Structure and Development of Stomata on the Vegetative and Floral Organs in Some Members of Caesalpiniaceae

The structure and development of stomata in 19 species of thefamily Caesalpiniaceae are described. The study is mostly confinedto the leaves, but observations have also been made on othervegetative and floral organs of some species Stomata may beparacytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, and with one subsidiary cell.Occasionally a stoma is diacytic, cyclocytic, or actinocytic.Different types occur individually or may be found side by sideeven on the same surface of an organ. The most prevalent typein all the genera is paracytic except in Caesalpima where itis anomocytic. The development of an anomocytic stoma is perigenous,but those with subsidiary cells are largely mesogenous; rarelyparacytic stomata are mesoperigenous. In spite of diversityof stomata, different types of stomata have similar patternsof development in different organs of the same plant. The presentinvestigation also indicates that the inconstancy of stomatain the family is due to (a) their diversity and (b) an increasein the number of subsidiary cells either by their division orby the neighbouring perigenes becoming subsidiary cell-like.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Vegetative and Floral Organs of Three Species of Kalanchoe

The structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floralorgans of three species of Kalanchoe is described. The matureanisocytic stomata are mono-cyclic or completely or incompletelyamphicyclic, rarely paracytic, transitional between paracyticand anisocytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The developmentof all the types is syndetocheilic or mesogenous from organto organ but the mature stomatal apparatus varies from organto organ as regards the number and arrangement of subsidiarycells. Abnormal stoma with a single guard cell and arresteddevelopment were observed on all organs. An abnormal stoma witha single guard cell develops directly from the meristemoid.     

Epidermal Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Ephedra and Gnetum

The epidermal structure and development of stomata in vegetativeand reproductive organs of Ephedra foliata and Gnetum ula isdescribed. The epidermal cells are polygonal, isodiametric,or elongated with thick or thin straight, arched, or slightlysinuous anticlinal walls. The cuticle is thin or thick. Papilla-likeunicellular outgrowths are present in Ephedra foliata. The maturestomata are orientated parallel to the longitudinal axes orirregularly. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic, witha single subsidiary cell, cyclocytic, and actinocytic. Arresteddevelopment, contiguous stomata, and stomata with aborted guardcells have been observed. The ontogeny of stomata on differentorgans of these two plants is typically haplocheilic or perigenousbut the stomatal apparatus varies from organ to organ.     

气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的发育及相关性分析

主要观察了气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的分布和发育情况,并分别对叶片和翅上气孔簇大小、气孔簇密度等指标的相关性进行了研究、结果表明:在叶片的下表皮、雌花和雄花的花被片、苞片、小苞片和翅上有气孔分布,而在茎、花梗上却未见气孔分布.叶片下表皮和翅上气孔通常成簇分布.在叶片的下表皮,气孔簇大小与气孔簇密度呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);气孔簇密度与叶片长度呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01).而翅上的气孔簇密度、气孔簇大小与子房长度无显著相关性(P>0.05).在四季秋海棠中,不同器官表皮的气孔簇大小是不同的,这可能与生理功能的不同有关.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Some Labiatae

The structure and ontogeny of stomata have been studied in 33species of the Labiatae. The mature stomata are diacytic, transitionalbetween paracytic and diacytic, and anomocytic. The anomocyticstomata are haplocheilic or perigenous. The diacytic and thetransitional type of stomata are syndetocheilic or mesogenousas the two subsidiary cells and a pair of guard cells arisefrom the same meristemoid. The diacytic and the transitionalstomata are formed through three successive mitotic divisions.Abnormal stomata with single guard cells, arrested developments,and contiguous stomata have been observed. Contiguous stomataare formed either from two adjacently placed meristemoids orare the result of spatial readjustment during maturation ofthe leaf.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Some Leptosporangiate Ferns

