二者无显著差异,繁殖季和冬季时下层鸟对片段化敏感性均高于林冠鸟,冬季留鸟对片段化敏感性高于候鸟,繁殖季则无显著差异。杂食鸟和留鸟对片段化敏感性存在季节差异,而食虫鸟、林冠鸟、下层鸟和候鸟对片段化敏感性均无季节差异。不同鸟类集团对栖息地片段化敏感性的差异和季节变化规律,有助于人们在栖息地管理和保护区设计时采取更有针对性的鸟类保护措施。     

The impact of cattle grazing regimes on tropical savanna bird assemblages

Globally, agricultural land use is implicated in the decline of avifauna. In rangelands (areas used for livestock grazing), bird community responses to grazing can be complex, species‐specific and scale dependent. A greater understanding of bird responses to grazing will lead to more meaningful management recommendations. We tested the hypothesis that foraging height predicts bird species’ responses to grazing, such that species using lower vegetation strata are most likely to respond to the impacts of livestock grazing. We examined the response of a tropical savanna bird community to four grazing strategies at a long‐term grazing trial in northern Australia. We predicted that ground‐foraging guilds would be more responsive to grazing treatment than foliage‐ or aerial‐foraging guilds. We analysed the bird community assemblage using generalised linear mixed models and examined individual species’ abundance in relation to microhabitat variables. We found that while ground‐foraging guilds were more responsive to grazing treatment, individual species dynamics within a foraging guild could be contradictory. For example, the red‐backed fairy‐wren decreased in abundance with increased grazing and was positively associated with grass and shrub (Carissa ovata) cover, whereas Australian magpies increased in abundance in the most heavily grazed paddocks. In general, the responses of bird species to grazing were more pronounced in guilds that forage closer to the ground, but whether the responses were positive or negative was driven by bird species ecology. Measures examining the responses of individual species are more useful than assemblage measures (such as richness) to describe the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance such as grazing.     

Trophic structure of fish assemblages in the lower Miranda River, Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Of a total of 101 fish species caught in the Lower Miranda River floodplain, 29 were omnivorous, 16 ichthyophagous, 12 herbivorous, 18 detritivorous, 8 zooplanktophagous, 7 insectivorous, 2 lepidophagous, 4 ichthyophagous/insectivorous and 4 zooplanktophagous/insectivorous. Almost half of the species belong to omnivorous and detritivorous trophic guilds. The same is not true when biomass is considered. The number of fish species by trophic guild didn't change along the year whereas the biomass changed significantly. The frequency of abundant fish species was not the same for the sampled environments.     

Impacts of an invasive willow (Salix × rubens) on riparian bird assemblages in south‐eastern Australia

We explored how a woody plant invader affected riparian bird assemblages. We surveyed 15 200‐m‐long transects in riparian zones in a much‐changed landscape of eastern Victoria, Australia. Abundance, species‐richness, foraging‐guild richness and composition of birds were compared in transects in three habitat types: (i) riparian zones dominated by the invasive willow Salix × rubens; (ii) riparian zones lined with native woody species; and (iii) riparian zones cleared of almost all woody vegetation. We also measured abundance and richness of arthropods and habitat structure to explore further the effects of food resources and habitat on the avifauna. We observed 67 bird species from 14 foraging guilds. Native riparian transects had more birds, bird species and foraging guilds than willow‐invaded or cleared transects. Habitat complexity increased from cleared to willow‐invaded to native riparian transects, as did abundance of native and woodland‐dependent birds. Native shrub and trees species had more foliage and branch‐associated arthropods than did willows, consistent with a greater abundance and variety of foraging guilds of birds dependent on this resource. Willow spread into cleared areas is unlikely to facilitate greatly native bird abundance and diversity even though habitat complexity is increased. Willow invasion into the native riparian zone, by decreasing food resources and altering habitat, is likely to reduce native bird biodiversity and further disrupt connectivity of the riparian zone.     

The influence of agricultural system,stand structural complexity and landscape context on foraging birds in oil palm landscapes

