气候变化对我国南方人工林地上生物量影响的模拟研究——以会同生态站磨哨实验林场为例

全球气候变暖对陆地生态系统尤其是森林生态系统有着重要的影响,气温升高、辐射强迫的增强将显著改变森林生态系统的结构和功能.南方人工林作为我国森林的重要组成部分,对气候变化的响应日益强烈.为了探究未来气候情景下我国南方人工林对气候变化的响应,降低未来气候变化对人工林可能带来的损失,本研究采用3种最新的气候情景—典型浓度排放路径情景(RCP2.6情景、RCP4.5情景、RCP8.5情景)预估数据,应用生态系统过程模型PnET-Ⅱ和空间直观景观模型LANDIS-Ⅱ模拟2014—2094年间湖南省会同森林生态实验站磨哨实验林场森林的地表净初级生产力(ANPP)、物种建立可能性(SEP)和地上生物量的变化.结果表明: 不同森林类型的SEP和ANPP对气候变化的响应有明显的差异,各森林类型对气候变化的响应程度表现为: 对于SEP,在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,人工针叶林＞天然阔叶林＞人工阔叶林;在RCP8.5情景下,天然阔叶林＞人工阔叶林＞人工针叶林.对于ANPP,在RCP2.6情景下,人工阔叶林＞天然阔叶林＞人工针叶林;在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,天然阔叶林＞人工阔叶林＞人工针叶林.人工针叶林的地上生物量在2050年左右开始下降,天然阔叶林和人工阔叶林整体呈现上升趋势.2014—2094年,研究区地上总生物量在不同气候情景下增加幅度不同,RCP2.6情景下增加了68.2%,RCP4.5情景下增加了79.3%,RCP8.5情景下增加了72.6%.3种情景下的总地上生物量大小排序为: RCP4.5> RCP8.5> RCP2.6.我们认为,适当的增温将有助于未来研究区森林总地上生物量的积累,但过度的增温也可能会阻碍森林的生产和生态功能的持续发展.     

未来气候变化情景下中国自然湿地CH4排放的时空变化

应用TRIPLEX GHG模型,模拟未来气候变化背景下2006—2100年中国自然湿地生态系统CH₄排放的时空变化.结果表明： 保持中国现有自然湿地分布不变,在3种相对浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5）情境下,21世纪末,中国自然湿地CH₄排放量与当前水平相比将分别增长32.0%、55.3%和90.8%.中国大陆南方自然湿地CH₄排放高于中部和北方,且自西向东呈现上升趋势.CH₄高通量排放区域主要集中在长江中下游湿地、东北湿地和珠江沿岸湿地.RCP4.5和RCP8.5情境下全国大部分自然湿地CH₄排放通量增加,而RCP2.6情境下21世纪中后期CH₄排放上升趋势得到控制并开始下降,到世纪末部分地区（尤其是青藏高原地区）CH₄排放通量与当前水平相比有所降低.     

未来气候变化情景下中国自然湿地CH4排放的时空变化

应用TRIPLEX GHG模型,模拟未来气候变化背景下2006—2100年中国自然湿地生态系统CH₄排放的时空变化.结果表明： 保持中国现有自然湿地分布不变,在3种相对浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5）情境下,21世纪末,中国自然湿地CH₄排放量与当前水平相比将分别增长32.0%、55.3%和90.8%.中国大陆南方自然湿地CH₄排放高于中部和北方,且自西向东呈现上升趋势.CH₄高通量排放区域主要集中在长江中下游湿地、东北湿地和珠江沿岸湿地.RCP4.5和RCP8.5情境下全国大部分自然湿地CH₄排放通量增加,而RCP2.6情境下21世纪中后期CH₄排放上升趋势得到控制并开始下降,到世纪末部分地区（尤其是青藏高原地区）CH₄排放通量与当前水平相比有所降低.     

