Nutrient and energy content of freshwater fishes

The analyses of fresh total body homogenates of 2385 freshwater fishes from 17 species originating in natural waters and aquaculture facilities resulted in average values of 19.1–37.8% dry matter, 13.6–18.3% crude protein, 0.8–18.3% crude fat, 0.16–2.17% nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), 2.2–2.9% nitrogen and 0.39–1.02% phosphorus. The gross energy content ranged from 3.83 to 11.49 MJ/kg. With increasing fat content in the fishes, water content decreased and dry matter content increased. Through this interdependence, a significant correlation was found between dry matter and crude fat and energy content (r²=0.92–0.97). The values of crude protein, crude ash, NFE, nitrogen and phosphorus did not show any significant influence on dry matter content (r²=0.0005–0.46). Based on the significant correlation between dry matter and gross energy (gross energy [MJ/kg]=0.0253 dry matter [%]^1.6783), the energy content of freshwater fishes can easily be estimated by the dry matter content in the total body.     

A note on the nutrient and mineral composition of Leucaena leucocephala in Western Nigeria

Analysis of Leucaena leucocephala from various localities in Western Nigeria shows that young leaves, pods and seeds contain more crude protein but lower crude fibre and ether extract than mature ones. The crude fat component was higher in the seeds (4.6% and 5.5% for green and ripe seeds, respectively) than in any other edible part of the plant, while the green and brown seed coats contain the least amount of ether extract and total ash. The mineral composition of the dry matter of mature leaves is 2.8% calcium, 0.26% phosphorus, 0.37% magnesium, 1.78% potassium, 0.21% sodium and 0.12% iron.     

南美鲱鱼的含肉率及肌肉营养评价

测定了 6尾南美鲱鱼的含肉率及其营养成分 ,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。该鱼 (鲜样 )含肉率 83.6 5 % ;肌肉中含粗蛋白 1 7 74 % ,粗脂肪 5 2 5 % ,粗灰分 1 0 2 % ,水分 74 73% ,无氮浸出物 1 2 6 %。干物质中水解氨基酸总量 70 36 % ,其中必需氨基酸 2 7 90 % ,占氨基酸总量的 39 6 5 % ;游离氨基酸总量1 2 6 5 1 8mg 1 0 0g;必需氨基酸指数为 4 0 33;矿物质含量丰富 ,尤其是硒。认为南美鲱鱼是一种营养价值和养殖价值都比较高的淡水养殖新品种 ,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

Superoxide dismutases: I. Occurrence in higher plants

Shoots, roots, and seeds of corn (Zea mays L., cv. Michigan 500), oats (Avena sativa L., cv. Au Sable), and peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Wando) were analyzed for their superoxide dismutase content using a photochemical assay system consisting of methionine, riboflavin, and p-nitro blue tetrazolium. The enzyme is present in the shoots, roots, and seeds of the three species. On a dry weight basis, shoots contain more enzyme than roots. In seeds, the enzyme is present in both the embryo and the storage tissue. Electrophoresis indicated a total of 10 distinct forms of the enzyme. Corn contained seven of these forms and oats three. Peas contained one of the corn and two of the oat enzymes. Nine of the enzyme activities were eliminated with cyanide treatment suggesting that they may be cupro-zinc enzymes, whereas one was cyanide-resistant and may be a manganese enzyme. Some of the leaf superoxide dismutases were found primarily in mitochondria or chloroplasts. Peroxidases at high concentrations interfere with the assay. In test tube assays of crude extracts from seedlings, the interference was negligible. On gels, however, peroxidases may account for two of the 10 superoxide dismutase forms.     

不同产地长柄扁桃种仁成分分析

采用GC-MS、AAS、HPLC等方法对选自陕西神木、内蒙古包头、内蒙古阿拉善盟、河北承德4个不同产地的长柄扁桃种仁的一般成分(粗脂肪、粗蛋白、水分、灰分、总糖、总膳食纤维)、氨基酸、微量元素、脂肪酸及苦杏仁苷含量等进行分析。研究表明,不同产地长柄扁桃种仁各组分含量有一定差别,但均富含粗脂肪(416~478g/kg)和粗蛋白(206~286g/kg);种仁中氨基酸种类齐全,含量丰富;均含Ca、Mg、P、Fe、K等9种对人体有益的矿质元素,未检出Pb、Cd、Hg、As等元素;长柄扁桃油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在96.8%以上,以油酸和亚油酸主;苦杏仁苷含量在3%左右。从测定结果来看,长柄扁桃种仁可以作为开发食用油、蛋白粉以及苦杏仁苷的原材料,具有较好的经济价值,适宜于广大北方荒漠地区推广种植。     