The structure and development of stomata are described for 17species of leptosporangiate ferns. In these species the maturestomata are anomocytic, diacytic, Pyrrosia(applied), tetracytic,suspended, or floating type. Stomata are present on both surfacesof floating as well as sub merged leaves of Azolla and Marsilea.In a few species twin stomata, arrested development, and persistentstomatal initials are present Floating stomata result from disintegrationof the anticlinal suspending wall in Pleopeltis, and by detachmentand displacement in Azolla pinnata. The development of stomatais haplocheilic, syndetocheilic, or syndetohaplocheilic. InCyathea spinulosa the guard cell nuclei divide amitoticallyand the resulting two daughter nuclei occupy the opposite polesof the guard cells     

The Development of Stomata in Vegetative and Reproductive Organs ofBupleurum tenue Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

InBupleurum tenue stomata have been observed on leaf, stem,stalk of compound umbel and umbellet, bract of involucre andinvolucel, pedicel of flower, both surfaces of petal, outerepidermis of pericarp, and the stylopodium. Their developmentis of the syndetocheilic type in vegetative as well as the reproductiveorgans. In the stylopodium the stomata are anomocytic whilein the rest of the organs they are anisocytic.     

Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Some Polemoniales

The ontogeny and structure of stomata in 22 genera and 51 speciesof the Polemoniales are described. Five main types of stomatanoticed are: anisocytic, anomocytic, diacytic, paracytic, andstomata with a single subsidiary cell. Three modes of stomataldevelopment: syndetocheilic or mesogenous, haplocheilic or perigenous,and meso-perigenous or syndeto-haplocheilic are observed. Abnormalitiesseen are: stomata with single guard cells, arrested developmentand contiguous stomata variously oriented. Contiguous stomataresult from adjacently placed meristemoids or readjustment duringmaturation. Stomata with a single guard cell are formed as aresult of degeneration of one of the guard cells before or afterpore formation. The stomatal apparatus varies in different organsof a plant in form, number, orientation and arrangement of thesubsidiary and also the surrounding cells. Three lines leadingto Polemoniales, Boraginales, and Solanales are distinet.     

Development of Stomata in Some Cruciferae

Epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata are described forten species or varieties of Cruciferae. The mature stomata aretypically anisocytic. Their development is of the mesogenoustrilabrate type. The spiral sequence of divisions in the meristemoidmay be clockwise or anticlockwise. Very often the neighbouringcells divide and form successive generations of stomata whichbecome arranged in groups. Some theoretical implications ofthe study are also discussed.     

Development of Stomata in Some Papaveraceae and Fumaria

Epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata are described forthree species of Papaveraceae and Fumaria. The mature stomataare typically anomocytic. Their development is of the mesoperigenoustype and only one mesogene neighbouring cell is formed, theothers being perigene. The present observations support a closerelationship between the Papaveraceae and Fumaria.     

银杏营养器官解剖结构的观察

为了揭示不同树龄银杏的根、茎、叶解剖结构以及内生菌分布情况,本研究采用石蜡切片法对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)根、茎、叶显微解剖结构进行了观察。结果显示:(1)一年生银杏幼根不含树脂道,内生菌含量低,而皮层中含有大量蛋白细胞;多年生银杏老根含有较多树脂道,皮层细胞中含有大量内生菌并有针晶物质分布,未发现蛋白细胞。(2)一年生银杏幼茎有明显的角质层,皮层分布有大量蛋白细胞,韧皮射线及髓部发达,其中髓由大量薄壁细胞构成并且有蛋白细胞分布,未观察到树脂道但有簇晶物质存在。(3)多年生银杏叶片海绵组织疏松,具有树脂道,叶肉细胞含有簇晶物质;气孔下陷并具有耐旱的结构特点。本结果可为研究不同树龄银杏对环境的适应性变化以及内生菌特点提供参考。     

