Factors controlling throughfall chemistry in a balsam fir canopy: A modeling approach

This paper presents a model of water flux and throughfall concentrations of K⁺ and NH ₄ ⁺ in a subalpine balsam fir forest. The model is based on a multi-layer submodel of hydrologic flow. Cloud water deposition and evaporation are incorporated as separate submodels. Chemical exchange is parameterized with diffusion resistances and internal foliar concentrations determined from leaching experiments on isolated canopy components. The model is tested against within-storm throughfall measurements and found to agree reasonably well in most instances. Some specific departures from observed data are noted, of which some can be explained. Differences between observed and modeled concentrations of K⁺ early in the storm events suggest that pre-storm conditions, which were not modeled, are important in controlling the chemical exchange.Responses of throughfall chemistry to changes in rain rate, rain concentration, and stand surface area index (SAI) were investigated by simulation with the model. Increasing rain rates increased leaching of K⁺ and uptake of NH ₄ ⁺ . Increasing concentrations of K⁺ in rain decreased slightly the amount of K⁺ leached, but increasing concentration of NH ₄ ⁺ in rain increased NH ₄ ⁺ uptake proportionately. Increasing canopy SAI increased the leaching of K⁺ and the uptake of NH ₄ ⁺ , with the pattern of the increase dependent on rain rate.     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林下穿透雨空间分布特征

森林冠层对降雨的水量和水质再分配是生态水文学研究的热点问题之一。为了研究兴安落叶松林下穿透雨的空间分布规律,探究森林冠层结构对穿透雨影响的生态机制,利用在兴安落叶松林下布设38个雨量筒,测定19场不同降雨事件的穿透雨数据(2013年7—8月),通过统计学方法分析冠层结构各因子与穿透雨的空间变异性规律,结果表明:观测期间,兴安落叶松林穿透雨量为148.3 mm,占同期大气降雨量的80.62%,穿透雨率随着降雨量的增加呈增加趋势;兴安落叶松林下穿透雨具有较大空间异质性,其变异程度随降雨量的增加而减小,以对数方程拟合较好(P0.01);冠层结构特征是影响穿透雨空间变异的重要因素,冠层复杂程度与穿透雨量呈负相关关系(P0.01);距树干距离、冠层厚度、叶面积指数等因素均可影响穿透雨的空间分布,以距树干距离影响最大,其与穿透雨率呈正相关关系(P0.01),而冠层厚度、叶面积指数则均与穿透雨率呈负相关关系(P0.01),但拟合效果不佳;从影响穿透雨的生态学机制来考虑,在冠层结构特征因子中,冠层厚度是决定穿透雨空间分布的最主要因素。     

祁连山青海云杉林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素

以位于祁连山中段大野口关滩森林站的青海云杉林为研究对象,利用2008年观测期间(6月12日至10月8日)34场降雨的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量观测资料,对青海云杉林的降雨再分配特征及其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明:青海云杉林的总穿透雨量、截留量和干流量分别为212.6、64.5 mm和3.4 mm,分别占大气降雨量的75.8%、23.0%和1.2%;穿透雨在林内具有较大的空间变异性,其变异程度随降雨量的增大而减小,叶面积指数和冠层郁闭度在一定程度上也影响穿透雨的空间分布,且降雨量越小其影响效果越明显;青海云杉林的总干流量为3.4 mm,平均干流率为0.58%,雨前林冠的湿润程度对树干流的产生有很大影响,导致当降雨量为5.6 mm时就开始产生树干茎流;青海云杉林冠截留率的大小主要取决于降雨量,且随着降雨量的增大先减小并逐渐趋于稳定,林冠截留量总体上随冠层郁闭度和叶面积指数的增大而增大,但当观测点位于树冠边缘或多个树冠重叠处时出现负截留现象。所以,就特定林分而言,冠层结构特征对于其林冠生态水文效应起着重要的作用。     

Exchange of Proton and Major Elements in Two-Layer Canopies Under Acid Rain in a Subtropical Evergreen Forest in Central-South China

Canopy exchanges of H^＋ and N （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N） and other major ions were evaluated and quantified In twolayer canopies based on throughfall measurements in Shaoshan Forest during the period 2000-2002, central-south China, The collected annual rainfall, throughfall, and sub-throughfall were 1 401, 1 191, and 1 084 mm/year, respectively. Fifteen percent and 8% of rainfall （or 9% of throughfall） were intercepted by the top canopy and sub-canopy layers, respectively, The foliar leaching of base cations from the top canopy was significantly higher than that from the sub-canopy, and the latter accounted for 25% of the former. The uptake of H^＋ and NH4^＋ was significantly higher in the top canopy than in the sub-canopy, indicating that the canopy buffering capacity in the top canopy was stronger than the sub-canopy; Mg^2＋ can be absorbed from water flux on the sub-canopy foliar surfaces to compensate for the Mg deficit in the forest soil during the growing season,     

