鱼类的洄游

除了极少数定居鱼类以外,大多数鱼类都有定时定向的周期性成群移动,称做鱼类的洄游。洄游可以是主动的活动,如性成熟时向产卵场的移动,生长到达一定肥满度时向越冬场的迁移以及产卵、越冬后向肥育场的迁徙等,称为主动洄游;伹也可以是被动的,如鳗的幼鱼被海流携带很远,青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鱅(Aristichthys nofilis)的鱼苗在长江中顺水而下等称为被动洄游。     

生物间的生化相互作用研究——生态生化学的新进展

随着科学的迅速发展,各门科学之间的相互渗透日益加强,从而诞生了不少新兴的交叉或边缘学科。生物科学也不例外。除了生物学本身各门学科的交叉以外(如生态生理学、生理遗传学等),生物学还与数、理、化等学科交叉(如生物数学、生物物理学、生物化学等),在这方面,生物学与化学的交叉(如化学生态学、化学生理学、化学分类学、化学胚胎学等)尤为突出。这是可以理解的,因为化学物质变化在生命活动(如代谢、生长、生殖等)     

论我国新发现的中三叠世叶虾类——扬子叶虾(Yangzicaris gen.nov.)

叶虾类(Phyllocarids)是一类重要的软甲动物(malacostracans),以头胸甲前端有一个能活动的、关节似的匙形额板(rostral plate)为特征,头胸甲包裹胸部及部分腹节,胸肢双叉型,形如叶状,尾叉一般长刺状。叶虾类是海生生物,生活方式多样,有的头胸甲较厚,披以瘤刺,在浅海营底栖游泳或钻泥,如Aristozoe;有的头胸甲较薄,能在远海营浮游生活,常发现于笔     

几种常见昆虫体重与体积的关系

<正> 在昆虫学有关研究中,如在测定昆虫的呼吸作用时,必须准确测出试虫的体积,才能进行计算。目前较常用且较准确的方法是排水法,但该法也有其局限性。它除较麻烦外,而且不适于对试虫进行连续定时测定。因为将试虫浸入水中,会影响其生理状态,进而影响下一次测定结果的准确性。另外,对那些体表多毛或难以湿润的试虫(如灯蛾、毒蛾幼虫等),如用纯水测定,常因体表附有小气泡而影响测定结果。如加入某些溶剂以降低水的表面张力时,又常会影响试虫的生理状态,甚至杀死虫体而不能     

影响冬性植物春化发育阶段的条件

温度是一个重要的环境因子,影响了植物的生长发育。几乎没有一种生理作用不和温度发生直接或间接的关系。而温度又和其他的条件起着複雜的相互影响,影响着植物的一切生理活动。僅僅对於植物的发育来谈,温度也是特别重要。如所週知,有些植物在它们的生活过程中需要较低的温度,有的需要较高的温度。即使是同一种或同一品种的植物,温度对於它们一生中的影响也是有所不同。例如冬性禾谷類作物在生育初期需要较低温度,而後期则需要较高温度。其他如日夜的温差,各式的温度节奏,失常的温度,土層的温度……等都影响到植物的发育。Blaauw,A.H.等(1924,1932)用鳞茎類做了很多关於温度和发育的工作。     

关于RIPENING的中译名

在果实发育生理的研究中,maturation和ripening是两个常见的英文名词。maturation一般译为成熟,这已为人们所接受。但ripening的中译名却存在较大混乱,有的译为成熟,有的译为完熟或后熟(表1)。     

植物渗透调节的测定方法介绍

渗透调节是植物适应水分胁迫的主要生理机制。其含义是植物在逆境(干旱或盐渍)条件下,通过代谢活动增加细胞内溶质浓度,降低其渗透势(从而降低水势),从外界水势降低的介质中继续吸水,保持一定的膨压,维持较正常的代谢活动。在干旱条件下受膨压影响的细胞生长、气孔开放、光合作用及酶活性等生理过程得到完全或部分的维持,有利于增强植物的抗旱能力。国外这     

大豆植株在一天中的生理变化

在1960年8月底两个天气晴朗的日子里,每隔3—4小时测定大豆植株的主要生理活动。大豆的伤流量、蒸腾强度、气孔开度、叶片吸水力、光合强度、叶柄细胞汁液浓度、叶片呼吸强度和根部呼吸强度等在一天内有节奏性变化。白天高,晚上低,而在白天中又以中午前后较高。这些变化,与气温之间有依存关系,而气温又受光照强度所决定。作者建议在进行不同处理的生理测定时,同一生理项目应该同时进行,以得到准确的数据。     