Relationship between some chemical components of herbage, dietary preference and fresh herbage intake rate by the Japanese serow

The serow is a native Japanese mammal and has been designated as a special natural treasure. However, it has been a pest of crops since the 1970s. Since the serow is an indigenous and protected species, it must be controlled without endangering the animal itself. To do this, it is necessary to determine if the serow selects particular crops to consume, and if so, what components of the crop plants influence this choice.In Experiment 1, we measured the preference of four serows for two crop plants and three wild plants, using the cafeteria method. The plants were offered to the animals from 09.00 to 15.30. The serows preferred crop plants to wild plants. The crude protein content of crop plants (28.0 and 32.7%) was higher than that of the other plants (P<0.05). Dry matter (DM) intakes per hour correlated positively with crude protein content (P<0.01) and negatively with nitrogen free extract content (NFE) (P<0.05) and acid detergent fibre content (ADF) (P<0.01) in the offered plants. In Experiment 2, the food intakes of 17 plants consisting of 6 crops and 11 wild plants were measured. Individual 300g samples from each plant were offered for 20min. The serows ate the crops and the forbs in preference to the tree leaves. They consumed little of the conifer tree leaves and the grasses. The dry matter intake and the ADF content were negatively correlated (P<0.05). The dry matter intake and the crude protein content were positively correlated (P=0.054). A multiple regression formula was constructed as follows: Y=1.65CP+0.56NFE+0.38DM-57.45,R(2)=0.54,P=0.016The feeding characteristics suggest that crops might be selected and ingested by the serows because of their higher crude protein, NFE and the dry matter contents.     

Proper energy evaluation of commercial laboratory animal diets based on digestibility and metabolizable energy values

The energy values of commercial laboratory animal diets have been customarily calculated by applying physiological fuel values (PFV) in this country. In order to ascertain accuracy of this application, apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), carbohydrate (NFE + crude fiber) and nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) of 10 commercial diets were determined using rats, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs, respectively, and true digestibility of crude protein and crude fat of 12 feed ingredients was determined using rats. Apparent digestibility of the nutrients in the diets decreased with an increase in the crude fiber content of the diets. MEn values of the diets ranged between 2.18 and 3.75 kcal per g dry matter depending upon the crude fiber content of the diets. The energy values of the 10 diets calculated using PFV values of 4 kcal/g for protein and carbohydrate and 9 kcal/g for fat were compared with each MEn. The calculated values were 1.04 to 1.39 times higher than those of the respective MEn. All of the diets and most feed ingredients did not show high digestibility of nutrients assumed for the application of PFV. Therefore, it is concluded that application of PFV to the diets results in over-estimation of energy values and use of PFV for commercial laboratory diets in our country is not warranted. It is advisable to use MEn to evaluate energy value of commercial laboratory animal diets.     

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most commercially raised species is limited. Adult house crickets, house cricket nymphs (Acheta domesticus), superworms (Zophobas morio larvae), giant mealworm larvae, mealworm larvae and adult mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), waxworm larvae (Galleria mellonella), and silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Earthworms (Lumbricus terresstris) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins A and D₃. Proximate analyses were variable, with wide ranges found for moisture (57.9–83.6%), crude protein (9.3–23.7%), crude fat (1.6–24.9%), ADF (0.1–7.4%), NDF (0.0–11.5%), and ash (0.6–1.2%). Energy content ranged from a low of 674 kcal/kg for silkworms to 2,741 kcal/kg for waxworms.Using an amino acid scoring pattern for rats, the first limiting amino acid for all invertebrates tested was the total sulfur amino acid methionine+cystine. Deficiencies by nutrient (% of samples deficient vs. NRC requirements for rats on a dry matter (DM) basis) were as follows: calcium (100%), vitamin D₃ (100%), vitamin A (89%), vitamin B₁₂ (75%), thiamin (63%), vitamin E (50%), iodine (44%), manganese (22%), methionine‐cystine (22%), and sodium (11%). Deficiencies by invertebrate species (number of nutrients deficient vs. the NRC requirements for rats on a DM basis) were as follows: waxworms (9), superworms (8), giant mealworm larvae (7), adult mealworms (6), mealworm larvae (5), adult house crickets (4), house cricket nymphs (4), silkworms (4), and earthworms (4). These data provide a basis for determining nutrient intake of captive insectivores, and will aid in the development of gut‐loading diets to provide captive insectivorous animals with appropriate levels of necessary nutrients. Zoo Biol 21:269–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The sterols of Astragalus species from Iran: GLC separation and quantification

