超级杂交水稻谷粒产量与叶光合速率的关系

在2000～2005年期间,通过测定几种超级杂交水稻与普通杂交水稻‘汕优63’的产量构成和叶片光合作用探讨了谷粒产量与光合作用的关系。结果表明:(1)4种超级杂交水稻‘培矮64S/E32’、‘P88S/O293’、‘金23A/611’和‘GD-lS/ RB207’的产量水平显著高于‘汕优63’,是对照的108%～120%。(2)与‘汕优63’相比,这些超级杂交水稻的株型好,上层叶片直立,穗大即每穗粒数多,是对照的125%～177%。(3)与‘汕优63’相比,这些组合第二叶的净光合速率显著提高,但第一叶即剑叶的未必都较高。(4)去半叶处理降低了‘GD-1S/RB207’的结实率,而去半穗处理显著提高了结实率。因此,这些超级杂交水稻的高产原因在于穗大、株型好以及群体光能利用效率高。增加单叶特别是剑叶的光合能力是克服谷粒产量的光合产物源限制和在未来的超级杂交水稻育种中实现产量潜力新突破的关键。     

Effects of Anaerobiosis on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Yield in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Leaf Discs

When spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf discs were incubated in a dark anaerobic environment, the chlorophyll fluorescence yield was much increased relative to the aerobic control. Occasionally, the fluorescence yield of the darkened anaerobic samples approached 80% of the maximum fluorescence. The anaerobic incubation period also induced in a leaf disc the capacity to exhibit a low light-mediated chlorophyll fluorescence induction phenomenon. This involved a rapid and slow increase in fluorescence yield, followed by a slow quenching. This could be induced by light levels as low as 400 [mu]W m-2. The anaerobic-dependent increase in chlorophyll fluorescence yield could be relaxed by either far-red light, O2, or a saturating pulse of white light. It was concluded that the anaerobic-dependent increase in chlorophyll fluorescence yield was due to a dark reduction of the plastoquinone pool and its relaxation by reoxidation. Darkened isolated chloroplasts did not exhibit a fluorescence yield increase under anaerobic conditions. Fluorescence slowly increased only when dithiothreitol or dithionite was added.     

Cold Tolerance of the Photosynthetic Apparatus: Pleiotropic Relationship between Photosynthetic Performance and Specific Leaf Area of Maize Seedlings

The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic relationship between the specific leaf area (SLA) and the photosynthetic performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as dependent on growth temperature. Three sets of genotypes: (i) 19 S₅ inbred lines, divergently selected for high or low operating efficiency of photosystem II (Φ_PSII) at low temperature, (ii) a population of 226 F_2:3 families from the cross of ETH-DL3 × ETH-DH7, and (iii) a population of 168 F_2:4 families from the cross of Lo964 × Lo1016 were tested at low (15/13 °C day/night) or at optimal (25/22 °C day/night) temperature. The latter cross was originally developed to study QTLs for root traits. At 15/13 °C the groups of S₅ inbred lines selected for high or low Φ_PSII differed significantly for all the measured traits, while at optimal temperature the groups differed only with regard to leaf greenness (SPAD). At low temperature, the SLA of these inbred lines was negatively correlated with Φ_PSII (r = − 0.56, p < 0.05) and SPAD (r = − 0.80, p < 0.001). This negative relationship was confirmed by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the two mapping populations. A co-location of three QTLs for SLA with QTLs for photosynthesis-related traits was detected in both populations at 15/13 °C, while co-location was not detected at 25/22 °C. The co-selection of SLA and Φ_PSII in the inbred lines and the co-location of QTL for SLA, SPAD, and Φ_PSII at 15/13 °C in the QTL populations strongly supports pleiotropy. There was no evidence that selecting for high Φ_PSII at low temperature leads to a constitutively altered SLA.     

菠菜叶片中硝态氮还原与叶柄中硝态氮累积的关系

测定了不同生长期在不同施氮水平下3个菠菜品种各器官的硝态氮含量、叶片的硝酸还原酶活性、叶片细胞硝态氮的贮存库和代谢库大小.结果表明:叶柄中硝态氮含量远高于其它器官,其含量与叶片内源/外源硝酸还原酶活性的比值呈负相关;叶片细胞中硝态氮代谢库的大小与叶柄中硝态氮含量之间没有确定的关系.     

