反相液相色谱法分析芦荟制品中有机酸

提出了一种反相液相色谱法分析芦荟制品中有机酸的含量。采用C18 RP为色谱分离柱,磷酸盐溶液与乙腈作流动相;芦荟制品经简单处理后直接进行分离定量,在10min内把其中的苹果酸、乳酸和富马酸等完全分离定量,各种酸的回收率均大于98％。经多次实验证明：该方法是测定芦荟制品中有机酸的快速、准确和有效的定量方法。     

反相高效液相色谱在发酵制备琥珀酸中的应用

对于生物法制备琥珀酸的微生物发酵体系,利用Alltech反相Prevail C18色谱柱,以25mmol／L磷酸二氢钾（pH2.5）作为流动相,在流速1mL／min时,于210nm处紫外检测器检测,能将发酵液中琥珀酸、甲酸、乙酸和乳酸完全分离并准确定量。琥珀酸等有机酸的回收率在96％～104％之间。本方法能够快速、精确测定发酵样品中主产物琥珀酸与其它有机酸含量。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定肠球菌FQ15发酵液中的有机酸

目的研究肠球菌FQ15发酵液中的有机酸在不同发酵时间的变化趋势。方法建立反相高效液相色谱法测定此株益生菌发酵液中有机酸的主要成分及其在发酵不同时间的变化趋势。结果丙酸、丙酮酸、乳酸、乙酸的浓度都是在菌体生长处于衰亡期时达到最大值,乳酸随发酵时间的延长浓度明显下降,而乙酸在发酵后期含量呈上升趋势。结论此方法重现性好,精密度高,为研究微生物合成中有机酸种类及变化趋势提供了一种可供参考的快捷分析手段。     

两步发酵过程中有机酸对产1，3-丙二醇的影响

考察了基因工程菌发酵生产1.3 丙二醇过程中,有机酸对发酵过程的影响,并选用了不同的离子交换树脂对甘油发酵液进行处理。发现有机酸、特别是乳酸对1.3丙二醇生产的抑制作用最明显。在使用离子交换树脂处理有机酸的过程中,确定了使用005号离子交换树脂处理效果最好,005号离子交换树脂可除去大部分的有机酸,处理后的发酵液发酵产1.3丙二醇产量比未处理的发酵液产量提高166%,转化率提高34%。     

植物乳杆菌CCFM8724抑制双菌生物膜的成分初探

【背景】植物乳杆菌是一种重要的益生菌,本实验室前期研究表明植物乳杆菌CCFM8724发酵液可抑制变异链球菌和白色念珠菌双菌生物膜,但植物乳杆菌发酵液中起作用的具体物质尚不清楚。【目的】评价植物乳杆菌CCFM8724发酵液抑菌成分的特性,初步探究其物质基础。【方法】探索温度、pH等因素对抑菌物质的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)联用技术分析植物乳杆菌代谢物的组成,进一步通过有机溶剂萃取、超滤等方法初步分离纯化发酵液中抑制双菌生物膜的成分,并采用液相色谱-质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS)联用技术进行鉴定。【结果】通过多元统计分析,发现植物乳杆菌发酵液的主要差异标志物为有机酸(如苯乳酸、乙酸、羟基己酸和甘油酸等),经过初步提取鉴定并进行功能验证,其中有效成分主要为有机酸和环肽类化合物。【结论】植物乳杆菌CCFM8724发酵液主要通过多种有机酸和环肽类的协同作用抑制变异链球菌和白色念珠菌生物膜,该研究为植物乳杆菌发酵液进一步的分离纯化和有效成分的生产...     

一种快速筛选产琥珀酸厌氧菌的方法

为筛选得到高产琥珀酸的厌氧菌株,建立了一种快速半定量分析发酵液中琥珀酸的方法。首先通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析出产琥珀酸厌氧菌发酵液中主要含有琥珀酸,乳酸和乙酸,然后将发酵液经过纸层析展开后,发现琥珀酸可以和副产物乳酸,乙酸完全分开,最后用半定量的方法求出琥珀酸的含量。结果表明纸层析法简单经济,可以作为产琥珀酸厌氧菌的初筛方法。     

