早期妊娠兔子宫液WGA和PNA结合糖蛋白的变化

本文利用凝集素为探针,以蛋白质免疫印渍分析法(Western Blot)研究了早期妊娠(D_1至D_(12),交配日定为D_0)兔子宫液中,WGA和PNA两种凝集素结合糖蛋白的动态变化规律,并用凝胶扫描仪对定性结果进行了定量分析。结果表明,着床前后(D_6、D_7和D_9)子宫液中出现分子量分别为42kd和28kd的两种特异WGA结合糖蛋白,妊娠后出现大量分子量为75kd的PNA结合糖蛋白,于着床前(D_6)达高峰,着床后逐渐减少,至D_(12)消失。可见这三种子宫液糖蛋白均为阶段特异性糖蛋白,与着床关系密切。     

着床期小鼠子宫内膜Le~y糖蛋白的动态变化

为了解子宫内膜Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白在胚泡着床期间的变化,以及与胚泡表面阶段特异性Ｌｅ~ｙ抗原出现的关系,应用对Ｌｅ~ｙ寡糖特异的ＡＨ－６单抗为探针,通过ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ免疫酶标染色,观察了小鼠子宫内膜Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白在着床期的动态变化和分布特点。结果表明：（１）未孕及着床前后的小鼠子宫内膜均含Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白Ｍｒ５０～２００ｋＤ）,未孕内膜的含量明显高于着床期间的样品;（２）在着床日（Ｄ４）样品可见微量１６ｋＤ的Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白条带;（３）未孕至Ｄ４的子宫内膜均有Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白分泌至宫腔,但呈渐减趋势,未孕样品Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白主要为分泌型,而Ｄ４样品Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白主要存在于子宫内膜,宫腔液含量很少;结果提示子宫内膜Ｌｅ~ｙ糖蛋白在着床期间具有含量、组成和分布上的动态变化,这些变化可能与胚泡着床以及胚泡在宫腔内其表面Ｌｅ~ｙ糖抗原转为阳性密切有关。     

着床期小鼠子宫内膜Le^y糖蛋白的动态变化

为了解子宫内膜Ｌｅ＾ｙ糖蛋白在胚泡着床期间的变化,以及与胚泡表面阶段特异性Ｌｅ＾ｙ抗原出现的关系,应用对Ｌｅ＾ｙ寡糖特的ＡＨ－６单抗为探针,通过ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ免疫酶标染色,观察了小鼠子宫内膜Ｌｅ＾ｙ糖蛋白在着床期的动态变化和分布特点,结果表明：（１）未孕及着床前后的小鼠子宫内膜均含Ｌｅ＾ｙ糖蛋白Ｍｒ５０～２００ｋＤ,未孕内膜的含量明显高于着床期间的样品;（２）在着床日（Ｄ     

不同年龄大鼠主动脉壁的凝集素组织化学研究

本文利用凝集素组织化学的方法对不同年龄大鼠(10天、6个月及2年)主动脉壁进行研究,本文采用的六种生物素化凝集素中(ConA、RCA-Ⅰ、UEA-Ⅰ、PNA、SBA 及 WGA),有三种在大鼠主动脉壁呈阳性反应,即 ConA、RCA-1和 WGA,它们在各年龄组大鼠主动脉壁的内膜及外膜均表现出强阳性反应。而在中膜的反应则相对较弱。UEA-1、PNA 及 SBA 表现出明显无反应性。光镜下可见上述三种阳性反应凝集素在主动脉壁的反应产物随增龄而减少。这表明,大鼠主动脉壁有含α-D-Mannose、β-D-Galactose、sialic acid 或 N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine 残基的糖复合物存在,且其含量随增龄而减少。本文讨论了这种糖复合物随增龄的减少与动脉粥样硬化的可能关系。     

大鼠子宫内膜存在人绒毛膜促性腺激素样(hCG-like)物质结合部位的初步探讨

在胚泡着床过程中,胚泡可以产生hCG样物质,它对于着床过程可能有某种调节作用。本实验结果表明:大鼠胚泡着床前(交配后第四天)的子宫内膜存在hCG特异性结合部位。对子宫内膜及睾丸组织~(125)I-hCG结合性质测定的平行实验中,证明子宫内膜hCG的结合部位与睾丸组织hOG受体有很相似的特性,其亲和常数(Ka)值分别为9.0×10~9M~(_1)和7.7×10~9M~(_1)。子宫内膜存在hCG结合部位可能与着床过程中胚泡与子宫内膜的同步化调节有一定关系。     

