我国东部底栖无脊椎动物主要分类单元耐污值

根据采自安徽南部山区溪流、江苏南京秦淮河流域和紫金山地区小水体的92个大型底栖无脊椎动物样本,以及文献记载的北京、天津、安徽、湖南和辽宁的135个大型底栖无脊椎动物样本数据,用调整后的多样指数分级标准H'＞4极清洁,3～4清洁,2～3轻污,1～2中污,＜1重污,确定了227个样本所在样点水质类型.采用Lenat(1993)耐污值计算法,共获得81个分类单元的耐污值,其中昆虫纲鞘翅目3科2属,广翅目1科2属,蜉蝣目7科14属,(礻责)翅目2科2属,毛翅目6科7属,蜻蜓目3科1属,双翅目3科3亚科12属,软体动物2属5种,环节动物1属4种,扁形动物1属,甲壳动物1属.根据采集经验和文献记载,核定了73个分类单元(科、属)的耐污值,并初步探讨了上述各分类单元耐污值所适用的地区.     

胶州湾大型底栖动物的物种多样性现状

自1998年2月－1999年11月对胶州湾的10个站进行了大型底栖动物分布状况调查,目的在于为进一步的胶州湾生物多样性变化及其保护研究,为胶州湾底栖生物资源的合理开发和持续利用提供科学依据和积累资料。初步分析结果显示,两年内各站春季和秋季的物种多样性指数偏低,冬季和夏季的指数较高,物种均匀度指数夏季最高,春季最低,物种丰富度指数以夏季最高,春季和冬季略同,秋季最低。1999年各站出现的底栖动物种数明显高于1998年,差异显著,生物多样性平均指数较1998年有所下降。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物生物多样性现状

根据自1998年2月至2001年11月对胶州湾的10个站15个航次（每季度月一次）的大型底栖动物分布状况调查资料,报道了胶州湾大型底栖生物物种多样性现状,采用了香农-威纳指数、物种丰富度指数以及物种均匀度指数对胶州湾大型底栖生物的群落结构、种类组成、优势种以及数量动态趋势进行了分析。本次调查共采到底栖动物322种,其中多毛类44科133种,甲壳动物42科92种,棘皮动物仅有14种。各站获得平均种类数在8—26种之间,种类最少的出现在7号站,最多的出现在3号站。各站位香农-威纳指数也有很大差异,最大的是2001年11月的8号站,最小的则出现在2001年8月的9号站。7号站和9号站种类数、物种多样性指数及物种丰度指数均较低,这是因为它们位于水流较大的区域,且底质为粗砂。3号站虽然种类数较多,并具有较大的香农-威纳指数,但它的物种均匀度指数却非常低,这是因为3号站靠近菲律宾蛤仔养殖区域,蛤仔的高密度降低了均匀度指数。生物多样性除了受种的数量及其个体密度的影响外,还与多种环境因素有关,如水温,盐度、初级生产力等,人为因素（如污染、过度利用）对底栖生物影响非常大。目的在于为进一步研究胶州湾生物多样性变化及底栖生物资源的合理开发和持续利用提供科学依据和积累资料。     

东海春秋季大型底栖动物分布现状

根据 2 0 0 0年 11月和 2 0 0 1年 4月在 12 1°～ 12 7°E、2 6°～ 32°N之间的东海水域所设的 30个取样站所采集的5 2 6号采泥和 973号拖网样品 ,共计 392种大型底栖动物 ,报道了东海大陆架底栖动物的种类组成和数量分布。392种底栖动物中 ,多毛类 95种 ,软体动物 131种 ,甲壳类 118种 ,棘皮动物 4 8种。从分析结果看 ,底栖动物的种数自北向南和由近岸 (西部 )向外海 (东部 )逐渐增多。调查海区春季底栖动物平均生物量为 7.2 1g/m2 ,平均栖息密度为 132 .95个 /m2 ;秋季底栖动物的平均生物量为 8.79g/m2 ,平均栖息密度为 10 1.4 5个 /m2 。春秋季生物量及栖息密度等值线分布趋势无明显变化。在春秋季底栖动物生物量及栖息密度组成中均以多毛类占主要地位 ,春季生物量以多毛类和棘皮动物占优势。与 195 9～ 196 0年的全国海洋综合调查对东海底栖生物的调查结果比较 ,当前东海海域大型底栖生物的分布格局和生态学特点无明显变化 ,但春季的生物量较 195 9年低。     

