缙云山不同生境蝴蝶花(Iris japonica Thumb.)分株种群格局及对草本多样性的影响

运用空间格局、生态位及多样性分析,探讨了重庆缙云山自然保护区林缘旷地(OAFE)、竹林(BF)及常绿阔叶林(EBF)3类生境蝴蝶花(Iris japonica Thumb.)自然种群分株格局特征及对草本多样性的影响机制.结果表明:方差均值比(V/m)和Moristia指数(Iδ)的格局判别分析表明,3类生境中蝴蝶花分株种群从0.5 m×0.5 m至2 m×2 m尺度均为聚集分布;从林缘旷地-竹林-常绿阔叶林,种群分株密度逐渐降低,总体格局规模与格局强度(PI)在各尺度均呈下降趋势.林缘旷地与竹林生境中,蝴蝶花的分布,降低了原优势种的优势度,并显著降低草本层物种多样性(p<0.05),但在常绿阔叶林生境中对原优势种的优势度及草本物种多样性的影响很小.不同生境中蝴蝶花种群格局对草本多样性的影响机制各不相同:林缘旷地生境,通过强的更新生态位(地上空间与根生态位)与营养生态位(获取水分与养分资源)竞争,降低草本物种丰富度尤其是偶见种丰富度;竹林生境,通过更新生态位(根生态位)与营养生态位(获取光与养分资源)竞争,降低了草本偶见种丰富度;常绿阔叶林生境,物种间生态位重叠较低,表现一定的资源竞争,但对草本多样性影响很小.林冠决定蝴蝶花分株种群格局强度、克隆生长的强弱及林下土壤状况,从而影响蝴蝶花与草本层其它物种之间生态位竞争的强弱是决定蝴蝶花种群对草本层物种多样性影响机制的重要因素.     

瓯江流域水生植物多样性与生态位研究

根据2010-2013年调查结果,结合相关文献资料,研究了瓯江流域的水生植物多样性和物种生态位。结果表明:①瓯江流域有水生高等植物181种(含亚种、变种),隶属于41科78属,属的分布型以世界分布为主,占总属数43.59%,热带性质的属发育较温带性质充分。②30个临时样地划分了河流、沼泽、农田、沟渠、池塘、洪泛湿地等6类生境类型,单位面积物种数以洪泛湿地最高0.09 ind./m2,其次是沼泽生境0.07 ind./m2;农田和池塘生境物种多样性随流域高程降低逐渐升高,其余生境物种多样性以中游最高;优势种生活型以挺水、漂浮植物为主,沉水植物、浮叶植物重要值较低; ③挺水植物生态位宽度普遍高于其他生活型,沉水、浮叶植物生态位宽度普遍较低;相同生活型植物生态位重叠以漂浮植物间最高,以沉水植物间最低;不同生活型植物生态位重叠以挺水-浮叶植物间最高,以沉水-漂浮植物间最低;生态型多样的喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生态位宽度较大,与其他物种生态位重叠高,由此推测喜旱莲子草可能引起瓯江流域水生植物群落结构的变化,导致乡土水生植物物种多样性的降低。       

中国东部地区黑葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys chartarum)菌多样性分析及其生态位研究

黑葡萄穗霉能产生多种毒素, 严重影响人类健康和生活, 因而受到了科学界广泛关注。从中国东部地区不同生境中, 采集261份样品, 分离获得丝孢菌13属33种, 其中黑葡萄穗霉1142株, 对其菌株资源多样性和生态位进行研究, 目的是为我国防控黑葡萄穗霉病提供理论指导和资源支持。结果表明: 黑葡萄穗霉在纸片、墙壁、石棉板和石膏板中分布较广, 其优势度分别为91%、90%、91%和89%; 不同生境中其分布数量和丰富度各不相同, 物种丰富度最大的是土壤, 最小的为石膏板和空气; 生态位宽度为4.5138, 属于广生态位种; 不同生境中其群落相似性系数也各不相同, 石膏板和墙壁相似性系数最大为0.7964; 与G7黑乌刺霉菌生态位重叠指数最大为0.8989, 与其他种类生态位重叠指数较低。黑葡萄穗霉菌在我国东部地区广泛存在, 其生态分布、发生规律与生境中纤维素、钙质和湿度有密切关系。     