孕素1号引起的假孕家兔子宫内膜早熟

受精卵与子宫内膜发育的同步化是卵子着床的重要条件,这一原理已得到证实与公认。前文表明,复方孕素1号避孕药可引起人体子宫内膜提早转化:正常妇女子宫内膜一般于月经周期第16天由增生期转化为分泌早期,第21天发育到分泌晚期,第26天发育到行经前期;而服药对象内膜则早在周期第12、17和20天便发育到相应各期,较正常提早数日转化。作者推测,药物引起的子宫内膜提早转化,很可能干扰了内膜与卵龄的同步化,从而造成胚泡不能着床。并认为这可能是该药抗着床机制中的重要一环。为了探讨孕素1号的抗着床原理,验证上述设想,在家兔上建立了孕素1号抗着床模型。本工作即按照模型采用的给药时间与剂量,研究药物对假孕家兔引起的子宫内膜组织学变化,观察孕素1号是否同样可引起家兔内膜早熟?同时,利用卵子移植实验,观察早熟的内膜是否对移植卵的着床有影响,从而对孕素1号的抗着床原理提供一定的实验数据。     

在大鼠胚泡着床过程中孕酮及其受体含量的变化

本文测定了早期妊娠大鼠(D_1—D_7)血清和子宫组织中孕酮和孕酮受体含量;对着床点和未着床子宫组织中的孕酮和受体含量作了比较;分析了血清和子宫组织中孕酮与雌二醇-17β含量的比值。初步结果表明:(1)血清孕酮含量在 D_4明显升高,达到44.13±5.69ng/ml,但子宫组织中的孕酮含量一般随妊娠时间逐渐升高;(2)胞质受体在 D_1最高(45304±1008分子/细胞),在 D_6最低(1121±149分子/细胞),而核受体含量在 D_6比 D_5和 D_7显著升高;(3)孕酮与雌二醇-17β的比值无论在血清和子宫组织中都是在 D_5和 D_7为最高;(4)在 D_6着床点子宫组织孕酮含量明显高于非着床部位,在 D_7两者无异;(5)在 D_6着床点中核受体含量要比未着床点部位高4倍;在 D_7着床点中胞质受体含量明显高于 D_6,也明显高于 D_7中非着床部位子宫胞质受体量。上述资料表明,(1)在 D_5(大鼠胚泡着床时间)子宫贮留更多的孕酮,这可能有利于子宫处于一种“静态”环境,以利于胚泡着床;(2)在 D_6着床点孕酮核受体含量增加,这可能是由于着床的胚泡局部分泌一种或一些因子,发动或加强激素受体复合体由细胞质向细胞核的转入,(3)在 D_7子宫组织中,孕酮水平明显上升,这说明胚泡至少在 D_7已能合成孕酮。     

孕素1号引起的家兔子宫液甾体与子宫球蛋白的变化

孕素1号是一个有效的抗着床制剂,临床与动物研究均已证实排卵前服用具有显著的抗着床效果(杨以谦等,1982;吴剑芬等,1982)。以前的工作初步分析了该药的抗着床机制,表明孕素1号可引起子宫内膜早熟与子宫球蛋白提早分沁(杨以谦等,1979,1981,1983)。 本工作的目的为进一步研究假孕家兔的内膜分沁,分析在正常时与孕素1号作用下,子宫液中一些主要成分,如甾体激素与蛋白的变化,为了解子宫环境因子在胚泡着床中的作用提供一定资料。     