六盘山华山松(Pinus armandii)林降雨再分配及其空间变异特征

利用2004和2005年生长季(6～9月份)六盘山自然保护区的香水河小流域内华山松天然林的穿透降雨、树干径流和冠层截留量观测资料,通过对华山松林降雨再分配特征和穿透降雨空间变异及其影响因素的综合分析,所得结果表明华山松天然林的穿透降雨量、树干径流量和冠层截留量,分别占大气降雨量的84.34%、0.72%和14.94%.穿透降雨在林内具有较大的空间变异,其变异程度随降雨量的增加而减小,冠层对穿透降雨具有一定的聚集效应,降雨量越高时效应越明显; 华山松冠层结构特征是影响穿透降雨的重要因素, 叶面积指数、冠层覆盖度、冠层厚度及距树干的距离等都会影响穿透降雨的空间分布,其中以叶面积指数的影响最大.由分析结果可知,冠层结构特征是决定大气降雨再分配和空间变异的重要生态因素之一.     

Large Canopy Exchange Fluxes of Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen and Preferential Retention of Nitrogen by Epiphytes in a Tropical Lowland Rainforest

Little is known about how tropical forest canopies interact with atmospheric nitrogen deposition and how this affects the internal nutrient dynamics and the processing of external nutrient inputs. The objectives of this study therefore were (1) to investigate gross and net canopy nitrogen (N) fluxes (retention and leaching) and (2) the effect of canopy components on net canopy N retention. Tracers were applied on detached branches in a tropical wet lowland rainforest, Costa Rica. A novel ¹⁵N pool dilution method showed that gross canopy fluxes (retention and leaching) of NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were remarkably higher than net throughfall fluxes. Gross fluxes of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? resulted in a negligible net flux whereas DON showed net uptake by the canopy. The highest quantity of ¹⁵N was recovered in epiphytic bryophytes (16.4%) although the largest biomass fraction was made up of leaves. The study demonstrates that tracer applications allow investigation of the dynamic and complex canopy exchange processes and that epiphytic communities play a major role in solute fluxes in tree canopies and therefore in the nutrient dynamics of tropical rain forests.     

岷江冷杉针叶林下穿透雨空间分布特征

森林对降水的截留作用、林下穿透雨的水文学及生态学意义一直是生态水文学研究中的热点 ,但是关于林下穿透雨空间分布特征的研究还比较少。在四川西部的卧龙自然保护区研究了岷江冷杉林下穿透雨的空间分布特征。在岷江冷杉针叶林下布设了 8个雨量筒用以测量林下穿透雨 ,对两年共 35次降雨的穿透雨研究结果表明 ,林下各观测点的穿透雨率同林外降雨量之间的关系都可以用逻辑斯谛曲线方程较好地模拟 ,与传统的对数方程模拟相比 ,前者的相关程度显著高于后者 ,而且用逻辑斯谛方程进行模拟时 ,方程中的各参数具有一定的生态学意义。此外 ,研究发现林下各点的穿透雨率具有显著的差异 ,位点 4下的穿透雨存在着明显的聚集效应 ,此处的平均穿透雨率达到了 10 3.2 %。对林下 8个点穿透雨进行聚类分析表明 ,林下位点 4和位点 8的穿透雨特征与其余 6个点的穿透雨特征有显著的差异。对影响岷江冷杉林下穿透雨空间分布的因素分析表明 ,观测点上方的冠层覆盖度、枝叶层厚度与降雨量之间均有一定的负相关关系 ,但其影响未达到显著水平 ;观测点到树干的距离与林下的穿透雨之间的关系可以较好地用二次多项式方程模拟 ,方程的相关程度很高 (R=0 .94 91) ;各观测点正上方的冠层以及枝叶性质也对穿透雨的空间分布特征有一定的     

