华南三省(区)2001—2020年植被物候时空变化

为深入了解气候变化对我国热带亚热带季风区植被物候的影响,该文基于2001—2020年MODIS EVI时序数据,采用Double Logistic法和阈值法提取华南三省(区)植被物候参数,分析了华南三省(区)植被物候的时空变化特征。结果表明, 研究区植被返青期主要集中在第90~105天,枯黄期在第320~335天,生长季在第220~235天。20年来植被返青期推迟,枯黄期基本不变,生长季缩短。在空间分布上,返青期在两广地区自西向东、自北向南逐渐推迟,海南则自东北向西南逐渐推迟;枯黄期表现为在两广中部晚、周边早,在海南中部早、周边晚的分布特征;生长季在两广地区整体自西向东逐渐缩短,在海南则自西南向东北逐渐延长。随着海拔增高,不同地区和不同植被的返青期差异较大,且波动性较大,而枯黄期先推迟后提前,生长季先延长后缩短。这揭示了气候变暖背景下华南三省(区)植被物候的变化特征,对更全面认识我国南方植被对气候变暖的响应有指导意义。     

不同分布区文冠果物候期的差异及其与地理-气候因子和结实性状的相关性

为明确文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)物候期的地理变异规律,在文冠果的主要分布区(内蒙古自治区、河北省和河南省)选择6个样地,采用定株观测方法,于2012年对文冠果的物候期进行观测,并分析了物候期与经度和纬度、气候因子和结实性状间的相关性.结果表明:在供试6个样地中,文冠果的芽萌动期、初花期、盛花期、末花期、展叶期、果速生期、果熟期、落果期、落叶期及总生长期均存在明显差异;其中,盛花期相差天数最多(40 d),果速生期相差天数最少(26 d).产自河南省三门峡市陕县(分布区南缘)的文冠果落叶期最晚,但其他各物候期均最早,总生长期最长(199 d);而产自内蒙古自治区赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗坤都镇(分布区北缘)的文冠果落叶期最早,但其他各物候期均最晚,总生长期最短(148 d).从结实性状看,6个样地文冠果的座果率和单位投影面积种子质量差异均较大,而种子含油率差异不明显;其中,产自河南省三门峡市陕县的文冠果座果率和单位投影面积种子质量均最低.相关性和回归分析结果表明:文冠果的大多数物候期间呈正相关,仅落叶期与其他物候期呈负相关;其中,除盛花期与果速生期无显著相关性外,花期的各物候期(初花期、盛花期和末花期)与果期的各物候期(果速生期、果熟期和落果期)均呈显著或极显著正相关.多数物候期与经度和纬度呈显著或极显著正相关,仅落叶期与经度和纬度分别呈显著和极显著负相关.总体上看,除落叶期外,文冠果各物候期与年均日照时数呈正相关,与其他气候因子多数呈负相关;其中,除果速生期和落果期外,其他物候期与年均温呈显著或极显著负相关.此外,仅总生长期与文冠果的座果率呈显著负相关,其他物候期与结实性状则无显著相关性.综合分析结果表明:文冠果的物候期呈现明显的地理变异规律,且气温是影响其物候期的主要气候因子.     

民勤荒漠区植物物候型特征及其与气温的关系

对民勤荒漠区34年的物候观测资料进行了物候型分析。结果表明：植物的萌动期有2种物候型,展叶期和开花期各有4种物候型,果熟期有2种物候型,1974年以来,当地年平均气温和2、3、6月月平均气温有较显著的增温趋势,与此同时,植物的春季物候期亦有明显的提前趋势,低温-短日照-早萌动物候型的芽膨大期34年提前了9.7 d;从萌动期→展叶期→开花期→果熟期,物候期的提前幅度逐渐减小;物候期提前主要与当月气温升高有关;萌动期2种物候型和展叶期4种物候型是植物对春季气温和秋末冬初气温适应性的分异,开花期4种物候型和果熟期2种物候型是植物花期多样性和果熟期多样性对当地干旱环境适应性的反应。     

