内蒙古阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔地区渐新世地层剖面及动物群初步观察

内蒙古阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔地区的渐新世地层中,哺乳动物化石丰富,种类繁多。本文是这个动物群研究的初步报道,除对动物群中各成员和地层概况做了简单介绍外,还对化石层的时代作了初步探讨。     

内蒙古阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔中渐新世的兔科化石

本文记述了内蒙古阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔中渐新世地层中发现的兔形类材料中的一种兔科化石——德氏鄂尔多斯兔 [Ordolagus teilhardi (Burke), 1941]. 在形态上对该属种做了较多的补充和订正,并对其系统关系进行了初步探讨.     

双柱鼠科一新属在新疆的发现

本文记述了产自新疆准噶尔盆地上渐新统的双柱鼠科一新属——原双柱鼠属(Prodistylo-mys)。它具有一些较原始的特点,但代表不同于Distylomys的另一分支。它的颊齿是由下后方斜向前上方生长的。     

云南曲靖早渐新世真古仓鼠化石

本文记述了在云南曲靖蔡家冲地区下渐新统蔡家冲组中首次发现的真古仓鼠化石: Eucrtcetodon meridionalis sp. nov. 和 E. leptaleos sp. nov. 认为仓鼠可能在亚洲由类似 Cocomys 的祖先类型起源的; Eucricetodon 在渐新世时广布欧亚大陆;欧洲的 Eucricetodon 是在"大间断"之后由亚洲迁去的; Simimys 代表从仓鼠科基部分出的旁枝, 应归入 Muroidea.     

内蒙古阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔中渐新世的鼠兔科化石及有关问题的讨论

本文记述了发现在内蒙古阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔中渐新世地层中的鼠兔科化石,计两属四种.着重对微型链兔的形态特征做了较多的补充和订正,并对链兔属中种的性质作了初步探讨,取消了步林兔属名,将亚洲的链兔归并成五个种.还对链兔和中华兔的地史分布、某些进化趋势及其他有关问题提出了初步看法.     

内蒙阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔中渐新世的食虫类

这篇短文记述了在内蒙阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔地区中渐新世地层中发现的两属三种食虫类化石。     

Molecular phylogeny of musk deer: a genomic view with mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene

The phylogenetic status of the infra order Pecora is controversial, even though it is supported by paleontological, morphological, and molecular evidence. We analyzed two mitochondrial genes (i.e., 16S rRNA and cytochrome b) to resolve the phylogenetic position of pecoran species, i.e., the Bovidae, Cervidae, and Moschidae endemic to the Indian subcontinent. We used phylogenetic analysis based on different algorithms, including neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, median joining network, along with multidimensional scaling, and DNA word analysis. Our results established the basal position of Tragulidae and the monophyly of the infra order Pecora within the Suborder Ruminantia. Our results also demonstrated that Bovidae, Cervidae, and Moschidae are allied with the placement of musk deer as more closely related to bovids than to cervids. Molecular dating based on sequence analysis shows that the radiation of Pecora occurred during the early Oligocene and that the majority of the pecoran families radiated and dispersed rapidly during the Oligocene/Miocene transition.     

新疆阿尔泰地区中中新世肉食类动物

新疆阿尔泰地区中中新世“哈拉玛盖”层中产丰富的古哺乳动物。本文介绍的是其中的肉食类标本。共两种动物。     

湖北钟祥新第三纪的Amphicyon化石

<正> 半犬Amphicyon是食肉类犬科的一个绝灭属。曾生存于渐新世至早上新世的欧亚和北美大陆。中国新第三纪的Amphicyon化石研究得很少。自1939年寇伯特(Corbert,E.H.)研究了内蒙古通古尔的材料后,四十年来从未有过任何新的发现与报道。1978年夏,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所顾玉珉和邱中郎两同志在湖北钟祥收集到一些哺乳动物牙齿化石。其中有几枚就是食肉类犬科Amphicyon的牙齿,很有意义,有记述的必要。与其共生的还有一些鹿的上、下牙齿及猴类的一枚上臼齿。这些标本皆产自湖北钟祥石碑公社肖店大队附近的灰绿白色泥质的粘土层中,时代可能为早上新世(或稍早)。     

甘肃天祝松山第二地点中上新世小哺乳动物

<正> 1980年夏作者在甘肃天祝藏族自治县松山公社处理人民来信过程中,在80007地点采得几块含化石骨片的红粘土结核标本。这些标本经室内水洗,从中获得一些零星但相当有意义的小哺乳动物化石材料。这些化石的发现不但对于早先记述的80006地点的小哺乳动物群作了进一步的充实,而且对更深入认识中国北方三趾马动物群也有一定的意义。     

多元分析方法分辨细齿小塔塔鼠的下臼齿

啮齿类梳趾鼠科小塔塔鼠的下臼齿的形态非常接近。本文根据已有的一百多个牙齿,用齿冠的长度和宽度两个性状,在坐标系中画出了M_1、M_2和M_3的一系列椭圆,代表着这些牙齿一定比例的样本分布范围,并以此得出了细齿小塔塔鼠这三种牙齿的判别线。     

Do bovids evolve hindquarter markings for anti-predation?

Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation. Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior. Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on because the predators misjudge their movement. In flash behavior, prey demonstrate conspicuous cue while fleeing; the predators follow them; however, the prey hide their markings and the predators assume that the prey has vanished. To investigate whether bovids use conspicuous hindquarter markings as an anti-predatory behavior, we undertook phylogenetically controlled analyses to explore under what physiological characteristics and environmental factors bovids might have this color pattern. The results suggested that rump patches and tail markings were more prevalent in bovids living in larger-sized groups, which supports the hypothesis of intraspecific communication. Moreover, we observed the occurrence of conspicuous white hindquarter markings in bovids having smaller body size and living in larger groups, suggesting a motion dazzle function. However, the feature of facultative exposing color patterns (flash markings) was not associated with body size, which was inconsistent with predictions and implied that bovids may not adopt this as an anti-predator strategy. It was concluded that species in bovids with conspicuous white hindquarter markings adopt motion dazzle as an anti-predation strategy while fleeing and escaping from being prey on.     