太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征

利用2011年5-9月生长季观测的30场降雨数据,分析了山西太岳山不同郁闭度下油松人工林林冠截留、穿透雨以及树干茎流与降雨量的关系,以及林冠截留过程的特点.结果表明:(1)实验观测期间,该地区降雨总量为634.79mm,单次平均降雨量为21.16mm,单次最大降雨量为58.15mm,单次最小降雨量为0.54mm.其中,8月份的降雨总量最大,为190.77mm,6月份的降雨总量最小,为41.81mm.(2)郁闭度为0.8的油松人工林林冠截留量与降雨量呈一元线性关系,郁闭度为0.7、0.6和0.5均呈幂函数关系;对于各郁闭度的油松人工林,其林冠截留率与降雨量均呈对数函数关系;穿透雨量、树干茎流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干茎流量都随着降雨量的增加而增加.(3)不同郁闭度油松人工林之间林冠截留、穿透雨和树干茎流不同,总的趋势为随着郁闭度的减小,林冠截留量减小,穿透雨量增大,树干茎流量增大.林冠截留量与郁闭度表现出正相关关系,而穿透雨量、树干茎流量都与郁闭度表现出负相关关系.(4)各郁闭度林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致.     

Effects of canopy components on throughfall chemistry: An experimental analysis

Summary Five canopy components of subalpine balsam fir forests (branches with young needles, branches with old needles, non-foliated twigs, lichen-covered twigs, and boles) were treated with simulated rain to test the influence of these components on throughfall and stemflow chemistry. Effects on the fluxes of potassium, sodium, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions by the canopy components were tested in relation to rain application rate, duration of rain, and time since the last rain. Interactions between ionic behavior and components were complex. In general, the ionic behavior ranged from high levels of net efflux to mixed influx-efflux to high levels of influx in the order: sulfate, potassium, sodium, nitrate, hydrogen, ammonium. In cases in which application rates produced significantly different results, net flux rates increased with application rate. Branch components mostly ranged from low flux rates (either influx or efflux) to high rates according to the order: young needles相似文献   

Shifts in controls on the temporal coherence of throughfall chemical flux in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA

Major ion and mercury (Hg) inputs to terrestrial ecosystems include both wet and dry deposition (total deposition). Estimating total deposition to sensitive receptor sites is hampered by limited information regarding its spatial heterogeneity and seasonality. We used measurements of throughfall flux, which includes atmospheric inputs to forests and the net effects of canopy leaching or uptake, for ten major ions and Hg collected during 35 time periods in 1999–2005 at over 70 sites within Acadia National Park, Maine to (1) quantify coherence in temporal dynamics of seasonal throughfall deposition and (2) examine controls on these patterns at multiple scales. We quantified temporal coherence as the correlation between all possible site pairs for each solute on a seasonal basis. In the summer growing season and autumn, coherence among pairs of sites with similar vegetation was stronger than for site-pairs that differed in vegetation suggesting that interaction with the canopy and leaching of solutes differed in coniferous, deciduous, mixed, and shrub or open canopy sites. The spatial pattern in throughfall hydrologic inputs across Acadia National Park was more variable during the winter snow season, suggesting that snow re-distribution affects net hydrologic input, which consequently affects chemical flux. Sea-salt corrected calcium concentrations identified a shift in air mass sources from maritime in winter to the continental industrial corridor in summer. Our results suggest that the spatial pattern of throughfall hydrologic flux, dominant seasonal air mass source, and relationship with vegetation in winter differ from the spatial pattern of throughfall flux in these solutes in summer and autumn. The coherence approach applied here made clear the strong influence of spatial heterogeneity in throughfall hydrologic inputs and a maritime air mass source on winter patterns of throughfall flux. By contrast, vegetation type was the most important influence on throughfall chemical flux in summer and autumn.     

Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago

The sources of spatial and temporal variation and rates of nutrient deposition via throughfall were studied for 9 months in the Anavilhanas archipelago of the Negro River, Brazil. A total of 30 events was sampled individually for rain and throughfall chemistry in a 1-ha plot of flooded forest. Throughfall samples were collected in 40 collectors distributed in five parallel transects in the study plot, while rain was collected in 4 collectors in an adjacent channel. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of solutes in rain were consistently lower than in throughfall, except for H⁺, NO ₃ ^– and NH ₄ ⁺ . Ratios of VWM concentrations of rain to throughfall indicated that K⁺, followed by Mg²⁺ and PO ₄ ^3– , were the most enhanced solutes as rain passed through the forest canopy. The deposition of solutes varied significantly among transects, except for Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, and was significantly correlated with maximum flooding depth, foliar nutrient content, soil fertility and canopy closure for most solutes. The concentrations of PO ₄ ^3– and most major ions were higher in throughfall compared to those in rain due to canopy exchange and dry deposition. In contrast, NO ₃ ^– , NH ₄ ⁺ and H⁺ were retained due to immobilization by leafy canopy and ion exchange processes. Solute inputs via throughfall (not including stemflow) to a floodplain lake (Lake Prato) of the archipelago accounted for 30 to 64% of the total for most solutes in the lake at high water, which indicates that throughfall is an important source of nutrients to the aquatic ecosystem of the Anavilhanas archipelago.     