北京植物园引进植物物候变化随纬度变化的环境解释

探讨了北京植物园主要引进树种的物候与原产地物候差异在纬度梯度上的变化机制。通过多元回归的方法在环境梯度上建立了最佳能量模型, 降水模型和海拔模型, 以此来解释引进的24 种植物物候随纬度梯度在叶期(叶芽开放, 展叶期, 盛叶期)和花期(始花期, 盛花期, 花末期)上的变化规律。结果表明: (1)物候因子变化与纬度变化呈现极显著相关(p < 0.001), 纬度梯度变化越大, 物候变化也越加剧烈。(2)海拔模型在解释物候(叶期物候, 花期物候)变化中贡献相对较小,能量模型和降水模型能够很好的解释物候(叶期物候, 花期物候)沿着纬度梯度变化的规律。(3)方差分解结果显示三个模型对花期物候和叶期物候变化的解释程度具有一定的相似性。三个模型的交互效应较高(33.7%,31.1%), 三个模型可以很好的解释物候（花期物候, 叶期物候）沿着纬度变化的规律, 可为农林业引种驯化提供科学依据。     

河北省土壤表面冻融物候特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于1981—2006年河北省土壤表面冻融物候观测资料和气象资料,研究了河北省土壤表面冻融物候的空间和时间变化特征及对气候变化的响应。结果表明:河北省地表始冻期、解冻期和封冻期随纬度、高度不同存在很大差别,东南平原地区地表始冻期偏晚,解冻期偏早,封冻期较短,而北部、西北部地区地表始冻期偏早,解冻期偏晚,封冻期较长;相比物候期多年均值,20世纪90年代初之前,河北省地表始冻期以提前年份为主,解冻期以推迟年份为主,封冻期以延长年份为主;20世纪90年代后期之后河北省绝大部分地区地表解冻期显著提前,始冻期推迟,封冻期缩短;地势较低地区的地表冻融物候与气温显著相关,河北省秋季气温上升1℃,地表始冻期推迟3.8d,2—3月气温上升1℃,地表解冻期提前5.3d,响应幅度大于始冻期对秋季气温的响应幅度;10月—翌年3月气温上升1℃,河北省地表封冻期缩短12.6d。     

2001-2014年博斯腾湖流域植被物候时空变化及其驱动因子

以博斯腾湖流域为研究对象,利用MODIS的MCD12Q2和LST产品、GHCN_CAMS气温观测/再分析资料与气象数据,采取趋势分析与相关性分析法探求了博斯腾湖流域2001-2014年植被物候的时空变化及其影响因素的相对作用,对博斯腾湖流域植被物候分区不同的驱动区域。结果表明：①在研究期内,整个研究区植被物候始期在第76-168天,末期在第172-295天;物候始期自南向北逐渐推迟、而末期逐渐提前,物候的空间分布特征与该区海拔高度的分布保持了较好的一致性;②2001-2014年植被始期和末期有明显提前趋势（提前3-6d）,主要分布在流域的盆地和平原绿洲区,表示研究区植被物候受到人类活动的影响。③植被物候始期与末期变化受气候因子驱动影响的区域占比分别为57.10%和51.30%,主要分布在黄水沟流域,清水河流域,孔雀河流域,大尤路都斯盆地和小尤路都斯盆地周围地区;而非气候因子占42.90%和48.70%,主要位于博斯腾湖周围绿洲和库尔勒绿洲等地势较低的区域。④由植被生长季物候与降水、气温的偏相关性关系和复相关性关系可以得出,多年物候始期和末期与气温有关;而且随海拔升高,气温的敏感幅度越高。博斯腾湖流域植被物候的时空变化不仅是受气候变化的影响,还主要受人类活动和海拔高度差异等影响因素的共同作用。     

不同山丹居群在保定的生长特性分析

对25个居群的山丹在保定地区的物候期、生长期特性进行了调查分析。结果表明,不同山丹居群的物候期存在明显差异。萌芽期和开花期最早的为辽宁居群,最晚的为易县和邯郸居群,萌芽期相差37～39 d,开花期相差将近3个月。25个居群的不同生长发育阶段(花蕾发育期、花期天数、生长周期)所需的时间长短不一。不同居群山丹生长曲线基本一致,均为慢-快-慢的生长趋势。相关分析表明纬度与山丹的萌芽期、现蕾期、始花期、末花期、果熟期、枯萎期之间均呈极显著负相关。山丹的自然物候期也存在明显早、晚差异,这为百合育种提供了良好的资源。     

