Species level taxonomy of the Neotropical hairstreak genus Porthecla (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini)

The species level taxonomy of Porthecla is revised. Six previously described species are recognized: P. ravus (Druce 1907); P. barba (Druce 1907); P. dinus (Hewitson 1867); P. porthura (Druce 1907); P. minyia (Hewitson 1867); P. gemma (Druce 1907), and another six new species are proposed: P. forasteira Faynel & Moser n. sp.; P. annette Faynel & Robbins n. sp.; P. johanna Faynel & Robbins n. sp.; P. peruensis Faynel & Moser n. sp.; P. prietoi Faynel & Busby n. sp. and P. willmotti Busby, Faynel & Moser n. sp. For each Porthecla species we present diagnostic characters, images of male and female adults, drawings of male and female genitalia, distribution maps, and notes on habitat and other biological traits. An identification key for males is provided. To stabilize names; lectotypes are designated for Thecla minyia Hewitson 1867, and Thecla gemma Druce 1907. Wing pattern resemblances between Porthecla and other genera are discussed.     

Linnaeus's butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea)

The names of all the species of butterflies described by Linnaeus under "Papilio" are researched. Of the 305 names treated, 243 (c. 80%) are currently valid as specific (241) or subspecific (2), 29 are junior synonyms, 14 are invalid (one of these applying to a fake), and for 13 the identity is unknown or uncertain. Six species of moths misidentified by Linnaeus as butterflies are cited in the study, but details are not included. One hundred and fifty-two lectotypes have been designated, representing about 56% of the sum of the valid names and junior synonyms. Of these, 99 were selected from specimens in the Linnean Society of London, 52 from Queen Ludovica Ulrica's collection, Uppsala, and one lectotype is a Petiver specimen from the collection of Sir Hans Sloane. Linnaeus described at least five species, possibly eight, from the literature alone. All Linnaean material examined is documented, as are 'subsequent' specimens that are associated with Linnaean material. Synonymy and homonymy are discussed and presented, as are the identities of type localities. Care has been taken to achieve a practical balance between Linnaean and current species identities. Linnaean material studied included specimens from The Linnean Society of London, Museum Ludovicae Ulricae (Uppsala University), the Clerck and De Geer collections in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, and the collection of James Petiver, now part of the collection of Sir Hans Sloane housed in The Natural History Museum, London.     

The species of the genus Micrambe Thomson 1863, from South Africa (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae)

The 22 species of the genus Micrambe Thomson known from South Africa are analyzed and revised. Micrambe danielssoni sp. nov is described. Following a detailed study of the type material in different entomological collections, the status of two taxa is revised and two new synonymies are proposed: Micrambe kolbei Grouvelle 1908, syn. nov. for Micrambe minuta Grouvelle 1908, and Micrambe similis Bruce 1957, syn. nov. for Micrambe peringueyi Grouvelle 1908. A lectotypus is designated for one taxon: Micrambe capensis (Redtenbacher 1867). A key to all the species occurring in South Africa is presented.     

Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

A cladistic analysis of the Neotropical Castniidae is presented using 120 morphological characters, and a taxonomic treatment based on that analysis is also presented. The tribe Gazerini as previously delimited was found to be paraphyletic with respect to the genera Ceretes, Divana, Riechia, Frostetola, and Oiticicastnia. The genera Castnia, Geyeria, and Athis were also found to be non‐monophyletic taxa. The mimicry pattern had multiple independent origins in the Neotropical castniids, and at least two lineages, Riechia and Prometheus, are involved in Batesian mimicry rings with unpalatable butterfly models in the tribes Acraeini and Heliconiini (Nymphalidae). We propose for Castniini 13 new synonymies and 27 new combinations. Geyeria strigata (Walker, 1854) is revalidated. The generic placements of Athis superba (Strand, 1912) and Castnia eudesmia Gray, 1838 are questionable, but presently upheld. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

Phylogeny and taxonomy of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae)