不同积水生境对河南黄河湿地植物多样性的影响

湿地作为水陆交替的过渡地带,承担着重要的生态服务功能,湿地植物是生态功能作用发挥的基础。不同积水生境与湿地植物物种组成和分布关系密切。黄河流域是国家的重要生态屏障,湿地面积广阔,河南黄河湿地作为黄河湿地的重要组成部分,其积水生境对植物多样性的影响尚不清晰。为研究河南黄河湿地植物的多样性现状以及积水生境对其植物多样性的影响,采用样方和样线相结合的方法对河南省7个黄河湿地自然保护区中的湿地植物进行调查,共设置样方981个。重点分析了不同积水生境湿地植物的主要群系和物种组成,研究了各生境物种多样性和群落多样性特征（α多样性）,对比了的不同积水生境植物物种组成相似性和群落间相似程度（β多样性）,明确了各生境的植物物种排序和指示种。结果表明：（1）河南黄河湿地植物群系以草本群系为主,共发现188种湿地植物,分属56科,138属;（2）不同积水状况湿地植物物种丰富度大小依次为：季节性积水 > 永久性积水 > 间歇性积水 > 季节性水涝,主要群系总数与物种丰富度趋势表现一致;（3）不同积水生境湿地植物的物种组成存在显著差异,季节性积水和永久性积水生境中植物物种组成相似性和群落间相似程度最高,各积水生境均有明显的优势种和指示种。河南黄河湿地积水生境在不同流段差异显著,不同积水生境下植物多样性和主要植物群系有明显区别,进行湿地生态建设时,建议优先保护季节性积水生境,减少季节性水涝生境的产生,以达到维持物种多样性,发挥湿地最大生态价值的目的。     

雅鲁藏布江中游地区土壤淡色丝孢菌群落多样性及物种生态位研究

从雅鲁藏布江中游地区采集土壤样品35份,主要涵盖农田、城市花园、高山草甸、湿地和防护林带五种生态类型,从中分离获得土壤淡色丝孢菌12属。利用种群优势度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度、群落相似性等指标对该地区不同生境的土壤淡色丝孢菌物种(属级)的生态多样性及物种生态位进行了分析。结果表明,土壤淡色丝孢菌的数量和类群分布在该地区不同生态类型土壤中差异明显。农田生境中土壤淡色丝孢菌物种多样性指数最高,均匀度较高;防护林带生境中土壤淡色丝孢菌物种多样性指数最低,均匀度也最低。对不同生态类型土壤中淡色丝孢菌的相似性分析发现,农田和防护林带生境的相似性系数最大,说明这两种生境具有较多的共同物种;湿地和城市花园生境的相似性系数最小。物种生态位结果分析表明,在上述五种生境中,拟青霉属Paecilomyces、刺座霉属Volutella、曲霉属Aspergillus和青霉属Penicillium具有较宽的生态位宽度,属于广适性物种;而白僵菌属Beauveria和绿僵菌属Metarhizium生态位很窄,只存在于某个生境中,属于狭适性物种。     

天山北坡中段草地植物资源构成及垂直分布

通过野外考察数据和现有文献资料,分析了天山北坡地区草地植物物种资源的组成特征。结果表明。复杂的生态地理环境条件造就了天山北坡中段草地植物种类非常丰富;在山地草地垂直分布带上,山地草甸的物种丰富度最大;8多样性指数可以直观地反映垂直带间物种组成的差异性或不同地段的生境多样性;垂直带间的植物物种资源的特征是生境特征和环境演变对该地区植物分布共同作用的结果。在垂直方向上对天山北坡中段草地植物的空间变化进行分析,揭示了植物物种资源在北坡的垂直变化规律,为该地区的生物多样性资源保护提供科学依据。     

特殊生境中丛枝菌根真菌多样性

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是生态系统的重要组分之一,不仅具有丰富的遗传、物种和功能多样性,而且还具有生态系统多样性,即该真菌的分布与栖息生境复杂多样.AMF侵染植物根系形成菌根,营专性活体共生营养,生态适应性强,除了森林、草原和农田生态系统外,还广泛分布于保护地、盐碱地、矿区污染地、石化与农药污染地、荒漠地、干旱地、湿地、沼泽地、火山地、高原、低温与极地等植物多样性匮乏的特殊生境,形成独特的群落结构,发挥着不可替代的生理生态功能.本文总结了上述生境中AMF物种多样性与菌根发育特点,旨在为进一步开展这些特殊生境和极端环境下的AMF研究提供基本信息.     

