Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect

Phylogeography has grown explosively in the two decades since the word was coined and the discipline was outlined in 1987. Here I summarize the many achievements and novel perspectives that phylogeography has brought to population genetics, phylogenetic biology and biogeography. I also address future directions for the field. From the introduction of mitochondrial DNA assays in the late 1970s, to the key distinction between gene trees and species phylogenies, to the ongoing era of multi-locus coalescent theory, phylogeographic perspectives have consistently challenged conventional genetic and evolutionary paradigms, and they have forged empirical and conceptual bridges between the formerly separate disciplines of population genetics (microevolutionary analysis) and phylogenetic biology (in macroevolution).     

中国产业生态学发展的回顾与展望

作为一门探讨产业发展与生态环境之间相互关系的学科,产业生态学需要对我国生态化转型重大战略选择做出贡献。本文回顾与评述了产业生态学在我国的发展,指出产业生态学在我国的起源具有多源性,既有着中国传统哲学的传承,也有着多种工程学科的经验升华,还有着前苏联经验的烙印。在进入新世纪后,我国产业生态学的发展开始深受西方学术的影响,逐渐建立起较为系统的教育、研究和组织体系。这些成果体现在课程开设、学科建设、机构成立和研究发表等方面。本专栏评述了其中的代表性领域并收录了相关成果,例如生命周期评价和产业共生等。在探讨产业生态学学科发展的现实性、理论性及政治性基础上,提出了需要进一步观察、总结和提炼过去的发展实践,需要关注中国根本性和战略性的核心问题,需要建构产业生态学的中国学派,需要加速建设产业生态学的教育和学科发展体系,并接受生态文明转型这一历史使命的挑战,为中国乃至世界产业生态学发展以及产业生态化做出贡献。     

Mammalian calcitonin cells: retrospect and prospect

In this review we aim to provide an overview of the published reports on the morphology, position, population, distribution and origin of calcitonin cells. Also, we have included a brief historical note and the experimental studies which demonstrate the effects on calcitonin cell function.     

Bacterial anatomy in retrospect and prospect

Progress in bacterial anatomy over a period of about 15 years is reviewed. In particular, attention is paid to developments in which the Department of Electron Microscopy and Molecular Cytology was involved. Past and present problems in bacterial anatomy as well as approaches to their solution are discussed.     

“试管婴儿”技术30年——回顾和展望

1978年第一例试管婴儿诞生以及随后近30多年来该领域不断取得的突破性进展,促进了以体外受精为基础的辅助生殖技术在临床的广泛应用,并取得了很好的疗效。本文将系统回顾近30多年来辅助生殖技术在临床和实验室两方面建立的包括:控制性超排卵、序贯培养、精子胞浆内注射以及植入前遗传学诊断和筛查等主要技术突破,并对医源性多胎、新技术的安全性等目前存在的主要问题及可能的解决方案进行探讨。     

暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工驯化研究的回顾与前瞻

在全球的牛肝菌物种中,暗褐网柄牛肝菌Phlebopus portentosus是唯一一种成功被人工驯化、实现了周年工厂化栽培的牛肝菌,总产能已达日产16t.暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工栽培技术,从初期的实验室探索阶段,到工厂化栽培的发展阶段,再到工厂化菌株菌种选育的提升阶段,都取得了一定的进步.本文将从暗褐网柄牛肝菌的生态学特性...     

Angiotensin, thirst, and sodium appetite: retrospect and prospect.

The fact that drinking in response to some hypovolemic stimuli was attenuated by nephrectomy but not by ureteric ligation led to the suggestion that the renal renin-angiotensin system may play a role in hypovolemic thirst. The isolation of a thirst factor from the kidney and the demonstration that this substance was renin supported the hypothesis. Subsequently, it was shown that the effects of renin on drinking were mediated through angiotensin II, which proved to be a potent dipsogenic substance when administered systemically or injected directly into the brain. Recently, it has been shown that angiotensin II, infused intravenously or through the carotid artery at rates that produce increases in plasma angiotensin II levels similar to those that occur in mild sodium depletion, causes the water-replete animal to drink. This discovery establishes that angiotensin is a physiological stimulus to drinking but it leaves open the question of the extent of the involvement of renal renin in normal thirst. Other unsolved problems are the role of cerebral isorenin in angiotensin thirst and its relationship with renal renin, and in view of its stimulating action on sodium intake when infused into the brain, whether angiotensin plays a significant role in sodium appetite.