kpsE和kpsD双基因缺失显著降低肠道外致病性大肠杆菌的毒力

【目的】探究荚膜对肠道外致病性大肠杆菌致病作用的影响。【方法】选取负责荚膜多糖转运的基因kpsE和kpsD,利用λRed重组系统构建APEC E058和UPEC U17荚膜缺失株E058ΔkpsED和U17ΔkpsED,并通过一系列的体内及体外试验对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。【结果】双基因缺失株的生长速度较野生株没有明显差异,但缺失株抗血清补体杀菌能力和抗鸡巨噬细胞HD-11细胞吞噬能力显著下降。1日龄雏鸡LD50致病性试验结果显示,缺失株E058ΔkpsED和U17ΔkpsED对鸡失去致病力,而回复株毒力恢复至野生株水平;35日龄SPF鸡体内动态分布和竞争试验显示ΔkpsED缺失株在鸡体内定殖能力和竞争性生长能力显著下降,表明kpsED双基因的缺失能显著降低APEC E058和UPEC U17的致病力。【结论】荚膜与肠道外致病性大肠杆菌的致病性相关,是其重要的毒力因子。     

禽病原性大肠杆菌aes-31基因突变株的构建和致病性鉴定

【目的】通过禽病原性大肠杆菌(APEC)aes-31突变株的构建和动物实验来初步鉴定此基因片段对E058株的毒力影响。【方法】对在芯片杂交试验中筛选到的APEC E058株体外表达差异基因片段aes-31(来自SSH方法筛选到的E058株特异片段),用SSH引物从重组质粒中扩增出目的片段,克隆到pGEM-Teasy Vector中,然后用SphⅠ和SpeⅠ从中切下此片段,将之克隆到pMEG-375自杀性载体中,构建自杀性重组质粒pMEG375-aes-31,将突变载体转化到受体菌中,再和APEC E058株进行固相杂交,根据同源重组原理,筛选出基因突变株E058(Δaes-31)。【结果】E058株和突变株的LD50没有明显差别,突变株对35日龄SPF鸡的致死率高于E058株;两者接种鸡6 h内,E058(Δaes-31)突变株在各内脏器官和血液中的细菌数和E058株差异均不显著;接种鸡24 h后,E058(Δaes-31)突变株在脾脏和肺中的细菌数显著大于E058株,差异显著,E058(Δaes-31)突变株在心脏、肝脏和血液中细菌数显著大于E058株,差异极显著;接种鸡48 h后,E058(Δaes-31)突变株在心脏、肝脏和脾脏中的细菌数比E058株多,差异极显著,而肺脏和血液中的细菌数均无明显差异;48 h后突变株所引起的感染鸡的大肠杆菌病变比亲本株稍严重。【结论】以上数据表明aes-31有可能与E058株毒力的负调控有关。     

应用DNA芯片技术对禽致病性大肠杆菌可能致病基因体外表达水平的研究

应用DNA芯片研究禽致病性大肠杆菌可能致病基因的表达.构建禽致病性大肠杆菌毒力基因、潜在毒力基因的DNA芯片,应用基因芯片技术对同属O2血清型的禽高致病性大肠杆菌E058株和低致病性大肠杆菌E526株在体外LB培养基和鸡血清培养状态下进行差异表达分析.结果:在体外LB静置培养状态下,低致病株E526与高致病株E058相比共有16个差异基因,均为下调基因.在鸡血清静置培养中,E526与E058相比共有15个差异基因,均为下调基因.应用基因芯片成功筛选了禽致病性大肠杆菌在体外不同条件下的毒力基因及可能毒力基因中差异表达基因,表明一些铁摄取系统相关基因对APEC的毒力较重要,同时也筛选出了一些新的可能致病基因aes-1,aes-2,aes-3,aes-4,aes-6,aes-8,aes-10,aes-13,aes-15,aes-31等.     