如何在北京充分实现受胁鸟类栖息地保护?

实现有效生物多样性保护的关键在于提升生物多样性丰富的人口密集区的保护效率。北京人口密集且生物多样性丰富, 存在3类具有生态保护功能的区划——自然保护区、生态保护红线和限制建设线。上述区域可视为生态保护潜力区。本文以在北京有分布的30种受胁鸟类为主要对象, 探讨现有生态保护潜力区对这些物种栖息地的覆盖程度, 并对如何改善上述受胁鸟类栖息地的保护状况进行了建议。根据物种对栖息地的选择, 基于高分辨率卫星解译的土地利用类型图, 利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)掩膜栖息地分布图, 得到各受胁鸟类的预测空间分布。叠加这些分布获得北京受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局并进行验证。依据物种丰富度高低, 将受胁鸟类栖息地划分为一至四级(最重要的栖息地是一级栖息地, 以此类推)。同时, 依据地表覆盖类型和人类活动强度高低将北京市域划分为城市建成区、乡村生境区和自然生境区。分别计算3类保护潜力区对上述3类区域以及四级栖息地的覆盖面积比例。结果表明: (1) 95.64%的一级关键栖息地和86.32%的二级关键栖息地分布在乡村生境区, 但仅有0.69%和15.15%的乡村生境区分别被自然保护区和生态保护红线覆盖; (2)未受到自然保护区和生态保护红线覆盖的一、二级关键栖息地主要为水域和沼泽地等湿地、高覆盖度草地和部分耕地, 以及含有较高比例水体的大型城市绿地。基于以上结果, 我们建议至少在一定区域内试行如下保护措施: (1)严格保护湿地及其周边的高覆盖度草地, 确保面积不减少; (2)维持基本农田规模和粮食种植模式; (3)将乡村生境区位于河道附近的水域、沼泽地、高覆盖草地和灌木林纳入生态保护红线范围; (4)在公园绿地中划定生物多样性保护区; (5)优化平原地区林地结构。以上措施将使北京的受胁鸟类栖息地得到更好保护, 为中国东部人口密集区生物多样性保护提供示范。     

乌鲁木齐达坂城山区地衣生态位特征的研究

为揭示达坂城山区地衣对生境资源的利用状况及竞争程度,该研究在野外设置30个样方并调查其物种盖度数据,利用生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数及排序分析,探讨达坂城山区地衣的生态位特征及环境影响因子。结果表明:(1)达坂城山区生态位最宽的为丽黄鳞衣(Rusavskia elegans)和内卷野粮衣(Circinaria contorta),对不同环境具有较强的适应性,其他地衣物种生态位宽度较窄,对环境资源利用程度低。(2)物种间生态位重叠值整体偏低,生态位重叠值较高的物种对极少,地衣物种生态位分化程度高,物种间竞争不激烈。(3)生态位较宽的物种与多数物种之间都存在生态位重叠,但重叠值较低; 一些生态位较窄的物种与其他物种之间的生态位重叠值较高; 生态位重叠和生态位宽度之间并无直接的线性关系。(4)地衣物种沿海拔梯度分布具有差异,海拔、光照强度、湿度、风速和人为干扰是本地区地衣群落物种生态位特征差异的主导环境因子。综上所述,达坂城山区地衣物种由于生境资源的竞争占据各自独特的生态位,形成了生态位的分化,群落较为稳定,沿海拔梯度的生境条件差异是物种差异分布的重要原因。该研究可为地衣群落构建研究提供理论依据,并对该地区地衣物种的多样性和生境保护具有重要意义。     