多穗金粟兰营养器官的形态结构及组织化学研究

采用植物解剖学和组织化学定位方法研究多穗金粟兰（Chloranthus multistachysPei）营养器官的显微结构及萜类和黄酮类化合物在营养器官中的分布规律。结果表明：多穗金粟兰的根皮层细胞排列不整齐,液泡化明显,细胞间隙较大,有散在石细胞分布;茎皮层细胞排列不整齐,在韧皮部外方包围有少数几层束状纤维束;叶为异面叶,栅栏组织和海绵组织分化明显,叶片上、下表皮均无毛被,气孔器多为不规则型。组织化学定位结果显示萜类和黄酮类化合物分布在根的皮层、茎的皮层及韧皮部细胞中。     

两个苜蓿品种营养器官解剖结构特征比较

为了明确具有极强抗虫特性的‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’(Medicago sativa L.‘Caoyuan No.4’) 营养器官的解剖特征,该研究选择具有抗蓟马特性较强的‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(Medicago varia Martin.‘Caoyuan No.2’)为对照,采用显微镜观察比较两品种的根、茎、叶解剖结构特征,为揭示‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’ 抗蓟马特性提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’根部解剖结构的皮层薄壁细胞厚度、内皮层厚度、形成层厚度、木质部厚度和木射线宽度等5个指标均极显著高于(P＜0.01)‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’,其中木射线宽度(159.37 μm)是‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’的1.82倍。(2)‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’的茎部厚角组织厚度(21.4 μm)极显著高于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(P＜0.01),而韧皮部宽度、髓直径却均极显著低于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(P＜0.01)。(3)‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’叶片解剖构造的7个指标均极显著高于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(P＜0.01),其中栅栏组织层数(2～3层)极明显地高于‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’(1~2层)。研究表明,‘草原4号紫花苜蓿’的组织结构特征具有明显的抗虫特征,且其组织的抗虫特征比‘草原2号杂花苜蓿’更为突出。     

Epidermal Structure and Development of Stomata in some Annonaceae

Epidermal structure and development of stomata are studied in20 species of the Annonaceae. Epidermal cells are polygonalor irregular in outline, isodiametnc or elongated with straight,arched, or sinuous anticlinal walls. Cuticular striations radiatingfrom guard cells or hair bases are noticed. Four types of trichomesand secretory cells are seen. The mature stomata are paracyticwith 2–6 subsidiary cells, non-contiguous at both poles,or contiguous at one or both the poles. The increase in numberof subsidiary cells is due to their divisions. Contiguous stomata,arrested development, single guard cell, and degeneration ofguard cells are observed. The development is either syndetocheilicor mesogenous.     

Structure,Ontogeny and Taxonomic Significance of Stomata in Some Cucurbitaceae

Stomatal structure, ontogeny in vegetative and floral organs of 9 genera and 12 species of Cucurbitaceae are described. The stomatal types conform to aperigenous, monoperigenous, diperigenous, hemipara-mesoperigenous and para-mesoperigenous types of Fryns-Claessens & Van Cotthem (1973). Stomatal abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, single guard cells with or without pore, one and a half stomata, degeneration of one or both the guard cells, cytoplasmic connections between guard cells of neighbouring stomata and a guard cell of a stoma and an adjacent epidermal cell, and division of guard cells are described. Stomata index, frequency of stomata, epidermal cells, size of guard and epidermal cells and organwise distribution of stomata are given. Stomatal studies does not support the view that the Cucurbitaceae are related to the Passifloraceae. The inclusion of 9 genera and 12 species studied in the tribe Cucumerineae is justified.     