Water and element input into native, agri- and silvicultural ecosystems of the Brazilian savanna

The interaction of rain water with the vegetation canopy results in changes of the water quantity and quality. We examined these canopy effects in different ecosystems of the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado. The ecosystems were 20 yr-old Pinus caribaea Morelet plantations (PI), productive (PP) and degraded Brachiaria decumbens Stapf pastures (DP), continuous corn-soybean rotation (CC), and native typical cerrado (CE). We collected rainfall, throughfall, and, in PI and CE, stemflow from three plots of each ecosystem. Dry deposition and canopy leaching were estimated with a Na-tracer method. Between May 1997 and April 1999, the mean annual rainfall was 1656 mm of which 145 mm fell during the dry season (May–September). The throughfall percentage of the rainfall increased in the order, PI (75–85%) < CC (76–89%) < CE (89–100%) < PP (90–100%) < DP (99–100%); stemflow was < 1% of the rainfall. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH in rainfall was higher in the dry (6.5) than in the rainy season (5.4). The VWM pH in throughfall decreased in the order, CC (rainy season: 5.9/dry season: 6.2) > PP (5.5/6.0) > CE (5.2/6.0) > DP (5.2/5.6) > PI (4.8/5.7). The rainfall deposition of the dry season contributed one third of the annual element input with rainfall because of higher element concentrations than in the rainy season. The mean Na deposition ratios, i.e. the ratio of throughfall (+ stemflow) to rainfall deposition as a measure for dry deposition, increased in the order, CE (1.5) = CC (1.5) < PP (1.7) < PI (1.9) < (DP 2.1). Total deposition (rainfall + dry deposition) accounted for 104–164% of the K and Ca fertilizer application in PP and for 6.1–12% of the K, Ca, and Mg fertilizer application in CC. The P concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.2 mg L^–1 in all samples. Net canopy uptake, i.e. a smaller throughfall(+ stemflow) than rainfall + dry deposition, of Ca, K, Mg, S, Cu, and Zn in at least one of CE, PI, DP, and PP indicate that plant growth may be limited in part by these nutrients. During the vegetation period, between 28 and 50% of the applied K and Ca were leached from the canopy in PP and between 8.7 and 17% of the applied K, Ca, Mg, and S in CC. Our results demonstrate that PI causes larger water losses and enhanced acid inputs to the soil compared with all other ecosystems. However, the PI and pasture canopies scavenge more nutrients from the atmosphere than CE and CC.     

半湿润地区城市绿地灌木的截留集水功能及其影响因素

在半湿润地区,创新节水型城市绿地建设模式,实现绿地由耗水型向节水型转变,是学术界关注的热点问题。通过模拟降雨的方法,对半湿润地区城市绿地中的金叶女贞、大叶黄杨、小叶黄杨、红叶石楠、龙柏和侧柏等6种灌木的截留集水功能及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明: 冠层截留和茎流集水是水文过程的两个不同阶段,常绿灌木冠层截留大,但其茎流集水差;随着雨强增大,所有灌木的穿透雨率和茎流率都明显增加,但截留率却相对减少;穿透雨率表现为阔叶灌木显著大于针叶灌木,茎流率趋势与之相同,而截留率则相反。冠层投影中心区域穿透雨率最小,随着与冠层投影中心距离的加大,叶面积指数降低,穿透雨率也呈逐步减少趋势;当雨强为小雨时,冠层投影中心的穿透雨率小,即截留率和茎流率大,当雨强为大雨时,冠层投影中心的穿透雨率大,即截留率和茎流率小;随着雨强增大,冠层外围穿透雨率增大,漏斗形截留集水系统呈缩小趋势。雨强和叶面积指数是显著影响灌木截留集水功能的重要因素;半湿润地区城市绿地在林下配置阔叶灌木更有利于截留集水。     