大雾岭保护区穿山甲冬季生境选择

1999年12月至2001年2月,对大雾岭自然保护区穿山甲冬季栖息地的选择进行了研究,结果表明对林型选择的先后次序为针阔混交林、灌木丛、常绿阔叶林、针叶林;最偏爱针阔混交林,最不喜爱针叶林.多选择陡坡(30～ 60°);干扰源距离较远(>1 000 m),干扰程度小;林下草灌层盖度高(81% ～ 100%),隐蔽程度好; 阳坡或半阴半阳坡;中低海拔(760 ～ 1 500 m);中下坡位;水源距离较近(<500 m);乔木郁闭度适中(31% ～ 70%)的生境.较少选择上坡位,林下草灌层中低(0 ～ 50%),乔木郁闭度偏高(71%～ 100%)或偏低(0～ 30%),阴坡的生境.对洞口设置的要求是多朝南,而且要求隐蔽条件好,多数为全隐蔽或半隐蔽;最不喜爱将洞口设置在裸露、隐蔽程度差的生境,强力避免洞口向北.坡度、干扰源距离和林下草灌层盖度是影响穿山甲冬季栖息地选择的关键环境因子.     

复殖类吸虫各个发育阶段的生态

复殖类吸虫的生活史通常要经过虫卵、毛蚴、胞蚴、雷蚴、尾蚴及囊蚴几个阶段。随大便排出的虫卵有的是单细胞的,有的卵内已含有成熟的胚胎(毛蚴)。有的虫卵在子宫内孵化(如棘口科并睾吸虫属的一种Parochis acanthus),有的要经过体外发育后才孵化(如姜片虫),有的成熟卵进入螺体后才孵化(如华枝睾吸虫),但大多数吸虫卵落入水内,经发育后,孵出毛蚴,若侵入适当的中间宿主后才能继续发育。吸虫的第一中间宿主是软体动物,通常是腹足类,有时是瓣鳃类或掘足类,但未见于头足类和双神经类。在软体动物体内大多数都要经过胞蚴阶段,有的还有子胞蚴(如日本血吸)。由胞蚴或子胞蚴产生雷蚴,但也有的没有雷蚴     

哺乳动物似昼夜节律研究概要

本文参阅了50年代以来有关昼夜节律研究的重要著作,并根据近年来国内外发表的节律研究论文综合整理写成。     

The relationship between the golden spiny mouse circadian system and its diurnal activity: an experimental field enclosures and laboratory study

Examples of animals that switch activity times between nocturnality and diurnality in nature are relatively infrequent. Furthermore, the mechanism for switching activity time is not clear: does a complete inversion of the circadian system occur in conjunction with activity pattern? Are there switching centers downstream from the internal clock that interpret the clock differently? Or does the switch reflect a masking effect? Answering these key questions may shed light on the mechanisms regulating activity patterns and their evolution. The golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus) can switch between nocturnal and diurnal activity. This study investigated the relationship between its internal circadian clock and its diurnal activity pattern observed in the field. The goal is to understand the mechanisms underlying species rhythm shifts in order to gain insight into the evolution of activity patterns. All golden spiny mice had opposite activity patterns in the field than those under controlled continuous dark conditions in the laboratory. Activity and body temperature patterns in the field were diurnal, while in the laboratory all individuals immediately showed a free-running rhythm starting with a nocturnal pattern. No phase transients were found toward the preferred nocturnal activity pattern, as would be expected in the case of true entrainment. Moreover, the fact that the free-running activity patterns began from the individuals' subjective night suggests that golden spiny mice are nocturnal and that their diurnality in their natural habitat in the field results from a change that is downstream to the internal clock or reflects a masking effect.     