藏北高原植被物候时空动态变化的遥感监测研究

利用遥感数据提取的植被物候格局及时空变化特征能很好地反映区域尺度上植被对全球变化的响应。目前关于青藏高原地区植被物候的少量报道基本上是基于物候站点的观测记录展开分析的。该文基于非对称高斯拟合算法重建了藏北高原2001-2010年的MODIS EVI (增强型植被指数)时间序列影像, 然后利用动态阈值法提取整个藏北高原2001-2010年植被覆盖的重要物候信息, 包括植被返青期、枯黄期与生长季长度, 分析了植被物候10年间平均状况的空间分异特征以及年际变化情况, 并结合站点观测记录分析了气温和降水对植被物候变化的影响, 结果表明: (1)藏北高原植被返青期在空间上表现出从东南到西北逐渐推迟的水平地带性与东南高山峡谷区的垂直地带性相结合的特征, 近60%区域的植被返青期提前, 特别是高山地区; (2)植被枯黄期的年际变化不太明显, 大部分地区都表现为自然的年际波动; (3)生长季长度的时空变化特征由植被返青期和枯黄期二者决定, 但主要受返青期提前影响, 大部分地区生长季长度延长; (4)研究区内不同气候区划植被物候的年际变化以那曲高山谷地亚寒带半湿润区和青南高原亚寒带半干旱区的植被返青期提前和生长季延长程度最为明显; (5)基于气象台站数据分析气候变化对物候的影响发现, 返青期提前及生长季延长主要受气温升高的影响, 与降水的关系尚不明确。     

气候变暖背景下青藏高原草本植物物候变化空间换时间预测

气候变暖背景下的植物物候变化广受关注, 然而常用的植物物候变化预测模型未充分考虑植物对环境的适应性, 给预测结果带来了较大的不确定性。该文基于2002-2011年青藏高原10个站点的地面物候观测资料以及年平均气温数据, 对空间换时间模型预测车前(Plantago asiatica)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)各主要物候事件(展叶始期、开花始期和黄枯普遍期)变化的可行性及其在升温背景下的变化规律进行了分析。首先利用不同海拔高度的气温和物候事件分别与地理因子(经度、纬度和海拔)建立多元线性回归模型, 然后在此基础上剔除经度和纬度的影响, 单独考察海拔变化所引起的气温与植物物候变化, 最后以海拔高度作为桥梁来考察物候变化与温度变化的关系。结果表明, 采用各站点对应的海拔高度来模拟年平均气温空间差异的R²均大于0.89, 表明海拔梯度可以用来反映时间尺度下的年际温度变化; 车前和蒲公英各物候事件发生日期拟合值均与海拔高度变化关系显著, R²均大于0.70, 表明海拔变化是影响它们各物候事件变化的主要地理因子; 在物候事件发生日期拟合值和年平均气温拟合值的回归方程中, R²均大于0.93, 说明基于不同海拔高度模拟得到的年平均气温变化可以对时间尺度上车前和蒲公英的物候事件变化进行预测。空间换时间预测表明, 温度每升高1 ℃, 车前展叶始期和开花始期分别提前5.1和5.4 d, 而黄枯普遍期推迟4.8 d; 蒲公英展叶始期和开花始期分别提前6.5和7.8 d, 而黄枯普遍期推迟6.7 d。     

贵州独山泥盆纪弗拉期-法门期生物灭绝后的生物遗迹

黔南独山地区晚泥盆世弗拉期 法门期 (F/F)生物灭绝事件发生后 ,遗迹化石的出现早于其它化石。描述产于独山地区晚泥盆世法门期早期的遗迹化石 ,并分析其生态习性 ,它们在地层中的产出呈现出习性构造逐渐复杂、潜穴管逐渐“粗化”、由层面线性向二维空间到三维空间的发展 ,反映造迹生物有机体的逐渐变大和完善、生活和活动空间的不断扩大。     

Three‐dimensional change in temperature sensitivity of northern vegetation phenology