未来气候变化情景下河南省粮食安全气候承载力评估

为探究未来气候变化对河南省粮食生产的影响,基于夏玉米和冬小麦两种主粮作物的生产潜力和气候资源承载力,结合1961—2017年河南省111个气象站的观测数据以及区域气候模式输出的2041—2080年RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种排放情景下的气象资料,采用农业生态区域法(AEZ模型)计算了河南省气候生产潜力及其变化特征,并根据不同生活水平下的粮食需求指标,分析了河南省的气候承载力和剩余空间。结果表明: 1961—2017年,河南省夏玉米气候生产潜力平均为18408.87 kg·hm^-2,表现为中东部高、西部低;与基准时段(1981—2010年)相比,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下分别下降13.0%和8.0%,高值中心由豫东地区向豫西南地区转移。1961—2017年,冬小麦气候生产潜力平均值为10889.79 kg·hm^-2,呈中部高、北部低;与基准时段相比,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下分别减少18.6%、21.7%。当前,在温饱水平和小康水平粮食需求条件下,最大气候资源承载力分别平均养活人口2.52亿和1.83亿。2070s(2071—2080年)最大气候资源承载力平均养活人口有所减少,与基准时段相比,RCP4.5情景下小康水平和温饱水平分别下降9.7%和18.4%,RCP8.5情景下小康水平和温饱水平分别下降7.7%和16.6%。当前气候条件下,河南省气候资源相对剩余率在-93.0%～356.9%,与基准时段相比,未来气候资源相对剩余率减少近40%。     

四川省岷江冷杉对气候变化的响应及其潜在分布格局

四川省是我国气候变化的敏感区之一,区域气候的暖干化趋势严重影响植物物种组成与分布。岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)作为我国特有种,其分布的动态变化对气候变化具有十分重要的指示作用。基于现有岷江冷杉分布数据、气候、土壤、地形等环境因子,运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测当代气候条件下岷江冷杉潜在分布区,并分析未来时期(2050s和2070s)不同气候变化情景下(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5)岷江冷杉潜在适生分布区,筛选影响岷江冷杉分布的主导环境因子及阈值,探讨岷江冷杉分布对气候变化的响应机制。结果表明：(1)当前岷江冷杉的高适生区集中分布于岷江流域上游地区,在未来两个时期岷江冷杉潜在中、高适生区的面积较当代气候条件下适生区面积均有所增加,且适生区总体向四川南部扩张,北部适宜生境丧失。(2)岷江冷杉潜在中适生区在低排放浓度下(RCP2.6)面积占比最高,而潜在高适生区在高排放浓度下(RCP8.5)的面积占比最高。(3)影响岷江冷杉分布的主要环境因子分别是：降水季节性变异系数、气温年变化幅度、年降水量和海拔(累计贡献>70%)。适宜岷江冷杉潜在分布的环境条件是气温...     

21世纪上半叶内蒙古草地植被净初级生产力变化趋势

基于中国气象局国家气候中心新发布的中短期适应气候变化的新情景(RCP4.5)和极端情景(RCP8.5)下的气候预估数据,采用空间化后的CENTURY模型模拟探讨2011－2050年内蒙古草地植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时空变化特征.结果表明: 区域尺度上,未来气候变化情景下内蒙古草地NPP年下降速率分别为0.57 g C·m^-2·a^-1(RCP4.5)、0.89 g C·m^-2·a^-1(RCP8.5);相对于基准时段,RCP4.5情景下内蒙古草地NPP在2020s、2030s、2040s分别下降11.6%、12.0%、18.0%,而RCP8.5情景下降幅分别为23.8%、21.2%、30.1%.不同气候情景下内蒙古草地NPP时空变化特征差异较大,但即使在RCP4.5下未来40年绝大部分草地NPP也将呈现下降趋势,15.6%的草地减产超过20%.这表明未来气候变化情景下内蒙古草地降水略增的态势不足以补偿因温度升高对草地植被初级生产力所产生的负面作用,草地资源的可持续发展将面临更大挑战.     