基于叶绿素荧光成像及荧光参数分布特征的叶片光合异质性定量分析

植物叶片光合作用具有高度的空间异质性,叶绿素荧光成像技术为叶片光合异质性的研究提供了便利,但叶片光合异质性的定量分析并没有得到广泛应用。本文利用Imaging PAM叶绿素荧光成像系统,获得中亚热带地区越冬期小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)阳生叶和阴生叶的叶绿素荧光参数图像,并利用仪器的分析软件对其进行分析,定量比较了阳生叶和阴生叶的光合异质性特征。研究发现：越冬期小叶榕阳生叶的光合异质性和光抑制程度明显高于阴生叶,变异系数可作为光合异质性的定量指标。低温强光导致阳生叶坏死率(P_LN)达4.30%,并有53.30%的区域处于严重光抑制(0v/F_m<0.627),但仍有42.27%的区域仅为轻度光抑制(0.627≤F_v/F_m<0.800)。而低温弱光并未造成阴生叶坏死和严重光抑制。通过对光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的实际光合效率(Y(Ⅱ))、调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))和非调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))荧光参数异质性的定量分析表明,阳生叶...     

白刺叶不同水分状况下光合速率及其叶绿素荧光特性的研究

采用L I-COR 6400便携式光合测定系统测定并研究了乌兰布和沙漠白刺叶不同水分状况下光合速率及其叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征.结果表明,随着白刺水势降低其净光合速率和气孔导度快速下降,当水势降低到一定值时,净光合速率、气孔导度几乎不变;而叶绿素荧光指标与叶水势关系在高水势时随着叶水势下降叶绿素荧光指标值近似不变,当水势下降到一定值时近似呈直线下降.白刺水饱和状况下的光补偿点为(43.1±4.8)μm o l.m-2.-s 1,光饱和点为(676±150)μm o l.m-2.-s 1;叶生长初期和叶成熟期净光合速率水势补偿点(净光合速率为0时的水势)分别为-3.65 M Pa和-5.76 M Pa,NPQ初始水分胁迫水势分别为-2.20 M Pa和-6.63 M Pa.研究指出运用净光合速率水势补偿点和非光化学猝灭初始水分胁迫水势可评价白刺对干旱环境的适应性.     

加工番茄高光效特性与其产量和品质的协调性研究

以6个加工番茄品种为试材,通过盆栽试验对各品种叶片光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、光合特性以及果实产量和相关品质性状进行了鉴定,探讨不同品种光效特性与产量和品质性状的相关关系及其可能机理。结果表明,番茄由苗期进入花期后,各品种叶片光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素比例亦提高,"库"和"源"的增加呈对应关系;各品种的果实产量与花期叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关,与光合色素含量相关性不显著;在本栽培地区和试验条件下,花期‘石红9号’品种的叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量以及果实产量显著高于其它品种,且其果实Vc含量、番茄红素含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比等品质指标也均表现良好,综合性状最优,而‘UC-82’品种的光合色素含量、番茄红素含量和产量等指标均显著低于其它品种。研究发现,加工番茄品种的高光效特征与产量和品质提高具有一定协调性。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as P _N×LAI and SPAD×LAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.     

Rubisco Activase Activity in Spinach Leaf Extracts

Rubisco activase is a chloroplast stromal protein that catalyzesthe activation of ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(rubisco) in vivo. Activation must occur before rubisco cancatalyze the photosynthetic assimilation of CO₂. In leaves,photosynthesis and rubisco activation increase with increasinglight intensity. Techniques are described that allow the activityof rubisco activase to be measured in extracts of spinach (Spinaceaoleracea L.) leaf tissue. In this context, rubisco activaseactivity is defined as the ability to promote activation ofthe inactive ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate-bound rubisco in anATP-dependent reaction. Determination of rubisco activase activityin extracts of dark and light treated leaf tissue revealed thatthe activation state of rubisco activase was independent oflight intensity. ¹Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, 213 Carson-TaylorHall, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, U.S.A.     

