过量表达水杨酸羟基酶NahG降低烟草对青枯菌的抗性

研究构建了pMDC32-NahG植物表达载体,并获得了其超表达的转基因烟草T1代株系。结果表明:这些株系与其野生型植株没有明显表型差异,但却表现出较野生型植株更敏感的青枯菌侵染抗性。同时,研究还发现NahG的超表达还显著提高了茉莉酸(JA)-依赖的基因NtPR1-b的表达,降低了(SA)-依赖的相关基因NtPR3和NtPRQ的表达。这表明SA累积的缺陷降低了烟草对青枯菌侵染的抗性。     

Characterization of tobacco plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene

Transgenic tobacco plants that express the bacterial nahG gene encoding salicylate hydroxylase have been shown to accumulate very little salicylic acid and to be defective in their ability to induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In recent experiments using transgenic NahG tobacco and Arabidopsis plants, we have also demonstrated that salicylic acid plays a central role in both disease susceptibility and genetic resistance. In this paper, we further characterize tobacco plants that express the salicylate hydroxylase enzyme. We show that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inoculation of NahG tobacco leaves induces the accumulation of the nahG mRNA in the pathogen infected leaves, presumably due to enhanced stabilization of the bacterial mRNA. SAR-associated genes are expressed in the TMV-infected leaves, but this is localized to the area surrounding necrotic lesions. Localized acquired resistance (LAR) is not induced in the TMV-inoculated NahG plants suggesting that LAR, like SAR, is dependent on SA accumulation. When SA is applied to nahG-expressing leave's SAR gene expression does not result. We have confirmed earlier reports that the salicylate hydroxylase enzyme has a narrow substrate specificity and we find that catechol, the breakdown product of salicylic acid, neither induces acquired resistance nor prevents the SA-dependent induction of the SAR genes.     

Central role of salicylic acid in resistance of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) against salinity

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on growth parameters and enzyme activities were investigated in salt-stressed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Twenty-five days after sowing, seedlings were treated with NaCl (0, 100, and 200?mM) and SA (1?mM), and were harvested at 21 days after treatments. Results showed that some growth parameters decreased under salinity, while malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, phenolic compounds, and some enzyme activities increased. SA application increased some growth parameters, MDA and H₂O₂ content, and enzyme activities except catalase (CAT), which was different from the other enzymes and SA significantly reduced CAT activity in plants. These results suggest that SA-induced tolerance to salinity may be related to regulation of antioxidative responses and H₂O₂ level. Our study suggested that the resistant safflower can direct reactive oxygen species from a threat to an opportunity by using SA. Therefore, exogenous application of SA played this role through regulation of the antioxidant system.     

Integration of Pseudomonas fluorescens and salicylic acid improves citrus canker disease management caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp citri-A*

The individual and combined effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and salicylic acid (SA) were investigated for control of citrus bacterial canker (CBC). Both treated plants with copper hydroxide and untreated ones were used as controls. Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) seedlings were treated with SA at 10 mM, Pf and distilled water. Plants were initially inoculated with Xanthomonas citri subsp citri 72 h post treatments. Results indicated that the Pf and SA treatment controlled CBC more effectively compared to separately applying Pf or SA. The application of Pf in combination with SA significantly reduced lesion number per leaf (72%) and disease severity (84%). Significant changes in the activities of peroxidase and catalase were found. In conclusion, the integration of Pf with SA complements each other and can be applied to manage citrus canker disease in conjunction with other control programmes.     

水杨酸对牡丹叶片耐冷性的影响

为了探索低温胁迫下,水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)提高牡丹叶片耐冷性的生理机制,以8年生牡丹品种‘胡红’20 d叶龄的叶片为试材,将其浸入0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol·L-1的SA水溶液,置于4℃光照培养箱进行暗培养,经0、4、8、12 h的低温处理后取样测定其活性氧水平和保护酶活性,MDA、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及细胞膜透性。结果表明:施用低于2.0 mmol·L-1的SA可减轻低温对牡丹叶片的伤害程度,降低O-2·、H2O2和MDA含量以及细胞膜透性,但能使可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量升高,POD、SOD和CAT活性增加。其中1.0 mmol·L-1的SA能显著降低叶片组织中O-2·和MDA的含量,明显降低低温引起的叶片水渍化程度,随着低温处理时间的增加,这种效果更加明显。施用2.0 mmol·L-1的SA并不能明显减轻低温引起的叶片水渍化程度,当低温处理12 h后,叶片受到的低温伤害程度和没有施用SA时没有明显区别。总之,SA是否能明显提高牡丹叶片的耐冷性与其浓度有关,1.0 mmol·L-1的SA最能提高牡丹叶片的抗寒性,过低和过高浓度的SA则不能明显增加叶片的抗寒性。该研究成果能快速应用于牡丹的提早生产,并为增强其它作物的抗寒性提供理论参考。     

微生物诱导的植物系统抗性

综述了由植物病原菌和非病原性的根际促生菌诱导产生的两种植物系统抗性:系统获得性抗性(SAR)和系统诱导抗性(ISR),比较了两类系统抗性的诱导、信号分子和机理的异同点,阐述了信号分子水杨酸在系统获得性抗性诱导过程中的作用及茉莉酸和乙烯在系统诱导抗性产生过程中的作用。     

水杨酸诱导植物抗性的研究进展

水杨酸是一种重要的内源信号分子,能够激活一系列植物抗性防卫反应.为了研究这种抗性反应,对水杨酸诱导植物抗病性、抗旱性、抗盐性及与乙烯作用的新进展作了概述,并从水杨酸与过氧化氢及其代谢酶类相互作用的角度探讨了水杨酸诱导植物抗性生理的分子机理.     

Properties and Continuous Use of Microbial Fumarase Entrapped in Fibres

A new flavoprotein enzyme, l-glutamate oxidase, was purified to homogeneity from an aqueous extract of a wheat bran culture of Streptomyces sp. X-l 19–6. It showed absorption maxima at 273, 385 and 465 nm and a shoulder around 490 nm, and contained 2 mol of FAD per mol of enzyme. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 140,000 and consisted of three sizes of subunits with molecular weights of 44,000, 16,000 and 9,000. Balance studies showed that 1 mol of l-glutamate was converted to 1 mol of α-ketoglutarate, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide with the consumption of 1 mol of oxygen. In addition to l-glutamate, l-aspartate was oxidized by the enzyme but only to an extent of 0.6% at pH 7.4; the Michaelis constants were as follows: 0.21 mM for l-glutamate and 29 mM for l-aspartate. The isoelectric point was pH 6.2, and the enzyme activity was optimal between pH 7.0 and 8.0. When the enzyme was heated at pH 5.5 for 15 min, the remaining activity was 100% of the original activity level at 65°C, 87% at 75°C and 47% at 85°C.     

Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance by Heat Shock Treatment in Arabidopsis

A 3,6-di-O-benzylated demethylallosamizoline derivative was glycosylated at the 4-position with an N, N′-diphthaloylchitobiosyl moiety by using the thioglycoside method. After de-protections, the resulting demethylallosamidin-like pseudotrisaccharide was evaluated as an inhibitor against a couple of chitinases.     

Abscisic acid modulates salicylic acid biosynthesis for systemic acquired resistance in tomato

Among the regulatory mechanisms of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato, antagonistic interaction between salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways was investigated. Treatment with 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one1,1-dioxide (BIT) induced SAR in tomato thorough SA biosynthesis. Pretreatment of ABA suppressed BIT-induced SAR including SA accumulation, suggesting that ABA suppressed SAR by inhibiting SA biosynthesis.