东北地区玉米适应气候变化措施对生产潜力的影响

为探求东北玉米未来如何更好地适应气候变化,本研究采用抗逆品种和推迟播种期两种适应措施,结合区域气候模式模拟的2010-2099年间RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种浓度路径逐日气象资料,分析了不同气候变化情景下东北玉米适应措施的生产潜力变化.结果表明: 2010-2099年间,东北区玉米气候生产潜力的空间分布特征基本为东南向西北减小的趋势,RCP4.5情景下东北玉米生产潜力高于RCP8.5情景,且RCP8.5情景出现极低值年份明显多于RCP4.5情景.所有抗逆品种的玉米生产潜力均高于原有品种,在RCP4.5情景下,耐高温品种的玉米生产潜力更高,在RCP8.5情景下,耐旱品种表现更好,双耐(耐高温、耐旱)品种的玉米生产潜力在2种气候变化情景下均最高.RCP4.5情景下,推迟播种均出现增产情况,其中,推迟30~40 d播种的玉米增产率达到最大;RCP8.5情景下,部分地区出现减产情况.说明适当推迟播种期有利于提高玉米气候生产潜力,但地区间存在差异.     

欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心时空偏移的情景模拟

欧亚大陆复杂多样的植被生态系统在全球气候变化的驱动下,其时空分布格局将发生系列的偏移变化,进而对欧亚大陆"一带一路"沿线国家和地区的生态环境产生重要影响。如何从全球气候变化驱动的角度来实现欧亚大陆植被生态系统时空偏移趋势的模拟分析,已成为"一带一路"沿线国家和地区生态环境研究的热点科学问题之一。在对HLZ生态系统模型进行改进和构建植被生态系统平均中心时空偏移分析模型的基础上,基于欧亚大陆的气候观测数据(1981—2010年)和CMIP5 RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5三种情景数据(2011—2100年),实现欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心时空偏移趋势的模拟分析。结果表明:欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心主要分布在欧亚大陆的中部和南部地区;3种气候情景下,欧亚大陆的亚热带干旱森林、暖温带湿润森林、亚热带有刺疏林、亚热带潮湿森林、冷温带潮湿森林、寒温带湿润森林、冷温带湿润森林、亚热带湿润森林、暖温带干旱森林、亚极地/高山湿润苔原和极地/冰原等植被生态系统的平均中心偏移幅度大于其他植被生态系统类型;欧亚大陆植被生态系统在RCP8.5情景下的植被生态系统平均中心偏移幅度大于其他两种情景;在2011—2100年期间,3种气候变化情景下,欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心整体上将呈向北偏移的变化趋势。     

未来气候变化对云南烤烟种植气候适宜性的影响

云南烤烟种植的气候适宜性分布将受到气候变化的深刻影响.根据云南烤烟种植气候适宜性的3个决定因子(7月平均气温、7—8月日照时数、4—9月降水量),利用1981—2060年的气候模拟数据及1986—2005年的气象台站实测数据,分析了1986—2005年及RCP 4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下2021—2040年、2041—2060年云南烤烟种植气候适宜性分布的变化.结果表明: 未来气候情景下,云南烤烟种植气候适宜分布呈现北抬东扩的趋势,未来云南烤烟可种植区域将呈逐渐增加的趋势,且2041—2060年增幅大于2021—2040年、RCP8.5情景的增幅大于RCP4.5情景,其中,烤烟的最适宜区域、次适宜区域增幅均较大,适宜区域则变化不大.未来云南中北部烟区的昆明、曲靖、大理、楚雄、丽江最适宜区面积与可种植面积增幅较大,文山、红河、普洱、西双版纳等南部烟区最适宜区面积与可种植面积减幅较大.     