陕北黄土高原柠条灌丛穿透雨特征与影响因素

穿透雨是降雨再分配的主要组分,对干旱半干旱区的土壤水分补给和植被生长具有关键作用。灌丛穿透雨的影响机制特别是植被特征对穿透雨的影响需要进一步的定量研究,且目前对穿透雨空间异质性与聚集效应的研究相对较少。以陕北黄土高原典型灌丛—柠条为研究对象,于2016年对六道沟小流域柠条冠层下8个方位的穿透雨以及降雨和植被因子进行系统观测,分析穿透雨量、穿透雨率、穿透雨空间变异和聚集效应的变化特征,辨识影响穿透雨的主要降雨和植被因子,并建立相应的定量关系。结果表明:次降雨下柠条的穿透雨量、穿透雨率和空间变异系数平均值分别为11.88 mm、75.71%和21.80%。穿透雨量主要由降雨量决定,随降雨量增加而线性增加(R~2=0.99)。穿透雨率和空间变异系数主要受降雨量和降雨强度影响,穿透雨率随降雨量和I_30增加而呈对数增加(R~2=0.71和0.54),渐进值约为95%,而穿透雨空间变异系数则随降雨量和I_30增加而呈幂函数递减(R~2=0.71和0.60),稳定值约为10%。冠层厚度和枝倾角是影响穿透雨的主要植被因子,并分别呈显著的线性负相关和正相关(P0.05)。柠条穿透雨具有一定的聚集效应,平均发生频率为8.53%,且聚集效应在大雨量、高雨强和长历时降雨事件中更加明显。     

川西亚高山白桦林穿透雨和茎流特征观测研究

观测了川西亚高山白桦次生林一个生长季节内的穿透雨和茎流的特征。结果表明 ,幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量、茎流量与总降雨量之间的关系 ,而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系 ;平均林冠截留量占总降雨量的 1 8 9% ,穿透雨量占总降雨量的 80 9% ,茎流量占总降雨量的 0 3%。     

林冠截持降雨模型的初步研究

通过对林冠截持过程的研究,将单场降雨划分成很多个小的时段,顺序计算各小时段内降雨在林冠内的分配,建立了一个林冠降雨截持模型.模型考虑了冠层和树干干燥度对冠层雨期蒸发的影响,并在计算雨期蒸发时引入冠层叶面积指数、单位林地面积上树干表面积.运用模型对华北落叶松林的降雨截持进行模拟,结果表明,模拟穿透雨与实测穿透雨基本吻合,误差在±1 mm范围内,但在小降雨(＜6 mm)时模拟值偏低;树干茎流量模拟值偏低,茎流模拟相对误差随着降雨量增大而减小.同时模拟了穿透降雨的过程,结果与林内自动气象站实测穿透降雨的过程基本吻合,模拟效果较好.     

六盘山典型森林伴随降水的总有机碳(TOC)通量变化特征

在六盘山香水河小流域,选择6种典型森林样地,测定了2011年生长季的大气降水、穿透水、干流、枯落物渗漏水和主根系层(0—30 cm深)土壤渗漏水的总有机碳(TOC)浓度及其相应的通量变化。结果表明,在降水转化为由穿透雨和干流组成的林下降水中,所有样地的TOC浓度都不同程度地增大;虽然林冠截持使林下降水减小,但因雨水淋洗和与林冠发生碳交换,各样地林下降水携带的生长季TOC通量(kg/hm2)(华北落叶松人工林132.28、华山松次生林106.56、油松人工林94.10、灌木林79.49、桦木林66.52、辽东栎次生林63.01)都比林外降水(53.17)不同程度地明显增大,整体看来,林冠的TOC淋出作用在针叶林很大,在阔叶林较弱。在6种森林样地的枯落物层渗漏水中,其TOC浓度彼此相差不大,平均为24.51 mg/L,高于林冠穿透水的TOC浓度;受枯落物截持部分降水及与枯落物TOC交换的影响,4个样地枯落物渗漏水的TOC通量(kg/hm2)(桦木次生林84.35、野李子灌丛129.35、辽东栎次生林79.21、油松人工林114.93)都比其林下降水TOC通量增加了,但华北落叶松人工林和华山松次生林的TOC通量分别降至90.76和104.90 kg/hm2。在测定的华北落叶松人工林和华山松次生林的主根系层(0—30 cm)土壤渗漏水中,TOC浓度均低于枯落物渗漏水;由于水量减小和与土壤发生碳交换,土壤渗漏水的TOC通量均显著低于枯落物渗漏水,两个林分样地分别降至43.04和66.33 kg/hm2。整体来看,林外降水携带的TOC输入通量在林地TOC输入中占有重要地位,林冠的TOC淋洗使其程度不同地增加TOC通量,枯落物层具有增加或减少TOC通量的作用,但主根系层土壤会显著减少TOC输出通量,所以是固定TOC的重要场所。     