人子宫内膜各型胶原蛋白及纤维粘连蛋白随月经周期变动的研究

本实验对人正常子宫内膜月经周期中Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ型胶原蛋白及纤维粘连蛋白的变动状况进行了免疫组织化学的观察,目的是进一步探讨为接受胚泡着床,子宫内膜方面的准备状况。本实验使用的是因良性疾息被摘除的子宫。切片标本应用ＬＳＡＢ免疫组织化学方法对细胞外基质中的各型胶原蛋白及纤维粘连蛋白随月经周期变动的情况进行了观察。结果显示胶原蛋白及纤维粘连蛋白主要分布在上皮组织的基底膜中。胶原蛋白和纤维粘连蛋白在分泌初期明显减少的结果说明细胞外基质的确有明显随月经周期变化而变化的现象。提示子宫内膜中的胶原蛋白及纤维粘连蛋白的周期性变化对胚泡着床是有重要的作用。因此我们认为,胶原蛋白及纤维粘连蛋白是否能伴随月经周期而进行周期性变化是检查是否有真正正常月经周期的指标之一。本研究将对着床,抗着床机理及某些不孕症的治疗提供新的探讨方向。     

子宫内膜糖原代谢在胚胎着床中的作用研究进展

糖原的合成与分解可动态调节体内葡萄糖含量以维持细胞内变化的能量需求。胰岛素作为体内唯一降血糖的激素,通过作用于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (Akt)信号通路,促进葡萄糖转运体转位以促进糖原合成,也可抑制糖异生以降低血糖。而子宫内膜糖代谢有其特殊性,不发生糖异生,尚未被利用的葡萄糖均以糖原形式储存。子宫内膜的糖原代谢除受经典糖代谢激素调控外,还受卵巢激素调控。子宫内膜在着床窗口期发生的与着床有关的功能活动都需要葡萄糖供给能量。着床前子宫内膜上皮细胞内大量葡萄糖合成糖原,在着床窗口期分解为葡萄糖,以满足增加的能量需求,保证胚胎着床的顺利进行。糖尿病时子宫内膜糖原代谢受损,糖原合成或分解异常可导致胚胎着床失败、早期流产。本文就子宫内膜的糖原代谢及其在胚胎着床中的作用等方面进行综述,以期为胚胎着床的研究及不孕诊断和治疗提供新思路。     

Endometrial protein secretion during early pregnancy in entire and ovariectomized ewes

The secretion and synthesis of protein in vitro by explants of endometrium were examined in entire ewes during the first 10 days of the oestrous cycle and during an equivalent interval in ovariectomized ewes which received injections of oestradiol and progesterone. The schedule of steroid injections given was designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion of progesterone during the luteal phase before oestrus, of oestradiol around oestrus and of progesterone during the luteal phase after oestrus. The rate of protein synthesis and tissue RNA:DNA and protein:DNA ratios in intercaruncular and caruncular endometrium were generally higher in entire than in ovariectomized ewes. In ovariectomized ewes oestradiol increased these activities at 2-4 days after oestrus, whereas progesterone preceding oestradiol caused increases at oestrus, but not thereafter. In entire ewes and in ovariectomized ewes receiving the full steroid treatment regimen, protein secretion was high at oestrus and declined markedly during the next 4-6 days. In ovariectomized ewes not receiving progesterone before oestradiol, secretion increased between 4 and 6 days after oestrus, or during the equivalent stage of treatment in ewes which did not show oestrus. The omission of this progesterone did not modify secretion by caruncular endometrium. Oestradiol increased protein secretion by both tissues. The data suggest that progesterone given before oestradiol (or its equivalent in entire ewes) inhibits the secretion, at about 4-7 days after oestrus, of uterine proteins which may impair embryo development in ovariectomized ewes which do not receive this progesterone.     

Prostaglandin F and progesterone secretion by porcine endometrium and corpus luteum in vitro

Slices of porcine endometrium and corpus luteum tissue obtained from mature sows throughout the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle were incubated in culture medium which was analysed at regular intervals over a period of 8 hours for prostaglandin F and progesterone. Prostaglandin F secretion was greatest by endometrium obtained during the mid III to late I luteal stage of the cycle and the increased levels secreted by this tissue were paralleled by high levels of secretion from corpus luteum tissue. The addition of indomethacin (10 μg/ml) to the culture medium completely abolished prostaglandin F secretion by both endometrium and luteal tissue indicating that the high levels of the prostaglandin were due to synthesis. Progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum was maximal from early luteal tissue and had declined to considerably lower levels by late stage tissue when prostaglandin secretion was greatest. The possible physiological significance of luteal prostaglandin F secretion is discussed.     