LUCC及气候变化对澜沧江流域径流的影响

运用SWAT模型,通过设置不同情景,定量分析了澜沧江流域土地利用与土地覆被变化(Land Use and Land Cover Change,LUCC)和气候变化对径流的影响,并结合RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种排放情景对流域未来径流的变化进行预估。结果表明:SWAT模型在澜沧江流域径流模拟中具有很好的适用性,率定期和验证期的模型参数R~2分别达到0.80、0.74,Ens分别达到0.80、0.73;从土地利用变化方面考虑,流域内的农业用地转化为林地或草地,均会导致径流量的减少,而林地转化为草地则会引起径流量的增加,农业用地、林地、草地三者对径流增加贡献顺序为农业用地草地林地,从气候变化方面考虑,流域内的径流量与降雨量成正比,与气温成反比;2006—2015年间澜沧江流域气候变化引起的月均径流减少幅度强于LUCC引起的月均径流增加幅度,径流变化由气候变化主导;在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种排放情景下,2021—2050年间澜沧江流域的径流均呈增加趋势,这与1971—2015年间流域实测径流的变化趋势相反。     

The future of Iranian wetlands under climate change

Temporal changes in the area of 10 significant wetlands in Iran were determined using the remote sensing image of TM and ETM+ band 5 for a period of 15 years (1998–2012). The relationship between the annual time series of the area and the difference of precipitation and potential evaporation (P-E) was obtained for the wetlands using three evaporation methods. The area of the wetlands was predicted for 2050 using the best-fitting model and seven global climate models under four representative concentration pathways (a total of 28 climate scenarios). The area of five wetlands had a significant positive correlation with the P-E (R² > 0.72). The area of one wetland (Ghoorigol) is predicted to increase and the area of four wetlands (Bakhtegan, Chaghakhor, Parishan and Gavkhooni) is predicted to decrease in 2050 in comparison to the maximum area of the wetlands from 1998 to 2012 under all the climate scenarios. In comparison to the mean area of the wetlands (1998–2012), one wetland (Ghoorigol) is predicted to be larger and two wetlands (Gavkhooni and Parishan) are predicted to be smaller under all the climate scenarios. Two wetlands (Bakhtegan and Chaghakhor) are predicted to be larger under most of the climate scenarios in 2050. The Uromia wetland, the largest wetland in Iran, is predicted to become completely dry by 2032 if anthropogenic impacts continue similar to what occurred from 1998 to 2012.     

Future climate change effects on US forest composition may offset benefits of reduced atmospheric deposition of N and S

Climate change and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are important drivers of forest demography. Here we apply previously derived growth and survival responses for 94 tree species, representing >90% of the contiguous US forest basal area, to project how changes in mean annual temperature, precipitation, and N and S deposition from 20 different future scenarios may affect forest composition to 2100. We find that under the low climate change scenario (RCP 4.5), reductions in aboveground tree biomass from higher temperatures are roughly offset by increases in aboveground tree biomass from reductions in N and S deposition. However, under the higher climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) the decreases from climate change overwhelm increases from reductions in N and S deposition. These broad trends underlie wide variation among species. We found averaged across temperature scenarios the relative abundance of 60 species were projected to decrease more than 5% and 20 species were projected to increase more than 5%; and reductions of N and S deposition led to a decrease for 13 species and an increase for 40 species. This suggests large shifts in the composition of US forests in the future. Negative climate effects were mostly from elevated temperature and were not offset by scenarios with wetter conditions. We found that by 2100 an estimated 1 billion trees under the RCP 4.5 scenario and 20 billion trees under the RCP 8.5 scenario may be pushed outside the temperature record upon which these relationships were derived. These results may not fully capture future changes in forest composition as several other factors were not included. Overall efforts to reduce atmospheric deposition of N and S will likely be insufficient to overcome climate change impacts on forest demography across much of the United States unless we adhere to the low climate change scenario.     