Understanding how the temperature sensitivity of phenology changes with three spatial dimensions (altitude, latitude, and longitude) is critical for the prediction of future phenological synchronization. Here we investigate the spatial pattern of temperature sensitivity of spring and autumn phenology with altitude, latitude, and longitude during 1982–2016 across mid‐ and high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere (north of 30°N). We find distinct spatial patterns of temperature sensitivity of spring phenology (hereafter “spring S_T”) among altitudinal, latitudinal, and longitudinal gradient. Spring S_T decreased with altitude mostly over eastern Europe, whereas the opposite occurs in eastern North America and the north China plain. Spring S_T decreased with latitude mainly in the boreal regions of North America, temperate Eurasia, and the arid/semi‐arid regions of Central Asia. This distribution may be related to the increased temperature variance, decreased precipitation, and radiation with latitude. Compared to spring S_T, the spatial pattern of temperature sensitivity of autumn phenology (hereafter “autumn S_T”) is more heterogeneous, only showing a clear spatial pattern of autumn S_T along the latitudinal gradient. Our results highlight the three‐dimensional view to understand the phenological response to climate change and provide new metrics for evaluating phenological models. Accordingly, establishing a dense, high‐quality three‐dimensional observation system of phenology data is necessary for enhancing our ability to both predict phenological changes under changing climatic conditions and to facilitate sustainable management of ecosystems.     

Environmental phenology and geographical gradients in moose body mass

Intraspecific body mass in ungulates has often been shown to increase with latitude. The biological basis for such latitudinal gradients is, however, poorly known. Here we examined whether satellite-derived indices of environmental phenology, based on the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), as well as variables derived from meteorological stations, altitude, and population density, can explain latitudinal gradients and regional variation in body mass of Norwegian moose. The best model gave a considerably better fit than latitude alone, and included all explanatory environmental variables. Accordingly, heavy moose were found in areas with short and intense summers that were followed by long, cold winters, at low altitude relative to the tree-limit, and with low population density relative to the available plant biomass. This relationship was stronger for yearlings than for calves, except for the effect of population density. This indicates that differences in the characteristics of the vegetation quality and environmental phenology, as well as winter harshness and population density, are important factors that shape both the latitudinal and other geographical gradients in moose body mass.     

Evolution of viviparity in horned lizards (Phrynosoma): testing the cold-climate hypothesis

The cold-climate hypothesis for evolution of viviparity in squamates predicts a correlation between reproductive mode, altitude and latitude. I tested this prediction in horned lizards within a phylogenetic context. I first determined whether all viviparous species were monophyletic using Monte Carlo simulations. Secondly, I tested for presence of phylogenetic signal using randomization tests. Thirdly, I analysed relationships between reproductive mode and minimum, midpoint, and maximum altitudes and latitudes by computing conventional correlations and phylogenetically independent contrasts. Viviparous species do not form a monophyletic group suggesting viviparity evolved twice in the genus. Viviparity and altitude showed strong phylogenetic signal based on randomization tests and were significantly correlated, while latitude was not correlated with reproductive mode. This study partially supports the cold-climate model, but also suggests that altitude either may be a better predictor of cold temperatures or may be a surrogate for other selective factors important in the evolution of viviparity.     

Refining the role of phenology in regulating gross ecosystem productivity across European peatlands

The role of plant phenology as a regulator for gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in peatlands is empirically not well constrained. This is because proxies to track vegetation development with daily coverage at the ecosystem scale have only recently become available and the lack of such data has hampered the disentangling of biotic and abiotic effects. This study aimed at unraveling the mechanisms that regulate the seasonal variation in GEP across a network of eight European peatlands. Therefore, we described phenology with canopy greenness derived from digital repeat photography and disentangled the effects of radiation, temperature and phenology on GEP with commonality analysis and structural equation modeling. The resulting relational network could not only delineate direct effects but also accounted for possible effect combinations such as interdependencies (mediation) and interactions (moderation). We found that peatland GEP was controlled by the same mechanisms across all sites: phenology constituted a key predictor for the seasonal variation in GEP and further acted as a distinct mediator for temperature and radiation effects on GEP. In particular, the effect of air temperature on GEP was fully mediated through phenology, implying that direct temperature effects representing the thermoregulation of photosynthesis were negligible. The tight coupling between temperature, phenology and GEP applied especially to high latitude and high altitude peatlands and during phenological transition phases. Our study highlights the importance of phenological effects when evaluating the future response of peatland GEP to climate change. Climate change will affect peatland GEP especially through changing temperature patterns during plant phenologically sensitive phases in high latitude and high altitude regions.     