Taxonomy of Cinnamomum Schaeff. of Lauraceae remains problematic because recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that this genus is not monophyletic. In this study, we assembled three sequence matrices including plastomes (datamatrix I), nrITS sequences alone (datamatrix II), and nrITS plus plastid psbA‐trnH sequences (datamatrix III) of the Cinnamomum‐Ocotea complex of Lauraceae and conducted a new phylogenetic study with thusfar the most extensive species sampling of the Cinnamomum‐Ocotea group. We determined that the Old World Cinnamomum is diphyletic: sect. Camphora Meisn. is sister to Sassafras J.Presl and sect. Cinnamomum is sister to the African Kuloa Trofimov & Rohwer. A recent study indicated that characters of leaf micromorphological anatomy can define the two clades: one possessing reticulate periclinal and the other having non‐reticulate periclinal walls. As result, we divided the genus Cinnamomum of Lauraceae into two genera, i.e., Cinnamomum and Camphora Fabr. The generic name Cinnamomum is retained for those species mainly having reticulate periclinal epidermal cell walls, inconspicuous non‐perulate terminal buds and usually tripliveined leaves; the oldest generic name, Camphora, is applied to the second group which contains those species mainly possessing non‐reticulate periclinal epidermal cell walls, prominent perulate terminal buds and pinnately‐veined leaves. A census of the species and their type specimens listed under Cinnamomum in Asia resulted in the transfer of 18 species to Camphora, including 15 new combinations.     

中国园粉蝶属Cepora Billberg分类研究(鳞翅目:粉蝶科)

首次基于雌、雄性外生殖器对中国园粉蝶属Cepora Billberg进行系统分类研究,提供了外生殖器结构图、成虫照片和前、后翅脉序图,编制了分种及分亚种检索表:同时通过解剖吴氏园粉蝶C wui Chou & zhang正模的外生殖器,结合形态特征提出其为栗斑粉蝶Delias levicki的新异名,明确了其分类地位,且...     

The Penaincisalia amatista species-group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae,Eumaeini) in Colombia,insights from mtDNA barcodes and the description of a new species

A synopsis of the P. amatista species-group in Colombia is provided. Five taxa are considered valid at species level, male and female phenotypes are associated, diagnosed and data on their distribution are given. The geographic variability of the species is discussed, and Penaincisalia celosia new species is described from specimens collected in an isolated branch of the central range in Colombian Andes. We present evidence to consider P. galeraensis (Salazar, Schmidt-Mumm, & Johnson) as a junior synonym of P. albalineata (Johnson). DNA barcodes provided additional information, which was in perfect agreement with the external characters in two of the five species. Interspecific distances were found to range from 0.6% to 6.6% (average 4.3), whilst their mean intraspecific variation ranges from 0.0% to 3.3% (average 0.7%).     

The Upper Tremadocian (Ordovician) graptolite Bryograptus: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and biogeography

Abstract:  The taxonomy, biostratigraphical and palaeogeographical distribution of the Lower Ordovician graptolite genus Bryograptus is evaluated. Bryograptus is recognized as a distinct triradiate anisograptid with a multiramous, pendent rhabdosome. The species of the genus Bryograptus can be interpreted as shallow water faunal elements with a strongly limited biogeographical distribution to the Atlantic Faunal Realm. Bryograptus is restricted to a narrow interval in the Upper Tremadocian, the Bryograptus Biozone of Scandinavia and South America (Argentina), making it a taxon with a high potential for precise biostratigraphical correlations. The proximal end development can be used to differentiate the genus Bryograptus from other pendent multiramous graptoloid genera with a homoplastic rhabdosome development. Characteristics of the proximal end development and structure easily differentiate these genera in relief specimens, but not in flattened material.     

Importance of the genital operculum in the taxonomy of South American Diaptomidae (Copepoda,Calanoida)

For the first time, the structures of the female genital field are described and compared among ten species of Venezuelan diaptomids. A nomenclature for these structures is suggested, and there is a preliminary report on the interspecific differences observed in one of these structures, the genital operculum.     

On the taxonomy of Littorina africana (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

L. africana and L. knysnaensis are regarded as two morphs of a single species which exhibits a genetic cline along the south-eastern coast of southern Africa. The dark brown morph knysnaensis dominates the western, cooler end of the cline and is replaced by the pale blue morph africana at the warmer end of the cline. These conclusions are based on evidence from the latitudinal distributions, the complete range of intermediate forms regarding shell colour and shell morphology and the lack of differences in redular morphology, penial morphology or habitat.     

A contribution towards resolving the nomenclature of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae). II. Remarks on implicit typifications and lectotypification of names linked to Mesoamerican taxa

During ongoing taxonomic studies in Citharexylum (Verbenaceae), sixteen names were found in need of typification or typification remarks. As a result, six names (C. brachyanthum, C. danirae, C. flabellifolium, C. lucidum, C. rugendasii and C. tristachyum f. urbanii) are here lectotypified. Furthermore, remarks on implicit typifications by Harold Moldenke for another ten names (C. altamiranum, C. berlandieri, C. hexangulare, C. macradenium, C. ovatifolium, C. pauciflorum, C. pterocladum, C. recurvatum, C. schulzii and C. stenophyllum) are provided.     