Methane emissions from tropical freshwater wetlands located in different climatic zones of Costa Rica

Wetlands are the largest natural source of the greenhouse gas methane to the atmosphere. Despite the fact that a large percentage of wetlands occur in tropical latitudes, methane emissions from natural tropical wetlands have not been extensively studied. The objective this research was to compare methane emissions from three natural tropical wetlands located in different climatic and ecological areas of Costa Rica. Each wetland was within a distinct ecosystem: (1) a humid flow‐through wetland slough with high mean annual temperatures (25.9 °C) and precipitation (3700 mm yr^?1); (2) a stagnant rainforest wetland with high mean annual temperatures (24.9 °C) and precipitation (4400 mm yr^?1); or (3) a seasonally wet riverine wetland with very high mean annual temperatures (28.2 °C) and lower mean annual precipitation (1800 mm yr^?1). Methane emission rates were measured from sequential gas samples using nonsteady state plastic chambers during six sampling periods over a 29‐month period from 2006 to 2009. Methane emissions were higher than most rates previously reported for tropical wetlands with means (medians) of 91 (52), 601 (79), and 719 (257) mg CH₄‐C m^?2 day^?1 for the three sites, with highest rates seen at the seasonally flooded wetland site. Methane emissions were statistically higher at the seasonally wet site than at the humid sites (P<0.001). Highest methane emissions occurred when surface water levels were between 30 and 50 cm. The interaction of soil temperature, water depth, and seasonal flooding most likely affected methanogenesis in these tropical sites. We estimate that Costa Rican wetlands produce about 0.80 Tg yr^?1 of methane, or approximately 0.6% of global tropical wetland emissions. Elevated methane emissions at the seasonally wet/warmer wetland site suggest that some current humid tropical freshwater wetlands of Central America could emit more methane if temperatures increase and precipitation becomes more seasonal with climate change.     

气候变化与人类活动对青藏高原湿地的影响研究进展

青藏高原是中国湿地分布最多的区域,其独特的高寒湿地对区域生态环境安全有着不可或缺的作用。梳理了青藏高原湿地变化的时空特征,基于此,重点分析了气候变化与人类活动对不同类型湿地的影响和作用机制。研究发现：(1)主导不同类型湿地变化的气候因素有差异,影响存在区域异质性。湖泊湿地主要受降水量影响,湖泊湿地在北部扩张、南部缩小的趋势与降水量的空间差异存在较强的一致性;沼泽湿地主要受气温影响,气温升高导致水分蒸发、植被群落演替,沼泽湿地向草地转化,江河源区和若尔盖高原等主要分布区域呈现退化趋势;河流湿地主要受气温影响,气温升高加速河源冰川消融、同时也增大河流蒸散发量,共同作用下河流湿地呈现北部减少、南部增加的趋势。(2)过度放牧、泥炭开采、水利建设等是影响湿地变化的主要人类活动。若尔盖高原同时存在过度放牧、泥炭开采和沟渠建设多重人类活动影响,当地沼泽湿地退化明显;柴达木盆地的人工湿地由于盐业开采迅速扩张。(3)当前研究存在数据可对比性不足、大区域尺度和野外定点持续监测数据缺乏等问题,导致对气候变化与人类活动影响机制研究不够深入。未来应加强高寒湿地定期监测与风险评估,完善高寒湿地生态系统与环境变化和...     

Predicting the wetland distributions under climate warming in the Great Xing’an Mountains,northeastern China

The wetland ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to hydrological and climate changes. The Great Xing’an Mountain is such a region in China that has a large area of wetlands with rare human disturbance. The predictions of the global circulation model CGCM3 (the third-generation coupled global climate model from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis) indicated that the temperature in The Great Xing’an Mountain will rise by 2–4°C over the next 100 years. This paper predicts the potential distributions of wetlands in this area under the current and warming climate conditions. This predication was performed by the Random Forests model, with 18 environmental variables, which will reflect the climate and topography conditions. The model has been proven to have a great prediction ability. The wetland distributions are primarily topography-driven in the Great Xing’an Mountains. Mean annual temperature, warmness index, and potential evapotranspiration ratio are the most important climatic factors in wetland distributions. The model predictions for three future climate scenarios show that the wetland area tends to decrease, and higher emission will also cause more drastic shrinkage of wetland distributions. About 30% of the wetland area will disappear by 2050. The area will decrease 62.47, 76.90, and 85.83%, respectively, under CGCM3-B1, CGCM3-A1B, and CGCM3-A2 by 2100. As for spatial allocation, wetlands may begin to disappear from the sides to the center and south to north under a warming climate. Under CGCM3-B1, the loss of wetlands may mainly occur in the south hills with flatter terrain, and some may occur in the north hills and intermontane plains. Under CGCM3-A1B, severe vanish of wetlands is predicted. Under CGCM3-A2, only a small area of wetlands may remain in the north of the high mountains.     