温榆河大型底栖动物季节分布特征的研究

为了研究温榆河底栖动物季节变化情况,于2011年对温榆河大型底栖动物进行了季节采样,并采用物种优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数4个指标探求大型底栖动物季节分布特征。结果表明:温榆河共检出底栖动物64种,春季、夏季和秋季均有3种优势物种,其中,夏、秋两季的优势物种均为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、猛摇蚊(Chironomus acerbiphilus)和苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura Sowerbyias)。生物多样性指数基本以秋季为最大值,秋季是评价研究区底栖动物群落的最佳季节。Pearson相关分析表明水温对春季生物多样性指数的影响最为显著,夏季和冬季均只有Pielou指数与其中的一个水质指标呈显著正相关关系。     

温州天河潮间带大型底栖动物的次级生产力

2009年7月-2010年5月分4个季度对温州天河潮间带大型底栖动物进行取样调查,利用生物量、能量和Brey的经验公式计算了潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力.结果表明:整个研究区域大型底栖动物生物量平均值为(7.2264±0.8766) g·m-2,能量平均值为(44360±4373)J·m-2,年平均去灰生物量为(6.51±0.79)g(AFDW)·m-2,年平均生产力为(7.71±0.96)g(AFDW)·m-2·a-1和年平均P/B值为(1.18±0.07);其中以中潮带的次级生产力最高,高潮带次之,低潮带最低;随着潮间带季节变迁,生物量和能量在高潮带和低潮带上变化规律一致,而中潮带季节变化不一致.分析表明:季节和潮区是影响潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力时空变异的2个最重要因素;由于这2个因素的单独和交互作用,使得温州天河潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力变化既有一定的规律,又呈现出变化程度不一致的复杂格局.     

深圳福田红树林区底栖大型动物群落的空间分带及灌污的可能影响

本文自１９９１年４月至１９９３年１月对深圳福田红树林中底栖大型动物的空间分带及灌污的可能影响进行了研究。结果表明,该红树林湿地中主要出现的底栖动物为拟沼螺科,黑螺科,汇螺科,沙蟹科,方蟹科和弹涂鱼科种类。红树区内底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为３个群落分布带：亮泽拟沼螺带;拟黑螺－褶痕相手蟹带;弧边招潮－印尼拟蟹守螺－刻纹拟沼螺带。群落的分带可能主要由潮位线,食物适应性及底质结构因素决定。林前泥滩底栖动物种类多样性最大,生物量最高。林内动物群落则表现出低种类多样性,高种群个体数的特点。群落总栖息密度的变化基本上由软体动物所主导。生活污水排灌对红树林中底栖大型动物的影响不明显,仅在排污口端引起少数污水动物种类的出现及群落总生物量轻微的升高。     

胶州湾潮间带大型底栖动物的群落生态

潮间带是沿岸带位于最大高潮水面到最小低潮水面之间的区域,处于陆海过渡带,生物资源非常丰富,也是受各种理化环境因子以及人类活动影响最大的区域。我国近年来对各地不同类型的潮间带进行了一些生态调查研究,包括对胶州湾也进行了数次生态调查,如劭晓阳等(2001)研究了浙江省岛     