火龙果酵素在发酵过程中功能成分变化规律及其与抗氧化相关性

对火龙果酵素发酵487 d过程中总酸、有机酸、总多酚等功能成分的变化及其与抗氧化的相关性进行研究,其中抗氧化能力通过ABTS自由基清除能力和还原力来检测;此外,利用主成分分析法、因子分析法对不同发酵时间的火龙果酵素总酸含量、pH、总多酚含量、ABTS自由基清除能力和还原力5个评价指标进行分析.结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,火龙果酵素发酵液中总酸、总多酚含量总体上呈逐步增加的趋势,发酵液的pH呈缓慢降低的趋势,从3.75降到3.40;利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测有机酸,从火龙果原料和火龙果酵素发酵液中分别检测到9种和8种有机酸,原料中苹果酸的含量较多,发酵液中乳酸和醋酸的含量较多.与原料相比,酵素发酵液中新检测到了莽草酸;富马酸和抗坏血酸在原料中含量极少,酵素发酵液中则未检测到;火龙果经发酵后,检测到的8种有机酸的含量均有所增加.抗氧化分析结果表明:火龙果酵素发酵过程中ABTS自由基清除能力、还原力总体上呈逐步增加趋势;火龙果酵素发酵过程中总多酚含量、总酸含量、莽草酸和醋酸与ABTS自由基清除能力之间呈中度相关,总多酚含量还原力之间呈中度相关.主成分分析和因子分析结果显示:从检测指标中提取出2个因子,代表了抗氧化因子和环境因子;发酵至359d时,综合评价指标达到最高值且趋于稳定.     

浓香型白酒窖泥中可培养细菌的分离鉴定及产酸研究

为系统了解浓香型白酒窖泥中可培养细菌的多样性,采用平板稀释涂布法分离筛选窖泥中可培养菌株。扩增纯培养细菌的16SrRNA基因,测序并与EzBioCloud数据库比对,所有序列已在GenBank中注册。结果共从窖泥中筛选出42株差异性较大的菌株,其中5株与模式菌株相似性低于97％,共包括14个属,以Bacillus、Lysinibacillus、Sporosarcina、Staphylococcus四个属为主;高效液相色谱检测各个菌发酵液结果表明,有机酸包括乙酸、乳酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、α-酮戊二酸、草酸;其中尤以乙酸、乳酸的产量较高。     

预添加乳酸对直投式发酵泡萝卜感官品质的影响

以红萝卜为原料,在新配制发酵液时预先添加少量不同浓度梯度的乳酸,通过分析泡萝卜感官评价、各品质指标的动态变化规律以及有机酸和游离氨基酸测定结果,研究在直投式发酵下,经乳酸添加后的泡萝卜发酵过程以及风味品质差异,从而改进我国规模化的工业化泡菜生产工艺。结果表明,乳酸的添加能有效加快泡萝卜颜色、质地变化,缩短盐度、可溶性总糖、总酸含量达到平衡的时间,有机酸、游离氨基酸种类、含量均优于对照组泡萝卜,处理组泡萝卜整体成熟度更高。并最终结合感官评分结果确定出0.45%为最优乳酸添加量,所发酵出的泡萝卜感官品质最佳。     

植物乳杆菌DY6主要抑菌代谢物的分析和鉴定

【背景】被广泛应用于食品和饲料等多个行业的乳酸菌已成为制作生物防腐剂的研究热点。【目的】探究抑菌性能良好的植物乳杆菌DY6的抑菌物质,为其进一步应用提供参考依据。【方法】对植物乳杆菌发酵液中抑菌物质的理化特性进行研究,采用GC-MS分析发酵上清液代谢物,通过多元统计学分析方法推测主要抑菌物质,抑菌物质通过半制备进行初步分离后用GC-MS鉴定。【结果】植物乳杆菌DY6对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌都有较强的抑制作用。采用不同发酵时间的发酵液作为研究对象,测定发酵上清液的抑菌能力,发酵0-4 h上清液无抑菌能力,发酵至8 h抑菌能力逐步上升,发酵24-48 h发酵上清液抑菌能力趋于稳定,在48 h时抑菌能力最佳,抑菌直径为15.28mm。通过多元统计学分析乳酸菌发酵液差异标志物,发现主要差异物为有机酸(如乳酸、乙酸、丙酸等)和脂肪酸(如辛酸、癸酸等)。经过半制备液相分离发酵上清液得到的抑菌组分,主要有有机酸(如乳酸、乙酸、3-苯基乳酸、苯丙酸等)和脂肪酸(如癸酸、辛酸、壬酸等),另外还有少量的醛类和醇类物质。【结论】确定了植物乳杆菌DY6的抑菌物质主要为有机酸和脂肪酸,为其进一步防腐应用提供了理论基础。     

Production of polymalic acid and malic acid by Aureobasidium pullulans fermentation and acid hydrolysis

