雷公藤甲素研究进展

雷公藤甲素作为雷公藤的主要活性成分,具有抗炎、免疫抑制、抗生育、抗囊肿和抗肿瘤等药理作用。本文就近期雷公藤甲素的药代动力学研究、药理作用研究以及减毒研究三个方面作一综述。     

植物内生菌研究新进展

虽然早在 10 0多年前人们就已发现在健康植物组织的内部也有微生物存在,这类微生物在文献中后来被称为植物内生菌（ｅｎｄｏｐｈｙｔｅ）,但由于内生菌生活在没有外在感染症状的健康植物组织内部,其存在和作用长期以来一直为人们所忽视。自 2 0世纪 30年代发现造成畜牧业重大损失的牲畜中毒是由于食用了感染内生真菌的牧草,内生菌的研究才得以广泛深入地开展起来［1］。植物内生菌几乎存在于所有目前已研究过的植物中,分布广,种类多。研究表明,感染内生菌的植物宿主往往具有生长快速、抗逆境、抗病害、抗动物危害等优势,比未感染植…     

枇杷生物技术研究进展(综述)

本文从组织培养、种质离体保存、原生质体培养及分子标记等方面,综述枇杷生物技术研究的主要进展,并提出有待继续研究的相关问题。     

Recent Advances in Bryological Research

In the last two decades, all the branch fields of bryology, with classical taxonomy gradually developing into multidisciplinecourses, have witnessed a great progress. The author is attempting to give a brief view of bryology in the following five paragraphs. The first part introduces the fundamental characteristics of bryology in the recent decades. Publication of “New Manual of Bryology” Vol. I and II, edited by Schuster(1983-1984) , marked a new epoch of bryology. A series of books, “The Biology of Mosses” (Richardson, 1981), the “New Advances in Bryology “and the other bryological publications showed that bryologists were working not only on bryofloras in different regions of the world, but also deeply engaged in the micro-view fields of bryology. Evidently, the world bryological researches have entered a prosperous period. The second part gives some recent examples of investigations on taxonomy, morphology, cytology, paleobotany, ecology, reproductive biology and ecological physiology of bryophytes. In discussing the tendency of the future research, the author emphasizes that systematic and evolutionary botany of bryophytes is one of the main subjects .Following the increase of taxa, the development of chemotaxonomy, cytology, numerical taxonomy etc.will reveal the relationships between orders, families or infrafamiliar groups. However, the main problem in this respect is lacking of key fossil records of bryophytes. On the other hand, the monographs increase steadily, and they are helpful in correcting some previously reported disjunct distribution of species and distribution of regional new species. Plant geography of bryophytes can also be used for explaining the continental drift (Schuster 1969, 1972).Moss indicators, which are more sensitive than vascular plants, have been noticed. The traditional utilization of mosses will be continuous. Chinese bryology has been greatly improved in the past half a century, and about a hundred papers involving taxonomy, phytogeography, phytocoenology, morphology, cytology, numerical taxonomy and applied bryology, were published in last two decades. In China, the foundation of taxonomy of bryophytes is developing, although we already have several bryological research centers. It seems to me that too many new taxa have been described, while no sufficient attention has been paid on studies on relationships and evolution of bryophytes. Due to identification of bryophytes, hryofloras between some neighbouring regions are not comparable. Fossils of bryophytes are usually treated as the “unknown kind of plants”, so we lack the geological evidence of bryophytes. We are facing the problem in training a new generation of bryologists due to the limited funds. Finally, some suggestions are made for Chinese bryology. The ways for seeking the origin of bryophytes will be: l.Searching for primitive groups of bryophytes.2.Comprehensive studies on key genera and species.3.Expeditions to the unknown native localities of special groups of bryophytes. Further studies on the bryoflora and phytogeography are necessary in China. Studies on the distribution centers of genera endemic to China and East Asiatic endemic genera in China will provide some pieces of evidence on the origin oe the Chinese bryoflora. New records of macrofossils and microfossils of bryophytes will help to break the “neck of bottle “ of the above-mentioned problems. Experimental projects are almost unknown in China. lt is very important, therefore, to encourage people to work on them for original data on phylogeny and origin of bryophytes, although it will be a long-term task inChina.     