沙田柚自交不亲和花柱糖蛋白产生的时空关系

用辣根过氧化物酶标 Con A电镜细胞化学方法研究沙田柚不同发育时期的花柱通道细胞中糖蛋白的合成 ,分布和运输途径的动态变化。四分体期至开花期 ,在沙田柚花柱通道细胞中 ,内质网 (ER)合成糖蛋白呈颗粒状定位于核膜腔 ,内质网膜腔 ,质膜与细胞壁之间电子透明层中。授粉后 1～ 3d,内质网结构形态改变 ,由完整圆形变为开放 ,并囊泡化 ,大量线粒体集中于囊泡区 ,形成类似于哺乳动物腺外分泌细胞的高尔基区 ,内质网合成的糖蛋白在高尔基区膜囊中经糖基转移酶作用进一步浓缩凝结 ,形成与识别有关的糖蛋白 ,经高尔基小泡运送至通道细胞外壁。讨论了定位于通道细胞外壁的糖蛋白在沙田柚配子体型不亲和识别中的作用及与识别部位的关系。     

Changes in the surface morphology of the rabbit endometrium related to the estrous and progestational stages of the reproductive cycle

Summary Changes occurring on the surface of the uterine luminal epithelium of the rabbit during the estrous and progestational stages of the reproductive cycle were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The findings demonstrate that the uterine epithelium, or endometrium, contains two cell types: ciliated cells and nonciliated, microvillous cells. In estrous animals, ciliated cells, although not very numerous, were usually observed in small groups. However, at increasing intervals of time following mating, ciliated cells progressively disappeared from the endometrium until approximately eight to ten days post coitum, when they became scare. From several hours to four to five days following mating, extensive changes occurred on the surfaces of microvillous cells. When observed by TEM, these elements contained organelles typical of cells involved in the synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins. Furthermore, microvillous cells during this period displayed numerous apical protrusions of different sizes and shapes and containing material of varying electron density. Parallel SEM examinations of the same material confirmed the presence of these protrusions. Some of the protrusions appeared as spheroidal masses attached to the cytoplasm by means of a cytoplasmic strand. Other surface masses were clearly unattached to the cell surface and were distributed (1) on the surface of microvillous cells, (2) on the cilia of adjacent ciliated cells, and (3) on the surface of spermatozoa.Changes occurring on the luminal surface during the early postcoital period are interpreted as an expression of morphodynamic processes likely involving coupled secretion (exocytosis) and resorption (endocytosis) of luminal material. The observations presented here also demonstrate that between six and ten days post coitum, the rabbit endometrium contained increasing numbers of enlarged, nonciliated cells that probably arose by the fusion of smaller, microvillous elements.The work reported here was supported by C.N.R. contracts No. CT 760128809 and CT 77014239 (to P.M.) and NIH. Grant HD-04274 (to J.V.B.)     

妊娠期家兔子宫内膜的鞘糖脂表达

 妊娠期家兎子宫内膜的神经节苷脂(Gls)的含量明显低于动情期的,而中性鞘糖脂(NGSL)的含量则以妊娠中、晚期的最高,动情期最低。鞘糖脂组成变化最显著的是妊娠早期,由动情期到早孕GM_3从28.0％增加到52.7％,CMH.CDH由未测出分别增加到29.2％和21.9％,而糖链复杂的组分GD_3,GTlb和CPH的百分含量则明显减少,到妊娠中、晚期、短糖链组分逐渐减少,而复杂糖链组分渐增。中期妊娠内膜的(GIs)以GD_3为主要组分,占45％,明显高于其它各期。NGSL在妊娠中、晚期CPH增高达70％,与动情期水平相当。结果提示,妊娠期间子宫内膜的鞘糖脂含量与组成均发生明显变化,这些变化可能与子宫功能密切相关。特别是早孕对的变化,推测与子宫内膜和胚泡的识别,粘连特性的获得有关。     

Synthesis and secretion of sulphated glycoproteins by rabbit oviduct explants in vitro

The ability of rabbit oviduct explants to incorporate radiolabelled precursors into specific secretory products was investigated. Ampullary and isthmic oviduct segments were cultured in the presence of [3H]glucosamine or [35S]sodium sulphate. Medium samples were analysed for the presence of secreted, labelled macromolecules. Explants incorporated the [3H]glucosamine and secreted labelled glycoproteins in vitro. SDS gel electrophoresis and subsequent fluorographic analysis of culture medium demonstrated a differential secretion of glycoproteins between the ampulla and the isthmus. Although ampullary tissue secreted a greater amount of labelled glycoproteins during the sampling period, the major secretory constituent of Mr approximately 66,000 was common to both oviduct segments. Tissue incubated with [35S]sodium sulphate also secreted a labelled glycoprotein or subunit of Mr approximately 66,000. The results indicate that rabbit oviduct explants are capable of synthesis and secretion of specific sulphated glycoproteins in vitro and that there is a difference in the type and amount of secretion produced between the two oviduct segments.     