Thresholds of sea‐level rise rate and sea‐level rise acceleration rate in a vulnerable coastal wetland

Feedbacks among inundation, sediment trapping, and vegetation productivity help maintain coastal wetlands facing sea‐level rise (SLR ). However, when the SLR rate exceeds a threshold, coastal wetlands can collapse. Understanding the threshold helps address key challenges in ecology—nonlinear response of ecosystems to environmental change, promotes communication between ecologists and resource managers, and facilitates decision‐making in climate change policies. We studied the threshold of SLR rate and developed a new threshold of SLR acceleration rate on sustainability of coastal wetlands as SLR is likely to accelerate due to enhanced anthropogenic forces. Deriving these two thresholds depends on the temporal scale, the interaction of SLR with other environmental factors, and landscape metrics, which have not been fully accounted for before this study. We chose a representative marine‐dominated estuary in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Grand Bay in Mississippi, to test the concept of SLR thresholds. We developed a mechanistic model to simulate wetland change and then derived the SLR thresholds for Grand Bay. The model results show that the threshold of SLR rate in Grand Bay is 11.9 mm/year for 2050, and it drops to 8.4 mm/year for 2100 using total wetland area as a landscape metric. The corresponding SLR acceleration rate thresholds are 3.02 × 10^?4 m/year² and 9.62 × 10^?5 m/year² for 2050 and 2100, respectively. The newly developed SLR acceleration rate threshold can help quantify the temporal lag before the rapid decline in wetland area becomes evident after the SLR rate threshold is exceeded, and cumulative SLR a wetland can adapt to under the SLR acceleration scenarios. Based on the thresholds, SLR that will adversely impact the coastal wetlands in Grand Bay by 2100 will fall within the likely range of SLR under a high warming scenario (RCP 8.5), highlighting the need to avoid RCP 8.5 to preserve these marshes.     

气候变化驱动下黄土高原刺槐林气候适宜性和脆弱性

刺槐是黄土高原乡土树种,具有优良的水土保持和固碳功能。黄土高原生态恢复实践中实施了大规模的植树造林,刺槐林面积占沟壑丘陵区人工植树造林面积90%以上。由于种植时没有考虑刺槐的气候适宜性,一些地区的刺槐林出现了退化现象。采用最大熵模型,在0.5km×0.5km空间精度上分别模拟了1961—1990、1966—1995、1971—2000、1976—2005、1981—2010,以及2100年(典型浓度路径RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下)黄土高原刺槐的气候适宜性和敏感性。模拟结果显示：黄土高原刺槐分布及其动态变化主要受到最冷月温度、极端低温、降水量、年辐射量等气候因子影响,低温(最冷月温度、极端低温)是影响刺槐的最关键因子。黄土高原西北和北部广大地区,自然环境条件不适合刺槐林生长;黄土高原东南部(关中平原和山西南部)比较适合刺槐生长。相对1961—1990年,1961—2010年期间刺槐林适宜区分布格局基本没有改变,RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下刺槐林适宜区分布格局也没有显著改变。图层叠加分析发现,刺槐的气候适宜度(即存在概率)发生了明显改变。黄土高原西部和北部属于不适宜刺槐生...     