EPHIPPIA OF CLADOCERA FROM THE TERTIARY OF CHINA

The present paper deals with the fossil ephip-pia of Cladocera obtained separately from theShahejie(Late Eocene to Oligocene)and Dongying(Oligocene)Formations in the coastal region ofthe Bohai Sea,the 2nd and 3rd members of theHetaoyuan Formation(Late Eocene to Oligocene)in Southwest and Central Henan,the Shangzashaimember of the Anjihaihe Formation(Eocene toOligocene)in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang andthe Linxia Formation(Pliocene)in the Jingyuanarea in Gansu.They contain 8 new species and 2indeterminable species assigned to 3 genera(Daph-nia,ceriodaphnia and Simocephalus)of the fami-ly Daphnidae.     

利用细胞工程技术筛选小麦抗病新种质的研究

在利用细胞工程技术筛选小麦抗根腐病和赤霉病突变体研究工作的基础上,将已获得的突变株继续进行多年多点的抗病鉴定,对突变株后代的抗病性进行测定,并对农艺性状作详细的观察。结果表明,抗病突变株不论是同一年份在不同鉴定点上,还是在同一鉴定点上多年重复鉴定,都表现有较强的抗根腐病菌和赤霉病菌侵染的能力,突变株的抗病性不因代数的增加而发生变化。已从中选出４个对根腐病和赤霉病抗性强而稳定、农艺性状亦较好的新种质,提供给一些育种单位利用。     

Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of Varswater Bovids and Early Pliocene Paleoenvironments of Langebaanweg,Western Cape Province,South Africa

The extensive early Pliocene mammalian assemblages at Langebaanweg hold the potential to provide important information about paleoenvironments of the southwestern tip of Africa, an area that today consititutes the Fynbos Biome. We here add to a growing body of literature on the paleoenviornments of the site with an examination of dental microwear textures of bovids from the Varswater Formation. Microwear texture analysis is a new, automated and repeatable approach that measures whole surfaces in three dimensions without observer error. A study of extant ruminants indicates that grazers have more anisotropic microwear surface textures, whereas browsers have more complex microwear surface textures. Fossil bovids recovered from the Muishond Fontein Pelletal Phosphorite Member vary in their microwear textures, with some taxa falling within the extant browser range, some closer to extant grazers, and others in between. These results are consistent with scenarios suggesting mosaic habitats including fynbos vegetation, some (probably C₃) grasses, and woodland elements when these fossils were accumulated.     

西藏吉隆上新世啮齿类化石

本文记述了西藏吉隆命地的两种上新世(Middle Turolian)的啮齿类化石:西藏更新仓鼠(Plesiodipus thibetensis sp.nov.)和刘氏喜马拉雅跳鼠(Himalayataga liui gen.et sp.nov.)。Plesiodipus thibetesis可能和(鼠平)类(Arvicolinae)的起源有关。吉隆的小动物化石表明:1.它与当时华北动物群密切相关,而不同于南亚西瓦里克动物群者;2.当时盆地内可能也有草原或灌丛环境存在。     

New data on late Miocene mammals of Kohfidisch, Austria

Cervids and bovids of the Early Turolian mammalian fauna of Kohfidisch (Austria) are reviewed. A new species, Micromeryx mirus sp. nov. (Moschidae) is described.     

记安徽和县猿人地点(鼠平)科(Arvicolidae)一新属新种——变异华南鼠(Huananomys variabilis)

本文着重描述了1980-1981年采自安徽和县龙潭洞的—类(鼠平)科化石.根据臼齿的特殊性状及其与相关属种的比较,建立了—新属新种——变异华南鼠(Huananomys variabilis).这种田鼠可能与水(鼠平)(Arvicola)有共同的起源,属早更新世——中更新世中晚期—绝灭的支系.     

河南淅川始新世核桃园组肉齿类和食肉类化石

这里记述了河南淅川核桃园组三种肉齿类: Propterodon sp., ? P. pishigouensis sp. nov.和 Sarkastodon henanensis sp. nov. 讨论了小孑鬣兽 (Prolaena parva Xu et al.) 的分类位置,并记述了卢氏细齿兽 (Miaeis lushiensis Chow) 的新增材料.     

Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat

Extant bovids inhabit a wide diversity of environments that range from forest to savanna and display locomotor patterns that are habitat specific. I report here on an investigation of the linkage between these locomotor patterns and habitat based on a study of the morphology of the bovid femur. Femoral head shape, shaft dimensions, and knee structure are examined and support a statistically significant separation of the different morphological complexes present in bovids from forest, broken cover, and savanna habitats. Morphological differences are primarily related to locomotor patterns as reflected in the degree of cursoriality displayed by bovids in different habitats. Cursorial bovids from savanna environments have laterally expanded femoral heads that act to limit the degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip, and elliptically shaped distal femora that increase the moment arm of the extensor muscles that cross the knee. Forest bovids have spherically shaped femoral heads. This morphology permits a much higher degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip and appears to provide greater maneuverability in a vegetationally complex habitat. Bovids living in broken cover environments that fall between the extremes of closed canopy forest and savanna display an intermediate set of femoral characters. This approach to the relationship between habitat and locomotion offers a potentially powerful means with which to examine the interplay between structural form and function in bovid evolution.