烟草乙烯受体研究进展(综述)

对近几年有关烟草乙烯受体基因研究的最新进展作简要介绍,并就今后该领域的研究方向进行探讨。已知烟草乙烯受体家族至少包括NtETR1、NtERS1、NTHK1和NTHK2等4种基因,其中NTHK1和NTHK2同源且有相似结构,两者的激酶活性与细菌双组分调节系统非常相似,激酶活性需要一些二价阳离子的参与。烟草乙烯受体在细胞内的作用位点还缺少研究。     

白细胞介素－15研究进展

白细胞介素一15是一种最近被正式承认的新细胞因子,该因子cDNA结构和功能及分子结构已阐明,其生物学活性和空间构象与IL-2非常相似但又有差异,IL-15受体至少包括IL-2受体β和γ链亚单位,是否尚有其他未知成分参与IL-15受体的组成和其详细的信号传递途径以及其他未知生物学活性如何尚有待深入研究.     

绿脓杆菌外毒素A的最新研究进展

在免疫缺失、囊肿性纤维化、烧伤烫伤等患者的临床继发感染中,绿脓杆菌是引起感染的主要病原菌之一,其合成的细胞外毒性物质—绿脓杆菌外毒素A(PEA)被认为是引起感染的最关键内在机制。该文对中外学者们在PEA的结构、功能、提取和纯化方法、重组毒素、基因工程疫苗以及应用等方面的研究进行归纳总结,并对研究和应用中存在的问题加以分析,对预防和治疗绿脓菌感染、抗肿瘤、抗移植排斥和治疗自身免疫性疾病等具有重要而深远的意义。     

子宫内膜异位症动物模型研究进展

为研究子宫内膜异位症的病因、发病机制、治疗和预防对策,需要构建实验动物模型。本文通过分析各种模型的优点和缺点,为选择性应用动物模型提供指导,从而更利于对该病的研究。     

抗冻蛋白研究进展(英文)

很多越冬的生物会产生抗冻蛋白,这些抗冻蛋白能够吸附到冰晶的表面改变冰晶形态并抑制冰晶的生长.抗冻蛋白在很多生物体内都被发现,不同的抗冻蛋白结构差异非常大.目前的一些研究揭示了几种抗冻蛋白的结构,并提出了抗冻蛋白与冰晶的结合模型,但是还没有一种机制能解释所有抗冻蛋白的作用机理.抗冻蛋白能被广泛的应用到农业、水产业和低温储藏器官、组织和细胞,利用转基因技术提高植物的抗冻性具有重要应用价值.而抗冻蛋白基因的表达调控则有待进一步阐明.     

Candida Biofilm: Clinical Implications of Recent Advances in Research

Candida spp. are human commensals that can colonize devices and cause diseases associated with host tissue damage. In each lifestyle, Candida forms biofilms – communities of cells living within a protective extracellular matrix comprising proteins, polysaccharides, extracellular nucleic acids, and lipids. In vitro and in vivo models have defined basic steps in Candida biofilm formation as adhesion, initiation, maturation, and dispersal. Biofilms afford Candida cells resistance to antifungal agents, and host defenses and immune responses. In addition to “pathogenic” biofilm, Candida albicans also produces an alternative, permeable “sexual” biofilm that facilitates mating between cells. Treatment of biofilm infections consists of removing the infected device (if feasible) and antifungal therapy. Optimal antifungals are not defined, but echinocandins and lipid formulations of amphotericin B are most consistently active in model systems. Future research will shed light on how biofilm regulation allows Candida to adapt to diverse microenvironments relevant to commensalism and disease.     

干细胞技术的研究热点领域与最新进展

近两年在干细胞分离鉴定、诱导分化、重编程调控机制、可塑性与疾病治疗等方面取得了重大突破,使得干细胞技术从一种实验室概念逐渐转变成用于医学治疗的实际手段。本文分别从以上四个热点领域介绍了2013-2014年国内外干细胞的最新研究进展,并对干细胞研究中存在的问题进行了初步分析,为研究者提供参考。     

我国枣生物技术研究进展

生物技术的发展为枣种质资源的研究、创新及新品种培育提供了更多的途径。本文综述了近年来我国枣生物技术的研究进展,主要包括离体培养、分子标记、基因工程3个方面的内容。目前,生物技术是枣传统育种的有效补充,已成为枣遗传改良、种质资源创新和科学研究的重要技术。