尿道致病性大肠杆菌HEC4株和禽源致病性大肠杆菌E058株毒力相关特性的比较

对人尿道致病性大肠杆菌(uropathogenic Escherichia coli,UPEC)HEC4株和禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogen-ic Escherichia coli,APEC)E058株进行毒力基因和其他相关特性的比较,结果显示,它们具有一些共同的毒力基因,包括一些存在于APEC中一个大的可传递质粒上的基因;同时,它们也具有一些相似的生化特性。对SPF鸡的致病性试验显示,这两株分离株具有相似的致病力。因此,对于APEC和UPEC的相关性,以及APEC是否有可能导致人尿道感染或者成为UPEC的毒力基因贮主,有待进一步研究。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌IMT5155 疑似毒力基因在人源及动物源大肠杆菌中的分布

[目的]检测禽致病性大肠杆菌IMT5155自分泌黏附素基因等具有代表性的疑似毒力基因在不同来源大肠杆菌中的分布,为进一步研究其致病机理提供依据.[方法]采用PCR和Dot blot,检测疑似毒力基因在不同地区(101株大肠杆菌中国分离株和121株大肠杆菌德国分离株)、不同来源(人源、禽源及猪源)大肠杆菌中的分布,并分析其和大肠杆菌系统进化分群的关系.[结果]自分泌黏附素基因B11等11个疑似毒力基因在禽致病性大肠杆菌中分布率较高,阳性率分别为:A1 36.4%(32/88)、A8 53.4%(47/88)、A1063.6%(56/88)、B1137.5%(33/88)、F3 59.1%(52/88)等,且疑似毒力基因主要存在于大肠杆菌B2进化群中.值得注意的是,D1、E9和F11基因片段在新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌中有较高的分布率,分别为60%(6/10)、80%(8/10)和90%(9/10),而在新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌中未检测到B11基因.[结论]自分泌黏附素B11等疑似毒力基因与禽致病性大肠杆菌关系密切,但疑似毒力基因D1、E9和F11与新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌密切相关,提示禽致病性大肠杆菌可能是新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌的毒力基因储库.     

产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O18 XZ113 株主要毒力基因eaeA、stx2、ehxA 突变株的构建及其对小鼠的致病作用

[目的]探讨毒力基因eaeA、stx2、ehxA与产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O18致病力的关系.[方法]利用λ-Red重组系统,构建STEC XZ113株eaeA、stx2、ehxA基因缺失突变株并进行一系列生物学特性的研究.[结果]细胞粘附试验表明突变株XZ113△eaeA对HEp-2细胞的粘附能力明显降低;Vero细胞毒素试验表明突变株XZ113 △stx2失去了使Vero细胞发生病变的能力;溶血活性试验表明突变株XZ113△ehxA无法在血平板上产生溶血圈,丢失了溶血能力.回复株在以上表型方面与野生株XZ113一致;与亲本株的体外竞争试验结果表明,突变株竞争力减弱,体内竞争结果表明突变株XZ1 13△eaeA被中度致弱;突变株XZ113 △stx2和突变株XZ113△ehxA被高度致弱.[结论]stx2、ehxA基因在STEC O18 XZ113株的致病过程中发挥着更为重要的作用.     

抑制差减杂交筛选禽致病性大肠杆菌基因组差异片段及其分析

采用抑制差减杂交技术(Suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)对禽致病性大肠杆菌E037株(血清型O78)与非致病菌株K-12MG1655以及同一O2血清型高致病菌株E058与低致病菌株E526进行基因组差异片段克隆与分析。从E037株中共检出17个特异性差异片段,E058株中共检出32个特异性差异片段。经同源分析,这些序列可分为4类:质粒相关序列、噬菌体相关序列、已知功能序列、未知功能序列。这些差异片段包含许多重要的大肠杆菌毒力相关基因,如大肠杆菌素、气杆菌素受体、铁基因簇等。49个片段中,14个片段与其它微生物基因组同源性较高。结果表明,大肠杆菌高致病株与低致病菌株或非致病菌株基因组间存在较多差异基因,其中包括毒力、毒力相关基因、代谢以及噬菌体等基因成分。     