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid widely used in the food industry and also a potential C4 platform chemical that can be produced from biomass. However, microbial fermentation for direct malic acid production is limited by low product yield, titer, and productivity due to end‐product inhibition. In this work, a novel process for malic acid production from polymalic acid (PMA) fermentation followed by acid hydrolysis was developed. First, a PMA‐producing Aureobasidium pullulans strain ZX‐10 was screened and isolated. This microbe produced PMA as the major fermentation product at a high‐titer equivalent to 87.6 g/L of malic acid and high‐productivity of 0.61 g/L h in free‐cell fermentation in a stirred‐tank bioreactor. Fed‐batch fermentations with cells immobilized in a fibrous‐bed bioreactor (FBB) achieved the highest product titer of 144.2 g/L and productivity of 0.74 g/L h. The fermentation produced PMA was purified by adsorption with IRA‐900 anion‐exchange resins, achieving a ～100% purity and a high recovery rate of 84%. Pure malic acid was then produced from PMA by hydrolysis with 2 M sulfuric acid at 85°C, which followed the first‐order reaction kinetics. This process provides an efficient and economical way for PMA and malic acid production, and is promising for industrial application. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2105–2113. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Separation and simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid, hydroxynalidixic acid and carboxynalidixic acid in serum and urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Separation in capillary electrophoresis is governed by various factors, including buffer type, buffer concentration, pH, temperature, voltage and micelles. Through proper adjustment of these parameters, nalidixic acid and its two major metabolites, 7-hydroxynalidixic and 7-carboxynalidixic, could be separated by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using an electrophoretic electrolyte consisting of 50 mM borate buffer (pH 9) containing 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate and 10% acetonitrile. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area for each compound was obtained in the concentration range 0.15–100 μg ml⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and detection limits in the 0.2–0.7 ng ml⁻¹ range. Intra- and inter-day precision values of about 0.8–1.2% RSD (n=11) and 1.3–2.0% RSD (n=30), respectively, were obtained. The method has been applied to the analysis of nalidixic acid and its two major metabolites in serum and urine with limits of sensitivity lower than 0.8 ng ml⁻¹.     

New highly toxic bile acids derived from deoxycholic acid,chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

We have prepared a new panel of 23 BA derivatives of DCA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) in order to study the effect of dual substitution with 3-azido and 24-amidation, features individually associated with cytotoxicity in our previous work. The effect of the compounds on cell viability of HT-1080 and Caco-2 was studied using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthizol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Compounds with high potency towards reduction of cell viability were further studied using flow cytometry in order to understand the mechanism of cell death. Several compounds were identified with low micromolar IC₅₀ values for reducing cell viability in the Caco-2 and HT1080 cell lines, making them among the most potent BA apoptotic agents reported to date. There was no evidence of relationship between overall hydrophobicity and cytotoxicity supporting the idea that cell death induction by BAs may be structure–specific. Compounds derived from DCA caused cell death through apoptosis. There was some evidence of selectivity between the two cell lines studied which may be due to differing expression of CD95/FAS. The more toxic compounds increased ROS production in Caco-2 cells, and co-incubation with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine blunted pro-apoptotic effects. The properties these compounds suggest that there may be specific mechanism(s) mediating BA induced cell death. Compound 8 could be useful for investigating this phenomenon.     

Analysis of creatinine, vanilmandelic acid, homovanillic acid and uric acid in urine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A simultaneous determination of vanilmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, creatinine and uric acid using capillary electrophoresis was investigated. The optimum conditions of buffer concentration, pH and surfactant concentration were studied, and high resolution was obtained using a 30 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 150 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. The detection was by UV absorbance at 245 nm and the column was a fused-silica capillary of 67 cm×75 μm I.D.. The determination of these metabolites in human urine was completed within 15 min without any interferences.     

Determination of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid in skin and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

This study describes a HPLC method to determine the concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) in human stratum corneum and in plasma. The stratum corneum layers for ASA/SA analysis were removed from three patients with postherpetic hyperalgesia treated with topical and oral aspirin. Blood samples were also collected from the same patients. Tape strippings were placed in acetonitrile and sonicated for 15 min. After centrifuging, aliquots of the supernatant were injected into the chromatograph. ASA and SA from plasma samples were extracted on Isolute C₈ columns. Due to interfering peaks in the tape samples, HPLC conditions were slightly different for tape and plasma samples. ASA and SA were separated on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column at 1 ml/min using a water–phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)–acetonitrile mobile phase (35:40:25, v/v/v). A linear response to quantities of ASA from 0.1 to 100 μg/cm² and of SA from 0.1 to 5 μg/cm² in tape and to quantities of ASA 0.1 to 2 μg/ml and 1 to 50 μg/ml was obtained and the recovery from tape and plasma samples was over 98%. The method is sensitive (0.1 μg/cm²) and specific enough to allow the determination of the drugs in the skin not only after topical but also after oral administration. A good sensitivity was also obtained in plasma (0.1 μg/ml) allowing study of the kinetics of ASA and SA in plasma after oral administration. Concentrations of ASA after topical administration were 100–200 times higher than after oral administration. Plasma levels of ASA and SA after oral administration were similar to those previously found. No ASA or SA were detected in plasma after topical ASA administration.     