湛江红树林保护区大型底栖动物的群落结构

目的：对广东湛江红树林保护区大型底栖动物群落结构及其与红树植物群落、环境因子的关系进行分析。方法：用大型多元统计软件PRIMER对采样调查的数据进行分析。结果：种群的相对重要性存在着地点和季节的差异。聚类和非参数多变量标序分析显示,大型底栖动物群落结构存在季节差异;相似性分析检验表明动物群落结构季节间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,不同剖面的动物群落结构差异也极显著（p〈0．01）;相关检验分析表明,群落结构季节间存在显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05）。相似性百分比分析表明由于某些大型底栖动物优势种的数量存在较大的季节波动,造成群落结构季节间的差异。相关检验分析表明两个红树剖面春季和夏季大型底栖动物的种类丰度和生物量均与对应的红树植物群落特征、环境因子测定值呈显著或极显著相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;生物一环境分析显示,两个红树剖面的大型底栖动物群落结构均与土壤机械组成、pH、盐分、有机质含量、湖位线和红树植物群落相关。结论：研究表明,季节、底质、潮位线和红树植物群落是影响大型底栖动物群落结构变化的主要因子。     

大亚湾大型底栖动物的群落结构

利用2004年3月、5月、9月和12月的大型底栖动物定量采样数据,对大亚湾大型底栖动物的群落结构进行研究.结果表明,大亚湾大型底栖动物大致可分为3个群落,分别分布于湾顶及湾中大部分海域、湾中部和湾口海域,湾中部海域群落的变化较为显著.大型底栖动物整体群落结构的季节变化总体较小,但雨季对大型底栖动物群落的影响较大,存在较明显的干湿季差异.大亚湾海域生态环境受到明显的扰动,处于扰动状态中的大型底栖动物群落稳定性较差;湾顶和湾中大部分海域内的群落Ⅰ,为大亚湾的主体群落,以软体动物为主,种类组成单一、季节变化小,以小鳞帘蛤Veremolpa micra和粗帝汶蛤Timoclea scabra 为特征种.该群落的稳定性最差,处于较强烈的扰动之中;稳定分布于湾口的群落Ⅲ稳定性最好,未受到扰动,以多毛类为主,种类组成较为复杂、变化较大;湾中部海域大型底栖动物群落结构变化较为复杂,主要变化区域为马鞭州附近海域.该群落系经强烈的人为扰动后,经次生演替而形成的新群落,其种类组成的季节变化非常显著,各季的种类几乎完全不同,群落的独立性和抗干扰能力均较弱;与1980's相比,大亚湾大部分区域内大型底栖动物基本保持了原有的群落,但群落稳定性大幅下降,群落的分布范围和种类组成发生较大程度的改变,主体群落组成呈明显的简单化趋势.在人类活动影响下,湾内同一区域内群落完全演替、湾中部海域出现新的群落.     

大沽夹河底栖大型无脊椎动物耐受值估算

耐受值表现为水生生物在一定水平的干扰作用下生存和繁殖的相对能力,在生物学评价中起着不可或缺的重要作用。通过查阅文献资料、野外采样和实验室分析与鉴定,获得大沽夹河23个采样点1998～2007年环境要素数据和2006～2007年底栖大型无脊椎动物数据。应用等标指数法和算术平均法计算环境梯度值,利用加权加和法估算底栖大型无脊椎动物的耐受值,建立底栖大型无脊椎动物44个分类单元的耐受值谱。研究表明：（1）根据环境要素值和底栖大型无脊椎动物数据、采用数学方法估算底栖大型无脊椎动物耐受值,比专家经验或以生物多样性划分环境梯度等方法,更加客观;（2）耐受值谱表明,大沽夹河底栖大型无脊椎动物以敏感性和耐受性类型为主,过渡性类型较少。（3）与前人研究成果对比,耐受值在目、科分类单元比较一致,在属、种分类单元存在差异;（4）限于条件,底栖大型无脊椎动物分类鉴定有些粗略,环境梯度计算未包含底质、水文要素,需进一步改进。     