Investigating phenological changes using MODIS vegetation indices in deciduous broadleaf forest over continental U.S. during 2000–2008

Vegetation phenology describing the seasonal cycle of plants is currently one of the main concerns in the study of climate change and carbon balance estimation in ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques which can capture canopy reflectance allow vegetation photosynthetic capacity to be assessed. In this study, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements were used to identify onset date of greenness in deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) over the continental United States from year 2000 to 2008. Onset dates determined by these three indices were compared with North American First Leaf Lilac Phenology Data over the same time period. NDVI has a best agreement with the field data among the three vegetation indices. Spatial analysis was performed on the onset dates predicted with NDVI. Four major conclusions were drawn from this study are: 1) onset dates are not only dependent on latitude but also associated with ecoregions and altitudes; 2) onset of greenness moves northward gradually and the average change of onset dates along latitude is about 3 days per degree. Interannual variability of onset dates is greater at higher latitudes (> 43 °N) than at lower latitudes (≤ 43 °N); 3) at the same latitude, DBF in mountain area tends to green up latter and coastal forest tends to green up earlier than other ecoregions; and 4) the impact of altitude is more obvious when the range of elevation achieves more than 1000 m. These conclusions provide insight for assessing vegetation indices in determining onset date of greenness at regional scale, and can be exploited to analyze the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystem.     

影响披碱草属植物遗传分化和亲缘关系的地理因素分析

用微卫星标记法对产自中国青藏高原和蒙古高原地区9种披碱草属（Elymus L．）植物的40个居群进行遗传变异和亲缘关系分析,居群问遗传相似系数为0．020～0．957,居群间遗传距离与地理因素关系密切。以垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutctns Griseb．）为例,采用二维和三维Mantel检验,对遗传距离和地理因素间的关系（纬度、经度和海拔）作进一步分析,结果表明,地理位置（纬度和经度）是影响垂穗披碱草居群微卫星遗传差异的最重要因素（R=0．478;P＜0．05）,其次是海拔（R=0．258;P＞0．05）。单一地理位置因素（纬度或经度）与遗传距离的相关性并不明显,但从单一地理位置因素与遗传距离的相关系数、可信度区间来看,纬度对遗传分化的影响程度大于经度。     

Are there latitudinal and altidudinal Rapoport effects in the geographic ranges of Andean passerine birds?

We analysed the range-sizes of 835 Andean passerine species (including 414 endemics and 421 non-endemics) to test for latitudinal and altitudinal Rapoport effects (LRE and ARE). We tested for positive range-size: latitude/altitude correlations using three different methods: (i) Rohde's mid-point method, (ii) species sorted out by altitude, and (iii) a phylogenetic comparative method (CAIC). Using Rohde's mid-point method, the mean latitudinal extent of species does not follow a Rapoport pattern, but the mean latitudinal occupancy of all passerines and non-endemics do increase with latitude. The latitudinal ranges of endemics sorted out by altitude follow a reverse Rapoport effect, but non-endemics support the pattern. CAIC confirms the latitudinal increase in the occupancy of non-endemics, but regressions have low coefficients of determination. The ARE is supported by the mean altitudinal extent of species, but the trend vanishes when controlling for geometric effects. Low-altitude species occupy about the same proportion of the available altitudinal space as do high-altitude ones. Our analyses suggest that latitude and altitude have low explanatory power for understanding the spatial variation in range-sizes at a continental scale. We show how different patterns can emerge from applying different criteria to the analysis of data.     

福建柏开花与结实物候期的研究

福建柏1年2次花期,春花期4—5月,果期当年10月,种子无生活力;秋花期9～10月,果期翌年10月,种子有生活力,有效花期在秋季。开花结实的生物学及物候学特性与适生区的地点、地类、海拔、温度等地理气候因子紧密相关,总体变异规律：秋花期、球果成熟期、种子散落期山区比半山区早,半山区比丘陵区早,高海拔地区比低海拔地区早．发芽率山区〉半山区〉丘陵区。     

大蒜品种生态型的数量分类研究

 采用实验分类学和数量分类学相结合的方法,将来自北纬22˚～45˚、东经77˚～127˚ 的73个大蒜品种分为3大生态型。不同生态型的主要区别性状是秋、春播的叶片数差比,它反映了鳞芽花芽分化对低温反应的敏感性。由此划分的3大生态型为：低温反应敏感型——秋、春播叶片数差比值大,越冬期叶片生长较快,但一般不耐寒,分布于北纬31˚以南的地区;低 温反应迟钝型——秋、春播叶片数差比值小,越冬期叶片生长缓慢,耐寒,分布于低纬高海拔地区和北纬35˚以北的地区;低温反应中间型——生态特征介于低温反应敏感型和低温反应迟钝型之间,分布于北纬23˚～39˚的地域范围内。