This paper presents the content and composition of free sterols in a number of Astragalus species from Iran. Free sterols of roots and seeds were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively by gas-liquid chromatography. Four major 3-beta-hydroxysterols (cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol) were identified in roots of 18 species and in seeds of five species of Astragalus. beta-Sitosterol was the main free sterol in both roots and seeds. The cholesterol content in seeds was higher than that in roots. Trace amounts of cholesterol were detected in roots of only four species. beta-Sitosterol accounted for 34.4-69.2 and 76.8-81.8% of the total lipid content in roots and seeds, respectively. The beta-sitosterol content in roots and seeds of Astragalus species varied from 6.3 to 35.7 and 93.3 to 164.5mg/100g dry weight, respectively. Total free sterol content in seeds varied from 112.09 to 204.04mg/100g dry weight, significantly higher than those in roots (7.5 to 43.4mg/100g dry weight). The chemotaxonomic values of free sterols and total lipid profiles of some of the representative species are discussed.     

Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects

Insects contain significant amounts of fiber as measured by crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) or neutral detergent fiber (NDF). It has always been assumed that the fiber in insects represents chitin based on the structural similarity between cellulose and chitin and the fact that the ADF fraction from insects contains nitrogen. In this study, a number of insect species that are raised commercially as food for insectivores were analyzed for moisture, crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25), fat, ash, NDF, ADF, and amino acids. Additionally, the ADF fraction was analyzed for nitrogen and amino acids to determine if proteins might be present in the ADF fraction. The ADF fraction contained a significant amount of amino acids accounting for 9.3–32.7% of the ADF (by weight). The presence of amino acids in the ADF fraction means that using ADF to estimate insect chitin results in an overestimation of insect chitin content. Using ADF adjusted for its amino acid content, the estimated chitin content of these insect species ranged from 2.7–49.8 mg/kg (as is) and 11.6–137.2 mg/kg (dry matter basis). Additionally, these data suggest that for the species measured here the amount of chitin nitrogen is quite small (as a % of total nitrogen) and that crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) provides a reasonable estimate of the true protein for most species of insects. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Biological efficiency and nutritive value of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on different agro-wastes

The oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer, was cultivated on a number of agro-residues and their mixtures. Biological efficiency, defined as the percentage conversion of substrate into fruit bodies on a dry weight basis, was found to be maximum on paddy straw supplemented with cotton seeds (12·82 g/100 g substrate). Biochemical changes effected in the substrates as a result of mushroom growth, in terms of nitrogen content and degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components, were monitored. The proximate compositions of fruit bodies of the mushroom in terms of protein, total carbohydrates, fat, fibre and ash were determined. The crude protein and total carbohydrate contents varied from 26·3% to 36·7% and 41·2% to 47·1%, respectively, on various residues. The variation in the contents of crude fat, crude fibre and ash ranged from 1·7% to 2·0%, 11·7% to 17·0% and 6·1%, respectively, on different residues. The energy value of the fruit bodies was found to be between 275 and 300 kCal/100 g, whereas the energy recovery of the substrate in the fruit bodies was from 5% to 10%.     

Factors affecting the bioconversion of Philippine tung seed by black soldier fly larvae for the production of protein and oil-rich biomass

A systematic study on the use of Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma) seed as a substrate for the cultivation of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) was performed. The characteristics of Reutealis trisperma seed from two different locations: West Java and Papua, were determined. The seed has a relatively high oil (37.6–39.2%, dry weight) and protein content (14.9–28.2%, dry weight). The effect of cake content in the substrate (0–20%, wet weight), moisture content in the substrate (50–70%, wet weight), feeding rate (50–100?mg/larva/d), lighting condition (dark-light) and substrate depth in a rearing container (4–10?cm) was performed. An optimum prepupal biomass productivity of 123.4?g/m²/d was obtained (20%, wet weight of cake content in the substrate, 60%, wet weight of moisture content in the substrate, 100?mg/larva/d, dark, 6?cm substrate depth). The protein and oil content of the biomass were also determined to evaluate the effect of Reutealis trisperma seed as a substrate for the cultivation of black soldier fly larvae to produce protein and oil-rich biomass. The oil content in the biomass was also extracted and the fatty acid composition was identified. The prepupal biomass has a relatively high amount of protein (45%, dry weight) and oil content (26.6%, dry weight) and is suitable for cattle feed application.     