高粱、紫苏叶脉密度与光合特性的关系

叶脉是植物叶片光合作用水分输送的重要结构。为阐述叶脉与光合特性之间的关系,以C4植物高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、C3植物紫苏(Perilla frutescens)为实验材料研究了叶脉密度和光合特性之间的关系。结果表明,与紫苏相比,高粱叶片叶脉密度大,导水能力强,蒸腾速率高,但气孔密度小。进一步分析表明,高粱叶片近轴侧气孔密度占总气孔的比例明显高于紫苏。叶脉密度大的高粱具有较高的净光合速率;而紫苏叶脉密度小,净光合速率也较低。由此表明,较高的叶脉密度有利于支持较高的光合速率,但研究表明叶脉密度和气孔密度可能不存在严格的协同变异关系。研究结果对理解植物光合作用适应有重要意义。     

紫花苜蓿叶输导组织解剖结构和光合特性对外源氮的响应

以紫花苜蓿品种‘甘农3号’和‘陇东苜蓿’为研究材料,采用室外(防雨网室)盆栽营养液砂培法,研究了2种氮素形态(NO3--N,NH4+-N)的5个氮素水平(0、105、210、315、420mg·L-1)处理对叶片输导组织解剖结构及光合特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与无氮处理相比,供氮处理下‘甘农3号’和‘陇东苜蓿’输导组织的解剖结构和光合特性发生明显变化,叶片输导组织维管束、木质部和韧皮部面积显著增大,导管数显著增多,净光合速率、气孔导度、叶面积和叶绿素含量均显著增加,且在210mg·L-1供氮水平下达到最大值。(2)2种氮素形态相比,‘甘农3号’和‘陇东苜蓿’叶片输导组织维管束面积、木质部面积、韧皮部面积、导管数、净光合速率、气孔导度、叶面积、叶绿素含量均表现为NH4+-N处理好于NO3--N处理。(3)2品种相比,叶片输导组织维管束面积、木质部面积、韧皮部面积、导管数、净光合速率、气孔导度、叶面积、叶绿素含量表现为‘甘农3号’大于‘陇东苜蓿’。研究表明,氮素能通过改善紫花苜蓿叶片输导组织的解剖结构和光合特性,促进紫花苜蓿光合作用;各处理中以NH4+-N、210mg·L-1表现最佳,维管束面积最大,木质部、韧皮部面积大且发育好,导管数最多,而且‘甘农3号’表现更优。     

Sequential Loss of Photosynthetic Functions during Leaf Desiccation as Monitored by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Transient

The effect of reduction in leaf water content on the completechlorophyll fluorescence transient of Dolichos leaf was monitoredusing a kinetic fluorescence monitor. Specific and sequentialalterations in the profile of the fluorescence transient wasobserved as leaf water content was progressively decreased.Of all the characteristic, the PS₁M₁S₂M₁T (cf. Govindjee andPapageorgiou 1971) points of the fluorescence induction curve,the M₂ peak which is linked to CO₂ fixation potential of leaf,was extremely sensitive to desiccation. The extent of PS, phaseof the transient diminished almost proportionally to leaf watercontent until the water content approached about 30%. The effectof strong additional illumination administered during the fluorescencetransient suggests that the quenching of fluorescence due todesiccation is mostly linked to the redox-level of Q_A; the stableelectron acceptor of photosytem II, and not to the changes inpH formation or ‘state changes’. Rewatering of desiccatedleaves restored the fluorescence transient except in case ofsevere desiccation. The monitoring of fluorescence transientthus offers a diagnostic tool to assess the nature and the levelof impairments due to loss in leaf water content. ₁ Permanent address: K. V. Timiriazev institute of Plant Physiology,U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. (Received July 26, 1988; Accepted January 31, 1989)     

Variations in the Photosynthesis Rate and Activity of Photosynthetic Enzymes in Maize Leaf Tissue of Different Ages

Highly good correlations for the extractable activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase, pyruvate,P_i dikinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,NADP-malate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme and the rateof photosynthesis were found in maize leaves of various ages.The activities of the first two enzymes were similar to, orslightly higher than, the photosynthesis rate, whereas the activitiesof the other enzymes were 2 to 6 times higher than the photosynthesisrate. These results suggest that pyruvate,P_i dikinase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase may be rate-limiting factors in maize. (Received May 12, 1984; Accepted July 5, 1984)     