Melatonin and biological rhythms

Circadian and seasonal rhythms are a fundamental feature of all living organisms. The functional mechanism involved is built around internal biological clock(s) and the hormone melatonin (Mel) is one of its critical components. Although numerous other sources have been identified (retina, harderian gland, gut), in vertebrates Mel is primarily produced by the pineal gland during the dark period of the light-dark cycle. This rhythmic Mel is generated directly by circadian clock(s). The Mel rhythm is thus an important efferent hormonal signal from the clock. The periodic secretion of Mel might thus be used as a circadian mediator of a system that can 'read' the message.The duration of the nocturnal Mel production is directly proportional to the length of the dark period. It is through these changes in duration that the brain integrates the photoperiodic information. In essence, the Mel rhythm appears to be an endocrine code of the environmental light-dark cycle conveying photic information that is used by organisms for both circadian and seasonal temporal organization. The major question arising from this effect of Mel concerns it precise mechanism of action. From the data reported in the present minireview, it appears that the photoneuroendocrine mechanism is not fundamentally different in vertebrates at least as far as the role of Mel is concerned.     

The Relationship between the Golden Spiny Mouse Circadian System and Its Diurnal Activity: An Experimental Field Enclosures and Laboratory Study

Examples of animals that switch activity times between nocturnality and diurnality in nature are relatively infrequent. Furthermore, the mechanism for switching activity time is not clear: does a complete inversion of the circadian system occur in conjunction with activity pattern? Are there switching centers downstream from the internal clock that interpret the clock differently? Or does the switch reflect a masking effect? Answering these key questions may shed light on the mechanisms regulating activity patterns and their evolution. The golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus) can switch between nocturnal and diurnal activity. This study investigated the relationship between its internal circadian clock and its diurnal activity pattern observed in the field. The goal is to understand the mechanisms underlying species rhythm shifts in order to gain insight into the evolution of activity patterns. All golden spiny mice had opposite activity patterns in the field than those under controlled continuous dark conditions in the laboratory. Activity and body temperature patterns in the field were diurnal, while in the laboratory all individuals immediately showed a free‐running rhythm starting with a nocturnal pattern. No phase transients were found toward the preferred nocturnal activity pattern, as would be expected in the case of true entrainment. Moreover, the fact that the free‐running activity patterns began from the individuals' subjective night suggests that golden spiny mice are nocturnal and that their diurnality in their natural habitat in the field results from a change that is downstream to the internal clock or reflects a masking effect.     

Circadian rhythms of indoleamines and serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland

Conclusion The circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the pineal glands of various species has been summarized. The night-time elevation of melatonin content is in most if not all cases regulated by the change of N-acetyltransferase activity. In mammals, the N-acetyltransferase rhythm is controlled by the central nervous system, presumably by suprachiasmatic nuclei in hypothalamus through the superior cervical ganglion. In birds, the circadian oscillator that regulates the N-acetyltransferase rhythm is located in the pineal glands. The avian pineal gland may play a biological clock function to control the circadian rhythms in physiological, endocrinological and biochemical processes via pineal hormone melatonin.     

Light and dark rations and the photic entrainment of circadian locomotor activity patterns in the South American Silver Catfish (Rhamdia quelen,Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the daily rhythm of locomotor activity in Rhamdia quelen (R. quelen). A total of 30 fish were enrolled in the study and were equally divided in 10 groups and maintained in 100 liters tanks. The locomotor activity was measured in fish maintained under the LD 12:12 photoperiod regime; thereafter, the LD cycle was reversed to DL in order to study the resynchronization and to explore the endogenous pacemaker. Subsequently, the fish were subjected to constant conditions of light to test whether or not locomotor rhythms are regulated by the endogenous circadian clock. The effect of increasing light length and intensity was studied on daily rhythm of locomotor activity of fish. Our results showed that the R. quelen is a strictly diurnal species, the rhythm of locomotory activity resynchronized quickly after inverting the LD cycle and persist under free course LL, suggesting a circadian origin. The light showed a significant masking effect often blocking the expression of the biological rhythm. The strictly diurnal behavior is controlled directly by the photoperiod and maintained even under very dim light (30 lux).     

The estrous cycle in golden hamsters: a circadian pacemaker times preovulatory gonadotropin release

In a population of cycling female hamsters entrained to an LD 6:18 light cycle (lights 1000-1600 hours), preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone occurred in some animals at 1300-1400 hours and in others at 1900 hours. In every case peak release was phase-locked (2-3-hour positive phase angle) to the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. The pattern of entrainment of gonadotropin release on LD 6:18 is fully explicable in terms of the hamster's phase response curve to light. We conclude that periodic gonadotropin release in cycling females is timed by a circadian oscillator (biological clock) that is probably the same oscillator driving the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.