Die Namen der Familien und Unterfamilien der Lebermoose (Hepaticopsida)

Abstract

Part I deals briefly with the application of the Code rules to family and subfamily names.

In Part II full references are given for all family and subfamily names of Hepaticopsida, some with nomenclatural or taxonomic notes added. There are three lists, each in alphabetical order: A. legitimate names (78 f., 62 subf.), B. illegitimate names (21 f., 10 subf.), and C. invalid names (only those derived from generic names; 17 f., 11 subf.); in total 116 family and 83 subfamily names. Five family names (Choneoleaceae Schust., Conocephalaceae K. Müll., Exormothecaceae K. Müll., Oxymitraceae K. Müll., Perssoniellaceae Schust.) and three subfamily names (Allisonioideae Schust., Cololejeuneoideae Herz., Odontosehismatoideae Buch) are validated by Latin diagnosis. Five subfamily names (Hygrobielloideae (Joerg.) Schust., Isotaehidoideae (Hatch.) Grolle, Makinooideae (Nakai) Grolle, Mastigophoroideae (Nees) Grolle, Pallavicinioideae (Migula) (Grolle) are proposed by change of rank, whereas five other subfamily names (Acromastigoideae Grolle, Blepharostomatoideae Grolle, Cyathodioideae Grolle, Lethocoleoideae Grolle, Notothyladoideae Grolle) are newly proposed.

Part III is a taxonomic arrangement of the hepatic families and subfamilies. For each of the five orders of Hepaticopsida the accepted families (sixty-two in total) are listed alphabetically with full synonymy : Anthocerotales (1), Marchantiales (16), Metzgeriales (8), Calobryales (2), Jungermanniales (35). The accepted subfamilies with their synonyms are added to each family.     

Index nominum familiarum plantarum vascularium

A list of 2510 vascular plant family names is provided, valid and not validly published as well as legitimate and not legitimate. Each entry has a full bibliographic reference, nomenclatural status, generic type (when based on a generic name), means of validation, original place of publication for pre-1789 works, isonyms, invalid names proposed prior to a name’s validation, first use of correct orthography (if not given in the original publication), first uses of other orthographic variations, divisional placements of typified names, indication of acceptance in the botanical literature after 1960, and a four-letter abbreviation for the legitimate family name. In addition, nomenclaturally correct, typified names are listed for the ranks of order, superorder, subclass, class, subdivision, division/phylum, and subkingdom (for a total of 753 names), with full bibliographic citations. A similar list of 1569 currently available extant vascular plant family names is also given, of which 960 are considered to be in “current use.” A starting date for all names is assumed to be 4 August 1789 (Jussieu,Generaplantarum). Current difficulties with family nomenclature, and potential changes to bibliographic citations as a result of recently proposed changes to theInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclature, are noted.     

Ceci n'est pas une pipe: names, clades and phylogenetic nomenclature

An introduction is provided to the literature and to issues relating to phylogenetic nomenclature and the PhyloCode, together with a critique of the current Linnaean system of nomenclature. The Linnaean nomenclature fixes taxon names with types, and associates the names with ranks (genus, family, etc.). In phylogenetic nomenclature, names are instead defined with reference to cladistic relationships, and the names are not associated with ranks. We argue that taxon names under the Linnaean system are unclear in meaning and provide unstable group–name associations, notwithstanding whether or not there are agreements on relationships. Furthermore, the Linnaean rank assignments lack justification and invite unwarranted comparisons across taxa. On the contrary, the intention of taxon names in phylogenetic nomenclature is clear and stable, and the application of the names will be unambiguous under any given cladistic hypothesis. The extension of the names reflects current knowledge of relationships, and will shift as new hypotheses are forwarded. The extension of phylogenetic names is, therefore, clear but is associated to (and thus dependent upon) cladistic hypotheses. Stability in content can be maximized with carefully formulated name definitions. A phylogenetic nomenclature will shift the focus from discussions of taxon names towards the understanding of relationships. Also, we contend that species should not be recognized as taxonomic units. The term ‘species’ is ambiguous, it mixes several distinct classes of entities, and there is a large gap between most of the actual concepts and the evidence available to identify the entities. Instead, we argue that only clades should be recognized. Among these, it is useful to tag the smallest named clades, which all represent non-overlapping groups. Such taxa  – LITUs (Least Inclusive Taxonomic Units) – are distinguished from more inclusive clades by being spelled with lower-case initial letter. In contrast to species, LITUs are conceptually straightforward and are, like other clades, identified by apomorphies.     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1992