海河流域农田生态系统环境损益分析

根据生态系统服务的内涵,建立了海河流域农田生态系统服务功能评价指标体系,并利用市场价值法、影子工程法和机会成本法等,定量评价了海河流域农田生态系统服务的经济价值和农田环境成本.结果表明：2005年,海河流域农田生态系统环境效益总价值为1802.64亿元;其中,调节功能的价值（794.16亿元）占44.06%,支持功能的价值（1008.48亿元）占55.94%,提供产品和文化功能未进行核算.从不同的功能类型来看,其价值量大小依次为释氧>涵养水源>营养元素循环>土壤保持>废弃物净化>环境净化>固碳>秸秆还田.2005年,海河流域化肥流失和温室气体排放的环境成本较大,为422.93亿元.其中,化肥流失量为427.42×10⁴ t,成本为151.91亿元;产生的温室气体折算为CO₂的量为3599.65×10⁴ t,成本为271.02亿元.     

流域环境要素空间尺度特征及其与水生态分区尺度的关系——以辽河流域为例

指标体系构建是流域水生态分区技术框架中的一项重要内容。目前提出的指标体系尚缺乏一定的科学理论支持,如所选指标的生态尺度与各级分区大小之间的对应关系。生态学研究认为,不同尺度上的生态过程和格局不同。以辽河流域为例,对影响水生态系统的几个大尺度环境要素(降水、地形和植被)的空间尺度特征进行分析,得出了各要素空间变异最为显著的尺度。其中,降水的空间尺度约为75 km,地形要素和指标均大致存在16 km、32 km、64 km和128 km多个景观特征尺度。在界定水生态一、二级分区范围基础上,讨论了各环境要素作为水生态一、二级分区指标的适用性,以期为辽河流域水生态分区指标选取提供一定科学依据,同时希望能为其他流域提供一定参考。     

Stressor tolerance values for benthic macroinvertebrates in Mississippi

Conceptually, tolerance values represent the relative capacity of aquatic organisms to survive and reproduce in the presence of known levels of stressors. Operationally, they represent the relative abundance and co-location of organisms and stressors. These numeric values are then used for calculating tolerance metrics. Defensibility of biological assessments using tolerance metrics is compromised if the origins of the tolerance values or technical foundations of metrics are unknown. To minimize circularity and maximize objectivity, we define stressed conditions using physical and chemical factors. Also, since single, isolated stressors in stream systems are rare, we used an approach that combines multiple physical and chemical characteristics into a single general stressor gradient. In this paper, we describe development of tolerance values for benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from 455 wadeable stream sites throughout Mississippi, USA, except the Alluvial Plain. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to develop a gradient that incorporated direct (instream physical and chemical) and indirect (land use) stressors, which was then scaled from 0 to 10. Weighted averaging of the relative abundance of each taxon was used to assign tolerance values based on the point of greatest relative abundance along the stressor gradient. Tolerance values were derived for 324 of the 567 taxa collected from the study sites, and primarily represented sensitivity to agricultural influences including degradation of physical habitat and nutrient enrichment, the dominant stressors within the state. We suggest that this approach could be used in other areas of the country to develop new tolerance values, refine existing ones, and may be a useful approach for other taxonomic groups.     

Assigning macroinvertebrate tolerance classifications using generalised additive models

1. Macroinvertebrates are frequently classified in terms of their tolerance to human disturbance and pollution. These tolerance values have been used effectively to assess the biological condition of running waters. 2. Generalised additive models were used to associate the presence and absence of different macroinvertebrate genera with different environmental gradients. The model results were then used to classify each genera as sensitive, intermediately tolerant or tolerant to different stressor gradients as quantified by total phosphorus concentration, sulphate ion concentration, qualitative habitat score and stream pH. The analytical approach provided a means of estimating stressor‐specific tolerance classifications while controlling for covarying, natural environmental gradients. 3. Computed tolerance classification generally conformed with expectations and provided some capacity for distinguishing between different stressors in test data.     