Sempervirenic acid,a diterpene acid from Solidago sempervirens

Sempervirenic acid, a new diterpene has been isolated from Solidago sempervirens and its structure determined by spectroscopic methods and chemical conversions to be 3β-acetoxy-labda-7,13-diene-15-oic acid.     

Molecularly imprinted polymer using-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid as templates.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPA) and p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (p-HPPA) as templates were synthesized. The performance of the templates and their analogues on polymer-based high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns was studied. The imprinting effect of the MIP using p-HB as template is more obvious than that of MIP using either p-HPA or p-HPPA as template, and the mixture of p-HB and p-HPA can be well separated on the MIP using p-HB as template, but not on the blank. Interestingly, the recognition of MIP (p-HB as the template) to p-HB showed a synergistic effect. The retention factor of p-HB is not the sum of those of phenol and benzoic acid. We also found that the imprinting effect decreased when increasing the concentration of acetic acid in mobile phase. The possible reason is that acetic acid molecules occupied the binding sites of the polymer, thereby decreasing the concentration of binding sites. Furthermore, polymers, which showed specificity to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, can be prepared with p-HB as template. It is thus possible to synthesize a specific polymer for a compound that is either expensive or unstable by using a structurally similar compound as template.     

Comparison of hypolipidemic activity of synthetic gallic acid-linoleic acid ester with mixture of gallic acid and linoleic acid, gallic acid, and linoleic acid on high-fat diet induced obesity in C57BL/6 Cr Slc mice

Hyperlipidemia is the major risk factors of heart disease such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and death. In the present study, we studied the effect of gallic acid (GA), linoleic acid (LA), mixture of GA and LA (MGL), and chemically synthesized gallic acid-linoleic acid ester (octadeca-9,12-dienyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, GLE) on the ability to ameliorate hyperlipidemia in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). GLE, GA, LA, and MGL were mixed with HFD and the composition of the test compounds were 1% of the diet for 7 weeks. After 7 weeks, the average body weight of ND and GLE groups was lower than that of HFD group (P<0.05). The liver weight of mice decreased (P<0.05) in all treatment groups relative to HFD fed group. The plasma lipids such as triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol were found to be decreased (P<0.05) in GLE, GA, LA, and MGL fed mice when compared to that of HFD fed mice. But high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased (P<0.05) in HFD and GLE fed mice when compared to that of ND fed mice. The hepatic accumulation of fat droplets of GA, LA, GLE, and MGL group showed considerably lower than that of HFD group. Adipose histology showed that GLE supplementation was found to be more effective in decreasing the size of adipocyte relative to those of other treatment groups. In conclusion, the supplementation of synthetic GLE from gallic acid and linoleic acid ester may have a potential hypolipidemic effect on mice fed high-fat diet. Further studies are required to prove GLE as a hypolipidemic agent.     

Lactobionic and cellobionic acid production profiles of the resting cells of acetic acid bacteria

Lactobionic acid was produced by acetic acid bacteria to oxidize lactose. Gluconobacter spp. and Gluconacetobacter spp. showed higher lactose-oxidizing activities than Acetobacter spp. Gluconobacter frateurii NBRC3285 produced the highest amount of lactobionic acid per cell, among the strains tested. This bacterium assimilated neither lactose nor lactobionic acid. At high lactose concentration (30%), resting cells of the bacterium showed sufficient oxidizing activity for efficient production of lactobionic acid. These properties may contribute to industrial production of lactobionic acid by the bacterium. The bacterium showed higher oxidizing activity on cellobiose than that on lactose and produced cellobionic acid.     

Alanyl turnover from lipoteichoic acid to teichoic acid in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract The metabolism of d -alanyl substituents of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and teichoic acid was studied in Staphylococcus aureus . Double labelling with [³H]glycerol and d -[¹⁴C]alanine revealed that during the chase LTA was stable whereas its ¹⁴C label rapidly decreased. Half-time comparison indicated an enzyme- rather than a base-catalyzed process. Correlated with the loss of [¹⁴C]alanine from LTA was an increase of the radioactivity in wall-linked alanine ester which, after hydrolysis with HF, proved to be linked to teichoic acid. These results suggest that LTA-alanine is the donor for alanine esterification of teichoic acid. In connection with previous data we hypothesize that the loss of alanine from LTA is compensated by de novo incorporation.