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation, rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques in Geneva. For the year 1992, 658 names have been listed. For each one of them, an appreciation about its validity is given relating to the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. Fifteen names are given in addition to the Indexes 1987, 1990 and 1991 (Theurillat & Moravec 1990, 1993, 1994).     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1988

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1988, 297 names have been listed. For each one of them, an appreciation about its validity is given relating to the Code of Nomenclature. 17 names are given in addition to the Index 1987 (Theurillat etMoravec 1990).     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1991

This Index collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1991 591 names have been listed. Each one is accompanied by an appreciation about its validity with respect to the Code of Nomenclature. 25 names are given in addition to the Indexes 1988, 1989 and 1990 (Theurillat & Moravec 1991, 1992, 1993).     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1993

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1993, 1028 names have been listed and the validity of each one is considered in relation to the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. Two names are given in addition to the Index 1992 (Theurillat & Moravec 1995).     

Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis reveals expression of conserved and novel genes in male accessory glands of the ant Leptothorax gredleri

An issue arising from recent progress in establishing the placental mammal Tree of Life concerns the nomenclature of high-level clades. Fortunately, there are now several well-supported clades among extant mammals that require unambiguous, stable names. Although the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature does not apply above the Linnean rank of family, and while consensus on the adoption of competing systems of nomenclature does not yet exist, there is a clear, historical basis upon which to arbitrate among competing names for high-level mammalian clades. Here, we recommend application of the principles of priority and stability, as laid down by G.G. Simpson in 1945, to discriminate among proposed names for high-level taxa. We apply these principles to specific cases among placental mammals with broad relevance for taxonomy, and close with particular emphasis on the Afrotherian family Tenrecidae. We conclude that no matter how reconstructions of the Tree of Life change in years to come, systematists should apply new names reluctantly, deferring to those already published and maximizing consistency with existing nomenclature.     

Index of names of syntaxa typified in 1990

Following the “Index of new names” (Theurillat andMoravec 1993), the present work collects the names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature, BARKMAN et al. 1986) above subassociation rank typified in 1990. The list comprises 36 names of syntaxa; 2 names are given in addition to the “Index 1987” (Theurillat andMoravec 1990).     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1994

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of phytosociological nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1994 851 names were listed corresponding to 34 classes, 55 orders, 2 suborders, 128 alliances, 29 suballiances, and 603 associations. For each of them, an assessment of its validity is given relating to the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 72 names are given to add to the Indices 1991, 1992, 1993 (Theurillat & Moravec 1994, 1995, 1996).     

Should taxon names be explicitly defined?

Overviews are provided for traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature. In traditional nomenclature, a name is provided with a type and a rank. In the rankless phylogenetic nomenclature, a taxon name is provided with an explicit phylogenetic definition, which attaches the name to a clade. Linnaeus’s approach to nomenclature is also reviewed, and it is shown that, although the current system of nomenclature does use some Linnaean conventions (e.g., certain rank-denoting terms, binary nomenclature), it is actually quite different from Linnaean nomenclature. The primary differences between traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature are reviewed. In phylogenetic nomenclature, names are provided with explicit phylogenetic definitions, whereas in traditional nomenclature names are not explicitly defined. In phylogenetic nomenclature, a name remains attached to a clade regardless of how future changes in phylogeny alter the clade’s content; in traditional nomenclature a name is not “married” to any particular clade. In traditional nomenclature, names must be assigned ranks (an admittedly arbitrary process), whereas in phylogenetic nomenclature there are no formal ranks. Therefore, in phylogenetic nomenclature, the name itself conveys no hierarchical information, and the name conveys nothing regarding set exclusivity. It is concluded that the current system is better able to handle new and unexpected changes in ideas about taxonomic relationships. This greater flexibility, coupled with the greater information content that the names themselves (i.e., when used outside the context of a given taxonomy or phytogeny) provide, makes the current system better designed for use by all users of taxon names.     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1989

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1989, 588 names have been listed. For each one of them, an appreciation about its validity is given relating to the Code of Nomenclature. 15 names are given in addition to the “Index 1987” (Theurillat etMoravec 1990) and 53 to the “Index 1988” (Theurillat etMoravec 1991).     