Downscaling climate parameters in Fars province,using models of the fifth report and RCP scenarios

Climate change is responsible for many extreme weather events on the Earth, including sea level rising, drastic shifts in temperature and precipitation regimes, and changes in flood and drought frequency. In the present study, based on IPCC's latest report, outputs of three GCMs, the EC-EARTH, the HadGEM2-ES and the MIROC5 were downscaled by the LARS-WG model and under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Also, variations in precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures for the time series 2021–2040, 2041–2060 and 2061–2080 have been projected and the precipitation extreme values in Gumbel distribution were evaluated. For this purpose, the climate records obtained from Shiraz, Lar and Abadeh synoptic stations in Fars province were used to establish the baseline period (1985–2010). The results of all the stations show that Changes in maximum and minimum temperatures under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios have increased. The increase in minimum temperature for the baseline period compared to the upcoming period 2021–2040 under the selected scenarios were 1.43 and 1.65C, respectively. The increase in precipitation for the baseline period compared to the upcoming period (2021–2040) under the two scenarios were up to 2.93 and 1.95, respectively. Furthermore, longer return periods are accompanied by higher amounts of probable maximum precipitation under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where extreme precipitation is showing higher level of rise under the latter scenario.     

土地利用/覆被变化扎龙湿地蒸散发量及生态需水量的遥感估算

地表蒸散发量是影响湿地水热平衡的主要因素,也是水分损失的主要途径,对湿地生态需水量的合理确定和水资源的有效管理具有重要意义。借助遥感和GIS技术,利用2002、2010、2016年34景Landsat影像,基于时序NDVI数据对湿地下垫面物候特征的定量表征,准确获取了扎龙湿地保护区3个时期土地利用/覆被的动态变化信息。选用物理基础较好且应用广泛的SEBAL模型,估算了湿地的瞬时蒸散发量,并结合站点气象数据,实现了湿地蒸散发量在时间尺度上的扩展,分别得到日、月、年尺度的湿地蒸散发量,深入探究了扎龙湿地蒸散发的时空分布特征;最后从湿地湖泡需水量、植物需水量及生物栖息地需水量3个方面,定量估算出扎龙湿地3个时期的现状生态需水量。研究发现：扎龙湿地的土地覆被类型主要以芦苇沼泽、草地和耕地为主,其中芦苇沼泽分布占绝对优势,且2002-2016年持续增加了205.82 km²;草地、耕地呈持续减少态势,分别减少了119.35 km²和95.96km²,表明2002-2016年扎龙湿地生态系统呈恢复态势;湿地保护区蒸散发量年内均大致呈单峰型分布,符合夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季的规律,在年际上呈现明显的递增趋势,年蒸散发量由2002年的518.87mm增加到2016年的625.98mm,增加了20.64%。为满足湿地内的生态消耗,总体上2002-2016年湿地的生态需水量也相应的增加,保护区适宜生态需水量的变动范围为5.40亿-7.08亿m³,可以维持湿地湖泊、植被、动植物栖息地的健康态势。维持核心区健康状态的最小生态需水量变化范围为2.71亿-3.32亿m³。随着遥感数据时空分辨率的提高,基于蒸散发量反演的湿地生态需水量估算将更加实用和准确,为湿地保护区制定科学合理的补水方案提供有效的技术支撑。     

2000—2015年拉萨河流域NPP时空变化及驱动因子

拉萨河流域是西藏政治、经济和文化核心区,具有青藏高原典型的高寒湿地及西藏主要的耕作区,受人类活动及气候变化的影响,流域生态安全及生态健康面临威胁和破坏。植被净初级生产力（NPP）作为衡量生态系统健康的重要指标,能够反映生态系统的可持续发展。利用2000-2015年MODIS-NDVI数据,基于光能利用率模型估算了拉萨河流域的NPP,分析了NPP的时空格局、动态变化特征及NPP与气候因子的相关性,探讨了影响NPP变化的驱动因子并明确了驱动分区。结果表明：近16年拉萨河流域NPP年均值为165.614 gC m^-2 a^-1,总体分布具有明显的空间异质性,与该地区植被类型的分布规律相似,不同植被类型的NPP存在差异。NPP变化在总体上呈下降趋势,平均年变化趋势斜率为-1.804 gC m^-2 a^-1。NPP与气温和降水的相关性具有明显的地域性差异,草本湿地与气温呈显著负相关,灌丛与降水呈显著正相关。NPP变化受气候因子驱动的区域占比20.81%,非气候因子占比79.19%。