膏桐种子形态、粗脂肪含量与环境因子关系

对云南省两个不同地区膏桐（Jatropha curcas）种子形态特征,粗脂肪含量与环境因子关系开展研究,结果表明：湿热环境的景洪较干热环境的元谋膏桐种子成熟散布期提前,形态特征也优于元谋膏桐种子（P〈0．01）;土壤有机质是影响膏桐种子粗脂肪积累最重要的因子,对膏桐种子粗脂肪积累起显著正效应;干旱胁迫也是影响膏桐种子粗脂肪积累的一个重要的限制因子;景洪膏桐种子粗脂肪含量、含水量较元谋膏桐种子更高,但粗脂肪含量与含水量比率较低（P〈0．01）;具有较高粗脂肪含量的膏桐种子与其含水量的比率可能是植物对干旱胁迫适应的一种机制,其对物种的适应有着重要的生态学意义。     

A two-step fermentation of distillers’ grains using Trichoderma viride and Rhodopseudomonas palustris for fish feed

It is important to provide added value or to make full use of the co-product of grains from ethanol production. In order to convert distillers’ grains into a high-quality feed, the Trichoderma viride and Rhodopseudomonas palustris fermentation were combined and investigated in this study. The T. viride fermentation was carried out in an aerobic fermentation installation in favoring of the growth of the fungi and the degradation of the cellulose, and then the fermentation of R. palustris was performed to increase the content of protein with an anaerobic installation. After the two step fermentations, the true protein content of dried distiller’ grains increased from 11.4 to 33.6 % (w/w) (the content of crude protein from 14.5 to 39.7 %), the crude fiber content decreased from 21.3 to 7.6 % (w/w), the crude fat content increased from 5.5 to 7.9 % (w/w), the crude ash decreased from 14.6 to 10.2 % (w/w), the total phosphorus content increased from 0.4 to 1.2 % (w/w), and the water content was 11.8 % (w/w). The dried and fermented grains contain the R. palustris viable count of 5.3 × 10¹¹ CFU/g dry matter. The results may support a new application of an active photosynthetic bacteria fish feed in fisheries industry and offer a reference for the further study of lignocellulosic materials as raw materials converting into high-quality feed.     

华山松球果对食种子动物的防御特征

动植物协同演化过程中,植物为抵御捕食者的侵害,保证自身的生存和繁衍,会演化出不同方式的防御机制。本研究调查了星鸦对藏东南地区华山松弯曲球果上不同部位种子取食的差异性,并检测了华山松球果凹凸面种子的形态特征(长度、宽度、厚度、种壳厚度)和成分(粗水分、70 ℃干物质、粗脂肪、灰分、蛋白质、粗纤维)含量。结果表明: 华山松球果凹凸两面种子的部分形态特征和种子成分具有显著差异,其中,凸面种子种壳厚度(1.11±0.12 mm)比凹面种子(1.07±0.15 mm)厚,但种仁重占比凸面(24.0%)比凹面(25.4%)小。而凸面种子空壳率(11.2%)和种子成分中粗脂肪含量(47.0%)显著低于凹面种子(分别是15.8%和50.5%)。华山松弯曲球果对食种子动物取食造成错误性暗示,尽可能保护优质种子不被取食,因此球果弯曲是华山松对食种子动物的防御特征。     

Fermentation characteristics and feeding value of ensiled poultry litter containing wheat straw,bagasse or sawdust

Poultry excreta substantially increased the crude protein (CP) content and the calcium and phosporus content of the base bedding materials. The crude fibre (CF) content of sawdust (52.3%) was higher than that of wheat straw (38.9%) and bagasse (30.2%). Dry matter digestibility in vitro (IVDMD) of wheat straw, bagasse and sawdust poultry litters (PL) was 65.4, 64.5 and 48.1%, respectively. Green sorghum fodder when ensiled alone or with 20% wheat straw PL, sawdust PL or bagasse PL on fresh basis contained 4.67, 7.80, 10.00 and 7.55% CP, respectively. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) content of PL silages was lower than that of the control. Apart from wheat straw PL, all silages accumulated considerable amounts of lactic acid. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentrations were similar for all silages. The addition of PL caused an increase in the proportion of ammonia nitrogen. A feeding trial with crossbred adult male cattle revealed no significant difference in dry matter (DM), CP and ether extract (EE) digestibility of wheat straw and bagasse PL silages. The CF digestibility was similar for all the silages. Sawdust PL silage, however, was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in digestibility of DM, EE and NFE compared to other PL based silages. The DCP and TDN values for the control, wheat straw, bagasse and sawdust PL silages were 2.0, 60.1; 4.3, 45.3; 6.1, 50.3 and 2.9, 41.9 kg/100 kg DM, respectively.     