The subgeneric nomenclature for the herbaceous-stemmed Smilax species (Smilacaceae) of North America

The several names and ranks given to the North American group ofSmilax with biovulate locules together with both herbaceous and nonprickly stems are listed chronologically and discussed nomenclaturally. It is concluded that this group of approximately nine species should be known at the generic rank asNemexia Raf. or at the rank of subgenus asSmilax subgenusLuiste Raf. or at section rank asSmilax sectionNemexia (Raf.) A. DC.     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1987

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1987, 460 names have been listed. For each one of them, an appreciation about its validity is given relating to the Code of Nomenclature.     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1990

The present work collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1990 454 names have been listed. For each one of them, a first appreciation about its validity is given relating to the Code of Nomenclature. 8 names are given in addition to the Index 1987 (Theurillat andMoravec 1990), 9 to the Index 1988 (Theurillat andMoravec 1991) and 4 to Index 1989 (Theurillat andMoravec 1992).     

Experimental matrilineal inheritance of rank in female Japanese macaques

In many species of cercopithecines a female inherits her mother's (or genealogical) rank. Matrilineal rank inheritance may be defined in general terms as the process whereby a female (termed ‘dependent’) acquires the rank of an ‘ally’ above another female (‘target’). An attempt was made to reproduce this process in time-lapse form in a group of 17 Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, comprised of three families with similar age-sex compositions. Experimental female subgroups were formed such that in each of them a female (dependent) was given more alliance power than a dominant target. The results indicate that in each of the subgroups that was tested the dependent female inherited the rank of her ally (mother or older sister) above same-age or older targets. Four processes of rank inheritance were observed. The fact that females who were given more alliance power did not solicit their ally, or challenge the target females, before they were aided by their ally suggests that aggressive interventions are the primary mechanism of rank inheritance. The results also account for the reported rarity of aggressive interventions in natural groups and for the observation that orphans may nevertheless inherit the rank of their family. The role and dynamics of the recognition of alliances in the establishment of rank relationships are discussed.     

A taxonomic and nomenclatural note on Hieracium caesium (Asteraceae)

The only specimen suitable for typification of Hieracium caesium was discovered in UPS and is here designated as the lectotype. This name appears to have been misapplied and superfluous when originally published at specific rank, but is legitimate according to Art. 52.3. Correct names proposed for three species of the group Caesia (H. caesium = H. basifolium, H. laeticolor and H. plumbeum) are given with infraspecific variants and some more important synonyms. The names H. caesium subsp. laeticolor, H. imitans, H. caesium var. nemorum, H. plumbeum are also lectotypified. Two new combinations H. caesium var. basifolium and H. caesium var. imitans are proposed.     

A new milliped of the Genus Chonodesmus,with a proposed reclassification of the family Cryptodesmidae (Diplopoda,Polydesmida)

Chonodemus gervaisi, n. sp., is described from San Agustín, Colombia. The genus Chonodesmus in many ways provides a link between the three nominal families Cryptodesmidae, Pterodesmidae, and Peridontodesmidae, and it is proposed that the three be combined into a single taxon, Cryptodesmidae, with the other two names retained for subordinate groups. A provisional classification of the family is suggested, including generic synonymy, and the new tribes Lampodesmini, Ophrydes‐mini, Dyakryptini, and Trichopeltini are proposed. The family name Otodesmidae is reduced to subfamily rank, and the name Niponiellidae reduced to tribal status. A key is provided for four West African genera of the subfamily Pterodesminae.