The partitioning of macroinvertebrate diversity across multiple spatial scales in the upper Modder River System,South Africa

A method for assessing the alpha and beta diversity components of a macroinvertebrate community across numerous spatial scales is presented. Findings were not empirically linked to ecological questions as the purpose of this study was primarily the demonstration of a diversity partitioning method. Sampling was carried out at three sites on the upper Modder River in the Free State Province, South Africa between April 2008 and January 2009. Communities were analysed by investigating the relative frequency of species in specific biotopes, a Similarity Profile (SIMPROF) and cluster analyses of the Bray‐Curtis similarities between samples, and the partitioning of species richness and Shannon diversity across multiple spatial scales. Findings revealed that sites showed significant clustering (SIMPROF P < 0.05; <20% Bray‐Curtis similarity), and the species frequencies indicated preference to selected microhabitats. Species richness and Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates differed significantly (5% confidence levels) from randomly simulated values for sampling sites, biotopes and seasons indicating that diversity is clustered and not homogeneously distributed. The diversity partitioning could have potential in diversity assessment for conservation biology, land management and environmental impact assessments.     

Effects of flow regulation, basin characteristics and land-use on macroinvertebrate communities in a large arid Patagonian river

Longitudinal distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities were examined in relation to hydrochemical variables along the Chubut River in the Patagonian Precordillera and Plateau, Argentina. The Chubut River (>1000 km) is the largest river in the area and its basin is subject to multiple uses: agriculture, cattle raising, urbanization and the hydrological regime of the lower section is modified by a reservoir. Quantitative benthic samples were collected at 13 sites in the higher, middle and lower sections of the river basin. Sites were visited four times during 2004 and physicochemical parameters, chlorophyll a and particulate organic matter (POM) were assessed. Ninety-five taxa were collected in the study, with total species richness per site ranging from 5 to 51, and benthos density averaging 299–5024 ind m⁻². Altitude and turbidity were implicated as important factors determining macroinvertebrate assemblages along the river system, and an eutrophication gradient was documented in the regulated/urbanized section of the main river. High turbidity (TSS) and sedimentation limited algal productivity in the middle basin. Below the dam, TSS, total phosphorus (TP) and POM decreased, whereas soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and chlorophyll a increased. Macroinvertebrate density increased three fold in this area possibly due to habitat improvement and enhanced trophic resources. Mean species richness did not change below the impoundment; however the community was dominated by gastropods, chironomids and flatworms. The Chubut River is complex and its biotic community reflects the landscape attributes. While benthic composition and density was governed by turbidity and flood disturbance in some river segments, a greater environmental heterogeneity resulted in an unexpected high number of species at the main channel upper basin.     

Longitudinal and temporal changes in functional organization of macroinvertebrate communities in the Lam Tsuen River,Hong Kong

The functional organization of macroinvertebrate communities along the Lam Tsuen River, New Territories, Hong Kong, was investigated in 1976 and 1978–79. Longitudinal changes in functional group representation in 1976 generally matched those predicted by the River Continuum hypothesis, although shredders were poorly represented in the headwaters. This could be attributed to a lack of shading and limited allochthonous inputs from the scrubland watershed. In 1978–79 community organization was modified by nutrients and organic matter inputs from domestic and agricultural sources. An increase in generalists and the establishment of deposit-feeder populations in the middle and lower course was accompanied by relative declines in collector, filter-feeder and predator diversity. Shredders and scrapers were also adversely affected. Seasonal influences were mediated through the effects of rainfall on river discharge. The river was ‘flushed-out’ during the wet season and community organization tended toward that seen in 1976. Effects of cultural eutrophication were pronounced during the dry season and marked alterations in middle and lower course functional group representation were noted. Apparently, differing environmental tolerances of individual taxa cause marked changes in functional group representation and community structure in rivers affected by cultural eutrophication. Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong     

北洛河流域食蚜蝇科区系分析

依据世界动物地理区划及中国动物地理区划,对北洛河流域的食蚜蝇科昆虫进行区系分析。北洛河流域在动物地理区划上隶属于古北界的华北亚区,该区分布有食蚜蝇科昆虫52种,隶属于2亚科11族29属,其中包括2个中国新纪录种和7个陕西新纪录种。其区系组成特点是：古北界有17种,占总数的32.70%,古北界和东洋界共有种有35种,占总数的67.31%。