The Neotropical genera of Acanthocinini Blanchard, 1845 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) with the third antennomere modified

The genera of Acanthocinini which have males with antennomere III modified are discussed and redefined, a key to identify them is provided. Additionally, Alcathousites Gilmour, 1962 is proposed as a junior synonym of Xenocona Gilmour, 1960, and the following five new combinations are proposed: Xenocona asperipennis (Fairmaire & Germain, 1859) n. comb.; X. forsteri (Tippmann, 1960) n. comb.; X. penicillata (Monné, 1990) n. comb.; X. senticosa (Monné & Martins, 1976) n. comb.; and X. superstes (Erichson, 1847) n. comb. Moreover, a new species from Colombia (Huila) is described and illustrated, Xenocona antonkozlovi n. sp., and the male of X. penicillata is illustrated for the first time.     

狭义小奥德蘑属(膨瑚菌科,蘑菇目)的一个新系统

本文对狭义小奥德蘑属Oudemansiella s. str.的概念做了修订,在修订后的属中,狭义干蘑属Xerula s. str.的物种不纳入其中。在狭义小奥德蘑属下,提出了一个包含4个组O. sect. Oudemansiella、Mucidula、Dactylosporina 和 Radicatae的新系统。小奥德蘑组sect. Oudemansiella包括热带至南温带的一些物种,如新热带小奥德蘑O. platensis、澳洲小奥德蘑O. australis、旧热带小奥德蘑O. canarii和宽褶小奥德蘑O. crassifolia,这些物种的菌盖表皮为粘栅栏型,由菌丝组成,但其中常夹杂有链状排列的膨大细胞。粘蘑组sect. Mucidula包含北半球温带至亚热带的一些物种,如粘小奥德蘑O. mucida、网褶小奥德蘑O. venosolamellata和近粘小奥德蘑O. submucida,其菌盖表皮为粘子实层-栅栏型,由近棒状的顶端膨大细胞组成。小奥德蘑组和粘蘑组的物种,在外形和小生境上有相似之处,其担子果皆生于地表外的腐木上,菌柄上有或无菌环。刺孢组sect. Dactylosporina包含中南美洲那些孢子表面有指状凸起的物种。长根组sect. Radicatae由长根小奥德蘑O. radicata及其近缘种为代表,是该属中最大的组,包括该属其他三组之外的所有种。北美的O. americana、欧洲的O. caussei 和东亚的O. hongoi曾被置于小奥德蘑属中的白毛组O. sect. Albotomentosae或干蘑属的亮毛组X. sect. Hyalosetae,在本系统中它们没有纳入小奥德蘑属,因为它们可能代表一个单独的属。本文还提出了1新等级、32个新组合和1个新名称。     

Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera,Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)

The Thereus oppia species group includes species with and without a scent pad, which is a histologically and morphologically characterized male secondary sexual structure on the dorsal surface of the forewing. To assess the hypothesis that these structures are lost evolutionarily, but not regained (Dollo’s Law), the taxonomy of this species group is revised. Thereus lomalarga sp. n., and Thereus brocki sp. n., are described. Diagnostic traits, especially male secondary structures, within the Thereus oppia species group are illustrated. Distributional and biological information is summarized for each species. Three species have been reared, and the caterpillars eat Loranthaceae. An inferred phylogeny is consistent with the hypothesis that scent pads in the Thereus oppia species group have been lost evolutionarily twice (in allopatry), and not re-gained.     

Morphology of Chondrophycus undulata and C. parvipapillata and its implications for the taxonomy of the Laurencia (Ceramiales,Rhodophyta) complex