毒力基因yqeH功能分析及对禽致病性大肠杆菌致病性的影响

【背景】禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)可引起禽类急性或亚急性感染,在近年新发现的大肠杆菌Ⅲ型分泌系统2 (Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2,ETT2)中,毒力基因yqeH对其致病性的影响尚不明确。【目的】探究yqeH在APEC致病过程中的作用,为后期深入研究ETT2致病机制奠定基础。【方法】利用Red同源重组技术构建yqeH缺失株ΔyqeH及其回复株CΔyqeH,通过运动性、生物被膜形成能力、抗逆性、抗血清杀菌能力等试验分析yqeH对APEC生物学功能的影响,并通过细胞黏附、侵袭试验、致病力测定及荧光定量PCR检测细胞炎性因子转录水平,探究yqeH对APEC感染宿主的影响。【结果】构建了缺失株ΔyqeH和回复株CΔyqeH;生物学特性试验结果表明,与野生株APEC81相比,缺失株ΔyqeH生物被膜形成能力、运动能力降低,对酸、碱、渗透压、氧化休克的耐受力降低,抗血清杀菌能力及致病力显著降低;与野生株APEC81相比,缺失株ΔyqeH对鸡气管黏膜上皮细胞的黏附及侵袭能...     

lpxL和lpxM基因对O1、O78血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌毒力的影响

【目的】为探究脂多糖对O1、O78血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)致病作用的影响。【方法】选取负责脂质A生物合成相关基因lpx L和lpx M,利用λ噬菌体的Red同源重组系统分别构建APECE516(O1血清型)和APECE522(O78血清型)缺失株E516Δlpx L、E516Δlpx M、E516Δlpx LΔlpx M、E522Δlpx L、E522Δlpx M和E522Δlpx LΔlpx M,并通过体内外试验对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。【结果】各菌株生长速度基本一致。E516Δlpx L、E516Δlpx LΔlpx M、E522Δlpx M和E522Δlpx LΔlpx M的抗血清补体杀菌能力和抗鸡巨噬细胞HD-11吞噬能力较野生株显著下降,而缺失株E516Δlpx M、E522Δlpx L与野生株相比无明显差异;半数致死剂量测定结果显示,除E516Δlpx M、E522Δlpx L外,各缺失株毒力降低1000倍左右;SPF鸡体内动态分布试验结果显示,各缺失株在鸡体内定殖能力较野生株显著下降,但回补株的毒力未能恢复至野生株水平。【结论】lpx L和lpx M基因与O1血清型APECE516株和O78血清型APECE522株的毒力有关,但是lpx L和lpx M基因对E516和E522菌株毒力的影响存在差异。     

禽病原性大肠杆菌iro和tsh基因缺失株的构建

通过SSH和SCOTS研究, 铁系统(Iro)和温度敏感性血凝素(Tsh)在禽病原性大肠杆菌(APEC)的感染中可能发挥重要作用。基因检测发现, 在243个禽源大肠杆菌分离株中, 有205株为iro+菌株, 其中高、中度和低致病株分别为89.8%(184/205)、8.8%(18/205)和1.5%(3/205); 有167株为tsh+菌株, 高、中度、低致病株分别为87.4%(146/167)、12.6%(21/167)和0%(0/167), 结果显示iro+或tsh+株大多数为高致病株。为了确定iro和tsh基因在APEC致病力中的作用, 以APEC E037株为基础, 通过自杀性载体分别构建了iro和tsh基因缺失突变株E037(Δiro)、E037(Δtsh)和E037(ΔiroΔtsh)。动物感染性试验表明, 突变株在鸡体内的繁殖能力和致病性均明显下降, 但两个基因的协同致病作用不显著。进一步证实Iro和Tsh为APEC重要的致病因子。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.