滇西北高山微水体与溪流生境底栖动物多样性和环境特征

高山微水体由于面积微小且通过地表径流形成串联结构常常被认为与高山溪流具有类似的生境, 然而由于这两类生境中环境因子与底栖动物多样性存在差异, 它们在生态系统中的作用可能完全不同。滇西北地区是全球生物多样性热点区域之一, 境内高山微水体和高山溪流分布密集, 在区域底栖生物多样性维持方面具有重要的功能, 然而目前对这两类高山淡水生态系统的研究较少。为了比较这两类生境环境因子的异同及其对底栖动物多样性的维持作用, 2015年6月, 作者在云南省怒江州贡山县的高山峡谷内, 对27个高山微水体和同区域分布的1条高山溪流(海拔高差500 m范围)的底栖动物多样性和水环境因子进行了实地调查。结果表明: (1)高山微水体和高山溪流底栖动物群落中优势分类单元种群数量均比较庞大, 而稀有分类单元数量较多且种群较小; (2)两种生境在环境因子、物种多样性、功能多样性和群落结构方面的差异明显, 高山溪流有较高的物种丰富度、物种多样性和功能多样性; (3)高山微水体底栖动物多样性的分布与水环境因子无关, 而高山溪流底栖动物多样性与群落结构的形成受到与流速关联的水环境因子和海拔的影响。因此, 高山微水体与高山溪流不能简单地视为类似的生境类型, 它们对区域底栖动物多样性和生态功能维持可能具有不同的作用。     

Polymorphic microsatellites in Buff-throated partridge developed by cross-species amplification

Microsatellite loci for the buff-throated partridge (Tetraophasis szechenyii), an endemic pheasant species of China, are here described for the first time. Twenty-five microsatellite markers from chicken and Japanese quail were tested on buff-throated partridge DNA by means of cross-amplification. Twenty (80%) primers yielded specific products and polymorphisms were tested in a wild population of buff-throated partridge. Twelve (48%) proved to be polymorphic with an average of two alleles per locus. Current results of buff-throated partridge microsatellites loci could be employed in population genetic studies and on other endangered pheasant species.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variability in red-legged partridge, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alectoris rufa</Emphasis>, Spanish populations and the origins of genetic contamination from <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. chukar</Emphasis>

The analysis of 135 mitochondrial D-loop sequences of the Iberian autochthonous red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) from wild population hunting bags from various locations and fowl runs in Spain yielded 37 different haplotypes. Among these, three haplotypes correspond to chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar), indicating genetic introgression from birds illegally introduced for restocking: three individuals carrying such haplotypes where found in natural populations, one appeared among those sampled on a mass reproduction farm and the remaining 10 in another fowl-run. The geographical origin of the contaminating chukar haplotypes could be assigned to the most easterly area of the chukar partridge geographical distribution in China. Molecular diversity parameters in the A. rufa samples indicate a considerable amount of genetic variation. Φ_ST showed significant differences among populations that are not explained by geographical distance alone. Particularly, one northern population (Palencia) shows a certain degree of genetic differentiation that could reflect a previously suggested subspecies division. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

甘肃鸡类物种多样性研究

甘肃鸡类有19种,随纬度变化形成了物种多样性梯度。本文通过气候(年无霜天数、元月均温、年均温、7月均温和年降水量),海拔高差,纬度和植被类型多样性与各县鸡类多样性相关统计分析,揭示了7月均温,年均降水量,海拔高差和纬度是控制甘肃鸡类多样性的主要因素,而甘肃鸡类多样性与植被类型多样性无关。在降水量400—650mm和海拔高差1500—3500m的地带种类最多。一个地区物种的多少不仅取决于其离物种库的远近,还取决于这一地区环境空间异质性程度。     

Genetic insight into Mediterranean chukar (Alectoris chukar, Galliformes) populations inferred from mitochondrial DNA and RAPD markers

The chukar (Alectoris chukar, Galliformes) is one of the most important game birds as it is widely distributed and hunted over the whole of its range. The aim of this work was to assess the genetic differentiation as well as the possible presence of hybrid specimens in A. chukar populations from Italy, Greece and Cyprus. To provide phylogenetic context, conspecific, allopatric specimens from Israel, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, China and USA were compared. Sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Control Region supplied information on the ancestry of A. chukar populations, whereas Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting was used to assess whether hybridization had occurred. The Italian population was found to be an inter-specific mixture of A. chukar and A. rufa (i.e., the red-legged partridge) mtDNA lineages, whereas the representatives from Greece and Cyprus showed only the A. chukar maternal line. RAPD markers revealed introgression with A. rufa genes in the Italian population, whereas no A. chukar × A. rufa hybrid specimens were detected in the eastern Mediterranean populations. The genetic data obtained from the Italian A. chukar population as well as from a few Greek specimens pointed against their Mediterranean kinship, suggesting relationships with A. chukar subspecies from the easternmost part of the Asian continent.     