Functional diversity, an important element of avian biodiversity, can be examined by quantifying foraging guild composition. Understanding the ecological processes that underpin functional diversity of birds in oil palm Elaeis guineensis landscapes is important because different foraging guilds are likely to be influenced in different ways by land use practices. We surveyed birds at 55 sites within oil palm landscapes and at 20 sites within logged peat swamp forest, recording 208 species belonging to 19 foraging guilds. Oil palm landscapes supported a lower abundance of insectivorous, granivorous and omnivorous birds than did logged peat swamp forest despite the latter being severely degraded due to intensive timber extraction. However, abundances of other groups of foraging birds, such as raptors and wetland taxa, were higher in oil palm landscapes than logged peat swamp forest. Frugivorous species were more abundant in smallholdings than plantation estates, probably because of the presence of native trees. Foraging guild diversity was explained by stand‐level attributes such as stand age, vegetation cover, epiphyte persistence and canopy cover. However, each foraging guild exhibited unique responses to different oil palm management regimes and stand‐level attributes. Only arboreal omnivores and terrestrial frugivores were affected by the proximity of nearby natural forest. This diversity of responses implies that the occurrence of particular avian foraging guilds may not be a suitable ecological indicator of best‐practice palm oil production. Our study also suggests that multiple conservation measures will be needed in oil palm landscapes irrespective of management regimes, including: (1) the maintenance of ground layer vegetation cover; (2) the pruning of oil palm canopy to permit light penetration to the ground layer; (3) re‐vegetation of parts of oil palm landscapes with native trees; and (4) retention of natural and/or secondary forest patches within the boundaries of plantations.     

Exclusion of deer affects responses of birds to woodland regeneration in winter and summer

Using an exclosure experiment in managed woodland in eastern England, we examined species and guild responses to vegetation growth and its modification by deer herbivory, contrasting winter and the breeding season over 4 years. Species and guild responses, in terms of seasonal presence recorded by multiple point counts, were examined using generalized linear mixed models. Several guilds or migrant species responded positively to deer exclusion and none responded negatively. The shrub‐layer foraging guild was recorded less frequently in older and browsed vegetation, in both winter and spring. Exclusion of deer also increased the occurrence of ground‐foraging species in both seasons, although these species showed no strong response to vegetation age. The canopy‐foraging guild was unaffected by deer exclusion or vegetation age in either season. There was seasonal variation in the responses of some individual resident species, including a significantly lower occurrence of Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes and European Robin Erithacus rubecula in browsed vegetation in winter, but no effect of browsing on those species in spring. Ordinations of bird assemblage compositions also revealed seasonal differences in response to gradients of vegetation structure generated by canopy‐closure and exclusion of deer. Positive impacts of deer exclusion in winter are probably linked to reduced thermal cover and predator protection afforded by browsed vegetation, whereas species that responded positively in spring were also dependent on a dense understorey for nesting. The effects on birds of vegetation development and its modification by herbivores extend beyond breeding assemblages, with different mechanisms implicated and different species affected in winter.     

Bird community changes associated with cattle raising management in the delta forests of the Paraná River

Riparian forests and environments close to watercourses support high biodiversity, which may be modified by human activities. In the Paraná River Delta region, cattle raising is one of the activities with the greatest impact, altering vegetation structure. These changes are reflected in bird communities that inhabit these environments. We hypothesize that the absence of large herbivores (whether cows or native deer) will produce an increase in the vegetation cover of the lower strata of forests, due to the greater height of the herbaceous stratum and greater coverage of the shrub stratum, and that these changes mainly affect the species of birds that use resources associated with these strata. Our objective was to understand the changes in richness and abundance of the bird community among different types of cattle management using a functional aggregation approach of bird species. In the areas with cattle, we found less coverage of the shrub layer, lower height of the herbaceous layer and fewer climbing vines. We found that changes in richness and abundance of bird community were strongly related to species associated with the lower vegetation strata (ground-feeding guild, shrub guild and low canopy guild), and that the responses of the different guilds were not homogeneous. Understanding the direction of changes in bird communities occurring in response to modifications of the environment, allows us to optimize conservation efforts. If these efforts are based on conservation of the environment in its natural state, we should adjust the management of the herbivory to the pristine conditions of the environment. On the other hand, if conservation efforts are based on particular species or groups of species associated with certain resources, the correct management of herbivory by cattle can be essential to obtain successful results.     

大别山山地次生林鸟类群落集团结构的季节变化

2007年12月—2008年12月,在大别山鹞落坪,对落叶阔叶次生林鸟类的集团结构的季节变化特征进行了研究。采用连续取样法采集鸟类取食行为数据,用聚类分析法对繁殖和非繁殖季节鸟类群落进行集团划分,通过无倾向对应分析（DCA）对32种森林鸟类的两个季节资源利用特点进行了研究。结果表明,鸟类群落在非繁殖季节可以分为地面、灌丛、树干（枝）、冠层等4个取食集团,而在繁殖季节还出现空中取食集团;候鸟影响鹞落坪次生林鸟类群落取食集团的结构,产生新的取食集团。DCA的第一轴主要代表鸟类取食高度信息,第二轴主要代表鸟类取食位置信息,第三轴代表鸟类取食方式和取食基质信息;用DCA前两轴对32种鸟类排序表明,有6种鸟主要在第一轴发生变化,有4种鸟主要在第二轴发生变化。