假俭草和结缕草营养器官结构对抗逆性的影响

利用光学显微镜和电镜技术,采用石蜡切片法,叶片离析法等实验技术对假俭草和结缕草的茎,叶等营养器官的解剖结构特征和表皮微形态特征作了研究;通过角质层厚度,维管束数目,气孔指数,泡状细胞等数据分析它们之间的抗逆性差别;首次从微形态角度初步了解假俭草和结缕草及其不同种群之间抗旱力,耐践踏性差异的原因。     

银线草营养器官结构及主要成分的组织化学定位

采用植物解剖学和组织化学定位方法研究银线草营养器官的显微结构和萜类、黄酮类化合物在营养器官中的分布规律.结果表明:银线草的根皮层细胞排列整齐,细胞间隙较小,韧皮部狭窄;茎皮层细胞也排列整齐,在韧皮部外方包围有多层束状纤维;叶为异面叶,栅栏组织和海绵组织分化明显,叶片上、下表皮均无毛被,气孔器多为不规则型.组织化学定位结果显示萜类和黄酮类化合物分布在根的皮层、茎的皮层和韧皮部细胞中.     

苦豆子营养器官的发育解剖学及组织化学研究

采用石蜡切片法对苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)根、茎、横走茎及叶的发育过程进行了研究,并利用组织化学的方法对生物碱在苦豆子各营养器官中的分布规律进行了测定.苦豆子根、茎及横走茎的初生生长与一般双子叶植物的发育规律一致,但在次生生长时,部分维管形成层细胞平周分裂只形成薄壁组织,从而将次生维管组织也分离成束.茎与横走茎的功能及生活环境不同,所以在结构上也存在一定的差异.叶是等面叶,上下表皮内都有栅栏组织的分布,其组织分化和发育过程与双子叶植物叶的发育规律一致.在茎、横走茎及叶主脉中,韧皮部的外侧都包围有纤维束,其来源都是原生韧皮部.应用硅钨酸、碘化铋钾及I-KI溶液进行沉淀反应,测定出生物总碱在苦豆子根、茎、横走茎及叶的薄壁组织细胞中均存在.     

地枫皮营养器官解剖结构特征及其叶片结构的生态适应性

为了明确地枫皮的结构特征及其在石灰岩山顶和山腰疏林间两种环境下生长的叶片解剖结构的差异,本研究采用石蜡切片和半薄切片对地枫皮营养器官进行解剖观察并评价了叶片结构对不同生态环境的响应。结果表明:地枫皮根中次生维管组织发达,木射线和韧皮射线明显。老茎的次生构造中,皮层贮藏物质丰富,内有大的石细胞群,韧皮射线和木射线明显;而髓细胞内含有大量晶簇和少量单晶。在叶片横切面观上,叶为异面叶,表皮细胞一层,上表皮无气孔分布,主脉中薄壁细胞中分散有石细胞。叶片解剖结构显示,随海拔高度上升,地枫皮趋向于旱生植物的特点,其主要表现在叶片表皮细胞外壁角质层加厚,栅海比增加、海绵组织排列由紧密变疏松。另外,根皮、茎皮和叶肉中都分布有大量油细胞。     

稀子蕨胞芽发育及营养器官的形态与解剖学研究

该研究采用形态观察法、石蜡切片法以及扫描电子显微镜法对稀子蕨(Monachosorum henryi)胞芽发育过程及营养器官进行观察分析,以揭示不同蕨类植物胞芽生殖在发育生物学上的异同,为进一步探讨蕨类植物胞芽发育与被子植物珠芽发育的异同等奠定基础。结果表明：(1)稀子蕨羽叶薄,由7~8层细胞组成,气孔分布于下表皮,无明显栅栏组织和海绵组织分化。(2)稀子蕨的叶轴含1束“心”形维管束,叶柄基部至中部含2束维管束;成熟根能看到明显的维管束组织,无髓。(3)稀子蕨的复羽叶发育过程可分为萌动期、卷拳期、展叶期、成熟期和衰老期;复羽叶上的胞芽发育从展叶期开始,包括胞芽原基发育期、胞芽分化期、胞芽膨大期和胞芽成熟期。(4)稀子蕨胞芽原基起源于叶轴与羽叶分叉处表皮细胞下的薄壁细胞层;胞芽原基分化出多个叶原基,整体呈指状“锚”状;胞芽成熟后掉落土壤或在母体上萌发生长出新叶。