Laurencia Lamouroux subgenus Chondrophycus Tokida et Saito was recently raised to generic status as Chondrophycus (Tokida et Saito) Garbary et Harper (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). The previously unknown morphology and anatomy of two Chondrophycus species, C. undulata (Yamada) Garbary et Harper and C. parvipapillata (C.K. Tseng) Garbary et Harper, were studied in specimens from Korea, Japan and Hawaii. These species share some features, such as a strongly compressed thallus, vegetative axes with two pericentral cells, tetrasporangial production from pericentral cells and spermatangial development of the trichoblast type. However, they differ from each other in the position of the first pericentral cell relative to the trichoblast in axial segments and in the position of the tetrasporangial pericentral cell. In C. undulata, the first pericentral cell is always produced at one side of the basal cell of a trichoblast, whereas in C. parvipapillata it is formed underneath this cell. While tetrasporangia in C. undulata are produced only from three (occasionally four) additional pericentral cells, in C. parvipapillata they are formed by the existing second pericentral cell and two (occasionally three) additional pericentral cells, so the resulting tetrasporangial axial segment has only one sterile pericentral cell rather than two as in C. undulata. C. undulata produces spermatangial branches from two laterals on the suprabasal cell of trichoblasts but one of the two remains partly sterile, whereas in C. parvipapillata a spermatangial branch develops from only one of the two laterals. These two species also differ distinctly from each other in some vegetative features, such as presence or absence of (1) secondary pit connections between epidermal cells, (2) a palisade structure of epidermal cells with conical projections and (3) corps en cerise. The taxonomic implications of these vegetative and reproductive features of Chondrophycus and those of other genera of the Laurencia complex necessitate changes to the generic delineations of Osmundea Stackhouse, Laurencia and Chondrophycus. The required new combinations in Chondrophycus are made, mainly for species from the western Pacific. An infrageneric classification scheme is also proposed for Chondrophycus including Kangjaewonia subgen. nov., Palisada (Yamada) subgen. stat. nov., Yuzurua subgen. nov. and Parvipapillatae sect. nov.     

Independent inheritance of preference and performance in hybrids between host races of Mitoura butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Divergent natural selection contributes to reproductive isolation among populations adapting to different habitats or resources if hybrids between populations are intermediate in phenotype and suffer an associated, environmentally dependent reduction in fitness. This prediction was tested using two host races of Mitoura butterflies. Thirty-five F1 hybrid and parental lines were created, larvae were raised on the two host plants, and oviposition preferences were assayed in choice arenas. Larvae from both reciprocal hybrid crosses suffered a host-specific reduction in performance: when reared on incense cedar, hybrid survival was approximately 30% less than the survival of pure lines of the cedar-associated host race. The performance of hybrid larvae reared on the other host, MacNab cypress, was not reduced relative to parental genotypes. Females from both reciprocal hybrid crosses preferred to oviposit on incense cedar, the same host that resulted in the reduced survival of hybrid larvae. Thus, dominance is implicated in the inheritance of traits involved in both preference and performance, which do not appear to be genetically linked in Mitoura butterflies. Gene flow between host races may be reduced because the correlation between preference and performance that was previously described in parental populations is essentially broken by hybridization.     

Description of the Nymphs and Eggs of Acentrella almohades sp. n. from Morocco and Southern Spain (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

The nymph and egg of Acentrella almohades sp. n. are described and illustrated on the basis of material collected in southern Spain (in the upper reaches of the Guadalquivir River Basin) and Morocco (Rif Mountains and Atlas Mountains). Features distinguishing the new species from other European species are discussed and keyed.     

Taxonomy of the fossil grylloblattid nymphs (Insecta: Grylloblattida)

Nymphs of fossil grylloblattid insects are revised. Newly described taxa are Lemmatonympha gracilissima gen. et sp. nov. and Kaltanympha vorcutensis sp. nov. from the Verkhne-Syr’yaginsk locality (Ufimian, Lek-Vorkuta Formation in the Vorkuta Coal Basin), genera Sylvalitoralis gen. nov. and Tshebardanympha gen. nov. from the Tshekarda locality (Kungurian, Koshelevka Formation, Middle Urals), Tataronymphakamensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Tikhie Gory locality (Lower Kazanian, linguloid beds of the Baitugan Formation, Tatarstan), and Kaltanympha ornata sp. nov. from the Kerbo locality (Upper Tatarian, lower part of the Degali Formation, Evenki Autonomous Region). Liomopterites (?) gracilis Sharov, 1961 from Lower Kazanian deposits of the Kuznetsk Formation in the Kuznetsk Basin is transferred to the genus Kaltanympha Sharov, 1961; Permonympha arcuata Sharov, 1957 from the same locality is synonymized under Permonympha gracile Sharov, 1957; the nymph described from the Karatau locality (Upper Jurassic, Karabastau Formation in southern Kazakhstan) as Blattogryllus karatavicus Rasnitsyn, 1976 is excluded from grylloblattids. Keys to extinct grylloblattid nymphs are provided.