Possible role of prostaglandin F in blastocyst implantation

The synthesis and release of Prostaglandin F (PGF) by the rabbit blastocyst and endometrium were investigated on Day 6 and Day 7, using radioimmunoassay, autoradiography and conversion experiments. The following results were obtained: The content of PGF in the blastocyst increased significantly (P less than 0.01) from Day 6 to Day 7. The content of PGF in the endometrium was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) on Day 7 implantation sites compared to the other areas. The in vitro synthesis and release of PGF by Day 6 blastocysts sharply increased after one and two hours of culture, respectively. Thereafter both values declined with time. The in vitro synthesis and release of PGF by Day 6 endometria increased continuously with time. 14C-arachidonic acid (14C-AA) was incorporated into Day 6 blastocysts in vitro and converted to PGF2 alpha. These results suggest that both the endometrium and the blastocyst are the sources of the PGs involved in implantation, and that PGF derived from the blastocysts may act as the trigger of implantation.     

The effect of progestin on rabbit endometrial aromatase activity

The ability of rabbit endometrium to synthesize estrogen was investigated. Aromatase activity was measured by incubating the viable tissue fragments with [3H] testosterone at 37 degrees C and quantitated the [3H]estrogens at the end of 6 h incubation. The activity was not detectable in endometrium and myometrium of non-pregnant rabbits. In pregnant rabbit, the activity increased from 2 to 12 fmol/h/g of tissue in endometrium obtained from both gravid and nongravid uterine horns 4-8 days after mating. Aromatase activity in endometrium at implanted sites on the 8th day after mating reached up to 550 fmol/h/g of tissue. Hormonal regulation of the aromatase activity was studied directly in cultured rabbit endometrial stromal cells. Both progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate stimulated the activity with 2- to 25-fold increase over the control values (0.2-1 fmol/h/mg protein). The stimulation of aromatase activity by progestin was found to be both time- and dose-dependent. Estrogen, Bu2cAMP, forskolin, HCG or relaxin had no effect on the activity. Aromatase activity in glandular epithelial cells was neither detectable nor affected by progestin. These results indicate that aromatase activity in rabbit endometrium is concentrated in stromal cells and progestin stimulates the activity. However, estrogen, forskolin and relaxin which enhanced the stimulation of the activity by progestin in human endometrium had no effect on aromatase in rabbit endometrium. The increase of aromatase activity observed after the onset of conception may be physiologically important to increase the local estrogen content for decidualization of the endometrium.     

The rabbit submandibular gland: sexual dimorphism, effects of gonadectomy, and variations across the female reproductive cycle

Sex differences and the effect of various endocrine conditions on the histology of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) submandibular (chin) gland were investigated. The female gland contained significantly more acini/field than the male gland. The diameter of acini was significantly smaller than those of the male gland. Gonadectomy reduced the number of acini/field and increased their diameter in females but provoked the opposite effect in males. Gonadectomy drastically reduced the percent of acini with crystal bodies in both sexes, and the percent of acini with apocrine secretion only in females. Estrous does showed a significantly higher number of acini/field than pregnant (days 20 and 29) and lactating (day 6) does. Acini containing crystal bodies declined from 22% in estrous females to 8% and 3% in pre-parturient (gestation day 31) and lactating (day 6) does, respectively. By contrast, acini showing apocrine secretion increased from 12% in estrous females to 43% in pre-parturient does and declined to 23% on lactation day 6. In all glands glycoproteins were noted in crystal bodies but not in apocrine secretion. Results show a sexual dimorphism in the rabbit chin gland histology and support the participation of gonadal steroids in its physiological regulation.Abbreviations GNX gonadectomized - PAS periodic acid Schiff - PASD periodic acid Schiff-diastase