Noninvasive Genotyping of the Red-Legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae): Semi-Nested PCR of Mitochondrial DNA from Feces

DNA-based studies using avian feces are scarce and deal only with large-sized species. The red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, is a medium-sized member of the order Galliformes. Our goal was to set up a fast, noninvasive procedure for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotyping of A. rufa fecal samples. We focused on the protected population from Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago National Park, Italy). Dry A. rufa fecal samples (n = 30) were collected in winter. Both the cytochrome b gene (1,092 bp) and the control region (ca. 1,155 bp) were amplified by means of semi-nested PCRs. Twenty-five samples were successfully sequenced for both genes: 8 showed A. rufa mtDNA lineage and 17 chukar partridge (A. chukar), an exotic species. Mixed maternal ancestry suggests A. rufa × A. chukar hybridization. Our protocol allows noninvasive mtDNA genotyping of any Alectoris species and appears suitable to investigate protected populations as well as those existing either at very low density or inhabiting poorly accessible regions.     

Human-mediated introgression of exotic chukar (Alectoris chukar, Galliformes) genes from East Asia into native Mediterranean partridges

Mediterranean red-legged (Alectoris rufa) and rock (Alectoris graeca) partridge populations are affected by genetic pollution. The chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), a species only partly native to Europe, is the most frequently introgressive taxon detected in the genome of hybrid partridges. Both theoretical (evolutionary) and practical (resources management) matters spur to get insight into the geographic origin of the A. chukar hybridizing swarm. The phenotypic A. rufa populations colonizing the easternmost part of the distribution range of this species, the islands of Elba (Italy) and Corsica (France), were investigated. The analysis of both mitochondrial (mtDNA: Cytochrome-b gene plus Control Region: 2,250 characters) and nuclear (Short Tandem Repeats, STR; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD) genomes of 25 wild (Elba) and 20 captive (Corsica) partridges, disclosed spread introgression of chukar origin also in these populations. All mtDNA haplotypes of Elba and Corsica partridges along with those we obtained from other A. rufa (total, n = 111: Italy, Spain, France) and A. graeca (n = 6, Italy), were compared with the mtDNA haplotypes of chukars (n = 205) sampled in 20 countries. It was found that the A. chukar genes detected in red-legged (n = 43) and rock partridges (n = 4) of Spain, France and Italy as well as in either introduced (Italy) or native (Greece, Turkey) chukars (n = 35) were all from East Asia. Hence, a well-defined geographic origin of the exotic chukar genes polluting the genome of native Mediterranean A. rufa and A. graeca (inter-specific level) as well as A. chukar (intra-specific level), was demonstrated.     

Fitness consequences of anthropogenic hybridization in wild red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae) populations

Hybridization is a widespread phenomenon, which plays crucial roles in the speciation of living beings. However, unnatural mixing of historically isolated taxa due to human-related activities has increased in recent decades, favouring levels of hybridization and introgression that can have important implications for conservation. The wild red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae) populations have recently declined and the releases of farm-reared partridges have become a widespread management strategy. The native range of the red-legged is limited to the south-west of Europe (from Italy to Portugal). This species does not breed in sympatry with the chukar partridge (A. chukar), whose range is Eurasian (from Turkey to China). However, red-legged partridges have often been hybridized with chukar partridges to increase the productivity of farmed birds, and game releases may have spread hybrid birds into the wild. In this study, we investigated the fitness (survival and breeding) differences between hybrid and “pure” red-legged partridges in a wild population located in central Spain. Incubation probability was similar in hybrids and “pure” partridges. Hybrid females laid larger clutches than “pure” ones, but hatching success did not differ between hybrid and “pure” partridges. Hybrid birds had lower survival rate than “pure” ones, mainly because of higher predation rates. Our results show that, despite lower survival, hybrid partridges breed in natural populations, so this could increase extinction risk of wild pure partridge populations, through releases of farmed hybrid birds. The consequences of continued releases could be of vital importance for the long term conservation of wild red-legged partridges.     