Measurement of Differences in Red Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthetic Activity between Sun and Shade Leaves by Fluorescence Imaging

With a flash-lamp chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence imaging system (FL-FIS) the photosynthetic activity of several thousand image points of intact shade and sun leaves of beech were screened in a non-destructive way within a few seconds. The photosynthetic activity was determined via imaging the Chl fluorescence at maximum F_p and steady state fluorescence F_s of the induction kinetics (Kautsky effect) and by a subsequent determination of the images of the fluorescence decrease ratio R_Fd and the ratio F_p/F_s. Both fluorescence ratios are linearly correlated to the photosynthetic CO₂ fixation rates. This imaging method permitted to detect the gradients in photosynthetic capacity and the patchiness of photosynthetic quantum conversion across the leaf. Sun leaves of beech showed a higher photosynthetic capacity and differential pigment ratios (Chl a/b and Chls/carotenoids) than shade leaves. Profile analysis and histogram of the Chl fluorescence yield and the Chl fluorescence ratios allow to quantify the differences in photosynthetic activity between different leaf parts and between sun and shade leaves with a high statistical significance.     

Malate and Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate-dependent Nitrate Reduction in Spinach Leaf Protoplasts

Isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. Bloomsdale) leaf protoplasts reduced nitrate at rates of 9 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour in light with a 3- to 4-fold stimulation in the presence of HCO₃⁻. A similar stimulation of nitrate reduction in the absence of CO₂ fixation was obtained by the addition of malate, oxaloacetate (OAA), phospho-3-glyceric acid (PGA), or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Stimulation by malate and DHAP was light-independent, while the PGA and OAA effect was light-dependent. Nitrate reduction was found to be coupled to the cytoplasmic oxidation of DHAP or malate. The PGA/DHAP and OAA/malate shuttle across the chloroplast envelope has been demonstrated to support CO₂ fixation and/or nitrate reduction. The leaf protoplasts readily assimilated nitrate into amino-N in a stoichiometric relationship.     

建兰叶艺品种光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光特性分析

以建兰栽培品种‘八宝奇珍’Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Ba Bao Qi Zhen’为材料,对其正常绿色叶片及黄化变异叶片的光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数进行比较。结果表明,‘八宝奇珍’黄化变异叶片的叶绿素总量、叶绿素a 和叶绿素b 含量均显著低于正常绿色叶片,且随着黄化面积的增大呈现递减趋势;黄化变异叶片的初始荧光量(Fo)、最大荧光产量(Fm)、Kautsky 诱导效应最大荧光(Fp)、稳态光适应光化学淬灭系数(qP)以及光适应稳态荧光产量(Ft_Lss)均显著低于正常绿色叶片;PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)与正常绿色叶片无明显差异;稳态非光化学荧光淬灭系数(NPQ)高于正常绿色叶片。     

柳树叶浸提液对四尾栅藻生长特性及光合效率的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmusquadncauda）为研究对象,应用柳树（sn如babylonica）叶浸提液研究了其对四尾栅藻密度、细胞形态、叶绿素含量及光合效率的影响。结果表明：各浓度柳树叶浸提液处理组四尾栅藻密度均低于对照组,且较高浓度浸提液处理组藻密度更低。浓度为10g／L、20g／L和30g／L的柳树叶浸提液对四尾栅藻的最大抑制率分别为47．0％、54．6％和62．3％。根据浓度一效应关系方程,计算出对应的柳叶浸提液96h对四尾栅藻的半效应浓度（EC,。值）为23．32g/L.加入柳树叶浸提液后,四尾栅藻细胞边缘变得不规则,细胞体变透明,部分细胞溶解。在柳树叶浸提液作用下四尾栅藻叶绿素a含量始终保持在很低的水平。lO∥L、20∥L和30∥L处理组叶绿素含量最低分别为173．12t,g／L、124．18斗∥L、37．62斗g／L。实验开始第ld后各浓度柳树叶浸提液处理组Fv／Fm显著下降（P〈0．01）,第24d柳树浸提液浓度效应较为明显,大致是浸提液浓度越高,四尾栅藻PSⅡ最大光合效率越低。