酸雨作用下的森林冠层盐基离子(Ca2+,Mg2+,K+)淋洗

在韶山针阔叶混交林中设立了10个30 m×30 m的样方,对1年中各个季节的森林截留沉降、降雨后树冠层总滤出量、盐基离子滤出量以及树冠层对H+和NH4+的摄入量进行了分析和估算.韶山森林湿沉降成分中以Ca2+为主,Mg2+,K+含量较低.树冠层盐基离子总滤出量中Ca2+最高,达到155.34 mmo1 m-2a-1,Mg2+最低,为30.74mmol m-2a-1,K+居中,为84.13 mmol m-2a-1.Ca2+的大量滤出表明它是树冠层缓冲降水酸度的主要介质,同时也表明酸雨对韶山森林的潜在危害,其在总滤出量中的比重的季节变化是夏(58.4%)＞春(54.1%)＞冬(51.4%)＞秋(32.5%).盐基离子的滤出量以冬→春→夏→秋依次递减,但是树冠层季节摄入NH4的量在30-100mmo1 m-2而对H+的摄入量则在30-180 mmol m-2.     

庐山日本柳杉林下穿透雨时空分布特征

林冠是降水到达地面前的第一个作用层,其对降水的再分配作用,导致穿透雨的数量和空间分布具有很大的变异性,这既阻碍了对其的精确评估,也常常被认为是水文模型中蒸发量化的不确定来源之一。在庐山自然保护区日本柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica)人工林内设置了面积30 m×30 m的样地,机械布置了37个截面面积为314.15 cm2穿透雨收集器,于2017年生长季(4—9月)共监测21次降雨事件下穿透雨量。分析林冠下穿透雨率及其时空分布特征和影响因素。日本柳杉林下穿透雨率变化范围为2%—222%,平均穿透雨率为80%,穿透雨率随着林外次降雨量的增加而逐渐增大,降雨量达到28 mm时穿透雨率趋于最大值,之后变化规律复杂未见稳定,二者之间最优拟合关系为二次多项式;与叶面积指数呈显著负相关,叶面积指数小于4.5时对穿透雨率的影响显著。不同叶面积指数下,穿透雨率达到最大时的林外降雨量不同。穿透雨率的空间变异系数的变化范围为15%—114%,随林外降雨量的增加而减小,并在林外次降雨量大于20 mm以后,逐渐趋于稳定,二者之间以对数函数关系式拟合。观测点位的时间变异系数随着叶面积指数的增加而增大。叶面积指数小于5,降雨量小于20 mm时,降雨量是影响穿透雨空间变异性的关键因素。     

Do storm synoptic patterns affect biogeochemical fluxes from temperate deciduous forest canopies?

The volumetric quantity and biogeochemical quality of throughfall and stemflow in forested ecosystems are influenced by biological characteristics as well environmental and storm meteorological conditions. Previous attempts at connecting forest water and nutrient cycles to storm characteristics have focused on individual meteorological variables, but we propose a unified approach by examining the storm system in its entirety. In this study, we use methods from synoptic climatology to distinguish sub-canopy biogeochemical fluxes between storm events to understand the response of forest ecosystems to daily weather patterns. For solute inputs tied to atmospheric deposition (NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, Na⁺, Cl^?), stagnant air masses resulted in high inputs in rainfall (273.42, 81.81, 52.30, 156.99, 128.70 μmol L^?1), throughfall (355.05, 130.66, 83.24, 239.55, 261.32 μmol L^?1), and stemflow (338.34, 182.75, 153.74, 125.75, 272.88 μmol L^?1). For inputs tied to canopy exchange (DOC, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), a clear distinction was observed between throughfall and stemflow pathways. The largest throughfall concentrations were in the Great Lakes Low (1794.80, 352.96, 72.75, 74.37 μmol L^?1) while the largest stemflow concentrations were in the Weak Upper Trough (3681.78, 497.34, 82.36, 72.46 μmol L^?1). Stemflow leaching is likely derived from a larger reservoir of leachable cations in the tree canopy than throughfall, with stemflow fluxes maximized during synoptic types with greater rainfall amounts and throughfall fluxes diluted. For flux-based enrichment ratios, water volume, storm magnitude, antecedent dry period, and seasonality were important factors, further illustrating the influence of synoptic characteristics on wash-off, leaching and, ultimately, dilution processes within the canopy.