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性初步调查

物种的分布与多度对我们理解生态过程、实施保护管理以及评估全球变化的影响都非常重要。2017年5-12月, 我们按照公里网格在四川省四姑娘山国家级自然保护区共布设60台固定位点红外相机, 调查了保护区内主要沟系的兽类和鸟类多样性。本次调查累计11,013个相机工作日, 共拍摄到31种兽类和鸟类, 隶属7目18科, 包括5种国家一级和10种国家二级重点保护野生动物, 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)和近危(NT)的野生动物分别有2种、5种和3种。其中, 相对多度指数居于兽类前五位的是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、水鹿(Rusa unicolor)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris); 相对多度指数居于鸟类前五位的则是血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、白马鸡(Crossoptilon crossoptilon)、大噪鹛(Garrulax maximus)、雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)和灰头鸫(Turdus rubrocanus)。由于局域性气候、植被类型和地形结构的不同, 使四姑娘山国家级自然保护区与毗邻的卧龙国家级自然保护区存在动物群落结构的差异。本调查初步掌握了四姑娘山保护区内大中型兽类和林下活动鸟类的种类组成和相对多度。     

Detecting introgressive hybridisation in rock partridge populations (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Alectoris graeca</Emphasis>) in Greece through Bayesian admixture analyses of multilocus genotypes

The nominal subspecies of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca graeca) is widely distributed in Greece, where populations are declining due to over-hunting and habitat changes. Captive-reared chukars (A. chukar) have been massively released throughout the country, raising fear that introgressive hybridisation might have disrupted local adaptations leading to further population declines. In this study we used mtDNA control-region sequences and Bayesian admixture analyses of multilocus genotypes determined at eight microsatellite loci, to assess the extent of introgressive hybridisation in 319 wild rock partridges collected in Greece. A neighbour-joining tree split the mtDNA haplotypes into three strongly supported clades, corresponding to rock, red-legged (A.␣rufa) and chukar partridges. We did not detect any case of maternal introgression. In contrast, admixture analyses of microsatellite genotypes identified from four to 28 putative hybrids (according to different assignment criteria), corresponding to 1.2–8.8% of the samples, which were widespread throughout all the country. Power and limits of admixture analyses were assessed using simulated hybrid genotypes, which revealed that a small number of markers can detect all first and second generation hybrids (F ₁ and F ₂), and up to 90% of the first generation backrossess. Thus, the true proportion of recently introgressed rock partridges in Greece might be ca. 20%. These findings indicate that introgressive hybridisation is widespread, suggesting that released captive-bred partridges have reproduced and hybridised in nature polluting the gene pool of wild rock partridge populations in Greece.     

祁连山区特有物种黑虎耳草的居群遗传多样性研究

利用叶绿体基因(rbcL和trnS-G)及核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(ITS),对祁连山区狭域分布的特有物种黑虎耳草8个居群(115个个体)进行遗传多样性研究,旨在揭示黑虎耳草的居群遗传结构及其历史进化过程。结果表明:(1)所有取样个体共检测到4个cpDNA单倍型和9个ITS单倍型,其中祁连山东南部的居群固定较多的单倍型和特有单倍型,而西北部居群只固定少数几个广泛分布的单倍型,且遗传多样性普遍较低。(2)基于cpDNA数据和ITS数据的分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示,遗传变异主要来源于居群内。(3)基于cpDNA数据的中性检验表明,Tajima’s D(-1.012 30,P> 0.05)和Fu&Li’s D*(-2.066 77,P> 0.05)均为负值,均不显著;歧点分布分析结果显示,黑虎耳草居群经历过近期的扩张事件。根据物种现有遗传分布格局推测,黑虎耳草在第四纪冰期时退缩到祁连山东南部的边缘避难所,间冰期或冰期后回迁到祁连山西北部地区,在回迁过程中由于奠基者效应导致祁连山西北部的居群仅固定少数广泛分布的单倍型,并呈现出较低的遗传多样性;由于居群较小且相互隔离,该...