海水和淡化水养殖凡纳滨对虾饲料蛋白需求量的比较研究

本研究从生长、饲料利用和体成分等指标综合评价饲料蛋白质含量对凡纳滨对虾的影响。研究发现,在海水养殖环境下,饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、蛋白效率和虾体粗蛋白含量均有显著性影响(p<0.05)。摄食饲料蛋白含量38%的海养凡纳滨对虾有较高的存活率、增重率以及最高的特定生长率。饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加而减小,虾体粗蛋白含量随饲料蛋白水平升高而增加,而蛋白含量38%和41%实验组饵料系数和虾体粗蛋白含量均没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。淡化水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率随饲料蛋白水平的增加而提高,而增重率和特定生长率均在饲料蛋白含量35%实验组最高,饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加先减小后增大,蛋白含量35%实验组饵料系数显著小于其他实验组。海水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率、末体重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均高于淡水养殖的对虾。对虾虾体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均随盐度升高而升高,而虾体水分随着盐度的升高而降低。     

光照周期和光照强度对循环水系统中墨瑞鳕的生长、肌肉营养成分及养殖收益的影响

分别探究了4种光照周期(12L﹕12D、15L﹕9D、18L﹕6D和21L﹕3D)和4种光照强度(1200 lx、1500 lx、1800 lx和自然光)对循环水养殖系统中墨瑞鳕的生长、肌肉营养成分及养殖收益的影响。结果表明:(1)15L﹕9D组墨瑞鳕的终重、日增重及特定生长率均显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),饵料系数显著低于12L﹕12D和21L﹕3D组(P<0.05); 1500 lx组墨瑞鳕的终重、日增重及特定生长率均显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),饵料系数显著低于其他三组(P<0.05)。(2)15L﹕9D组墨瑞鳕肌肉中粗脂肪含量、氨基酸总量及必须氨基酸总量均达到最大值; 1500 lx组墨瑞鳕肌肉中粗脂肪和灰分含量最高,而水分和粗蛋白含量最低;相反,自然光照组中水分和粗蛋白含量最高,而粗脂肪和灰分含量最低(P<0.05)。(3)尽管15L﹕9D组和1500 lx组都投入了较高的成本,但由于这两组中墨瑞鳕的生长快,产量高,其总收益、总净收益和效益成本比均显著高于其他实验组(P<0.05)。综合各项实验数据, 15L﹕9D和1500 lx分...     

黄精种子营养成分的测定与分析

采用化学分析的方法,对黄精(Polygonatum sibiricum Red.)种子主要营养成分--粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗蛋白的含量进行了测定,并采用气相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析仪分别对其脂肪酸和氨基酸的组分作了分析,以明确黄精种子的营养成分及其利用价值.结果显示:(1)黄精种子的营养成分以淀粉(73.70%)为主,脂肪含量为(10.74%),蛋白质含量为(8.21%);(2)脂肪酸中以不饱和脂肪酸(89.52%)为主,其中人体必需的多不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸占49.77%;(3)氨基酸种类齐全,其中人体必需氨基酸蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸的含量比小麦、玉米等作物的含量高.结果说明,黄精种子具有较高的营养价值,在食品、医疗保健方面具有一定开发前景.     

Supercooling capacity of seeds and seedlings in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The influence of the water content of seeds and seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana (Ecotype Columbia:2) on their supercooling capacity was investigated. Equilibration of the seeds to various air relative humidities resulted in final moisture contents ranging from 8 to 82% (dry weight basis). No supercooling point could be detected when the water content remained below 32.5%, and in seeds at just above this moisture level ice crystals started to form at -26 degrees C. However, cooling partly affected the germination of seeds down to a water content of 26.5%. Upon imbibition, the supercooling point of the seeds remained around -21.6 degrees C and rose sharply to -14.7 degrees C when visible germination started. It remained around -13 degrees C during the following 96 h while the water content of the seedlings increased from 155 to 870%. Hydrated seeds (above 32.5% water content), germinated seeds, and seedlings of Arabidopsis cannot survive being frozen.