Effectiveness of physical exercises for regulation of the functional state of six- to eight-year-old anxious children

The study aimed at optimizing the functional state (FS) of anxious six- to eight-year-old children showed that integrated use of physical exercises of a mainly aerobic character, relaxation training, respiratory exercises, and functional music is more effective in the long-term aspect than selective use of these means. Only physical exercises exert a marked influence in the FS of six- to eight-year-old anxious children under a stressful informational load. The use of other means of optimizing the FS appears to be less effective. The high effectiveness of physical exercises is determined by adaptive changes in the mechanisms of FS regulation in anxious children. Apparently, long-term adaptation to an adequate muscular activity ensures improved functioning of, and a better interaction between, the activating and inactivating structures of the modulating brain system located at different levels of the CNS, in particular, in the frontal cortical areas. It is emphasized that the peculiarities of the influence of different means of regulation of the FS on the body of anxious elementary school children are, largely determined by the immaturity of the frontothalamic regulatory system and the specifics of the functional organization of the limbic brain structures.     

Combined effect of ionizing radiation and exertion on various indices of non-specific resistance and immunity

The paper submits the results of studies on the combined effect of a single external (3 Gy) and chronic internal (90Sr, 11.1 X 10(5) Bq/kg/day) X-irradiation and physical exercises of different kind and intensity on some indices of nonspecific protection and immunity of albino mongrel rats and mice. Moderate physical exercises preceding irradiation diminish radiation injury to the parameters under study while intensive exercises and stress may aggravate the damages.     

Efficiency of use of physical exercises for management of the functional state of 6-8 year-old anxious children

In the research directed on optimisation of a functional state (FS) of disturbing children of 6-8 years, complex application of physical activities of mainly aerobic character, relaxation training is shown, that, respiratory exercises and functional music in long-term aspect selective use of considered means possesses more efficiency. At selective influence the expressed influence on FS disturbing children of 6-8 years in the conditions of intense information loading is rendered only by physical exercises. Application of other ways of optimisation FS is less effective. High effectiveness of use of physical exercises is caused by adaptable changes of mechanisms of regulation FS of disturbing children. Apparently, long-term adaptation to adequate muscular activity provides improvement of functioning and perfection of interaction activating and nonactivating structures of modulating system of the brain, localised on different levels the central nervous system (CNS) and, in particular, frontal departments of a bark. It is underlined, that features of influence of various receptions of regulation FS on an organism of disturbing children of younger school age are substantially caused by immaturity frontocortical-thalamic regulating system and specificity of the functional organisation limbic brain structures.     

The functional role of the beta-subunit in the maturation and intracellular transport of Na,K-ATPase.

The minimal functional enzyme unit of Na,K-ATPase consists of an alpha-beta complex. The alpha-subunit bears all functional domains of the enzyme and so far a regulatory role for the beta-subunit in the catalytic cycle has not been established. On the other hand, increasing experimental evidence suggests that the beta-subunit is an indispensable element for the structural and functional maturation of the enzyme as well as its intracellular transport to the plasma membrane. This brief review summarizes the experimental data supporting the hypothesis that assembly of the beta-subunit is needed for the alpha-subunit to acquire the correct, stable configuration necessary for the acquisition of functional properties and its exit from the ER.     

Possible implications in the use of exogenous phospholipids.

The development of new techniques has shed more light on the physical state of phospholipids within the living cell. This has helped in the development of new concepts of the structural inter-relationship of phospholipids with proteins and other natural constituents and also of their functional role (e.g. enzyme modulators). On the other hand, understanding of phospholipid behaviour within the biological environment has encouraged research into the possibility of assigning to these molecules the role of carriers for exogenous or endogenous biologically active agents. Possible applications of this carrier potential in biology and medicine are discussed.     

Common injuries of the athlete's hand.

Hand injuries are among the most frequent accidents seen in sports medicine. All too commonly they are considered trivial since the athlete may continue to participate actively and neglect his injury. The consequent delay in diagnosis and proper treatment may result in long-standing or even permanent disability. This paper describes the more commonly encountered hand injuries, their diagnosis and their optimal treatment. Included are soft-tissue injuries, ligamentous injuries, fractures and tendon avulsions. The basic principles applicable to skeletal and soft-tissue trauma of the hand, which physicians at all levels of sports medicine may encounter, are stressed.     

Whiplash injuries; diagnosis and treatment

Whiplash injury may extend far beyond the neck, and may involve even the soft tissues of the pelvis. For permanent recovery, all the injuries must be evaluated and treated together. When impact from the rear snaps the head back and then forward, posterior subluxations in the cervical spine cause anterior-posterior narrowing of the intervertebral foramina, which may result in injury to the cervical nerve roots. Impact at the front, causing hyperflexion followed by hyperextension, has a similar effect although usually not as severe. Resulting symptoms may not appear until two or three weeks later, when irritative lesions have developed because of hemorrhage or swelling. Mild or progressive degenerative changes may cause no symptoms but may predispose the affected area to injury following some slight trauma. Capsular ligaments of the lateral intervertebral joints are especially liable to whiplash injury which may give rise to scars and adhesions that compress spinal nerves. Sympathetic system involvement may cause reflex and referred pain. Detailed neurologic, roentgen and electromyographic studies may be necessary for proper evaluation of injuries. Seemingly psychosomatic pain or disability is likely to have some physical basis in whiplash injuries. In 33 patients with whiplash injury, some recently injured and some chronically disabled with persistent symptoms, good results were observed following hydromassage, hot packs, joint mobilization exercises and, in a few, cervical or pelvic traction.     

Endometriosis and physical exercises: a systematic review

Regular physical exercise seems to have protective effects against diseases that involve inflammatory processes since it induces an increase in the systemic levels of cytokines with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and also acts by reducing estrogen levels. Evidence has suggested that the symptoms associated with endometriosis result from a local inflammatory peritoneal reaction caused by ectopic endometrial implants. Thus, the objective of the present review was to assess the relationship between physical exercise and the prevalence and/or improvement of the symptoms associated with endometriosis. To this end, data available in PubMed (1985–2012) were surveyed using the terms “endometriosis and physical exercises”, “endometriosis and life style and physical exercises” in the English language literature. Only 6 of the 935 articles detected were included in the study. These studies tried establish a possible relationship between the practice of physical exercise and the prevalence of endometriosis. The data available are inconclusive regarding the benefits of physical exercise as a risk factor for the disease and no data exist about the potential impact of exercise on the course of the endometriosis. In addition, randomized studies are necessary.     

WHIPLASH INJURIES—Diagnosis and Treatment

Whiplash injury may extend far beyond the neck, and may involve even the soft tissues of the pelvis. For permanent recovery, all the injuries must be evaluated and treated together.When impact from the rear snaps the head back and then forward, posterior subluxations in the cervical spine cause anterior-posterior narrowing of the intervertebral foramina, which may result in injury to the cervical nerve roots. Impact at the front, causing hyperflexion followed by hyperextension, has a similar effect although usually not as severe. Resulting symptoms may not appear until two or three weeks later, when irritative lesions have developed because of hemorrhage or swelling. Mild or progressive degenerative changes may cause no symptoms but may predispose the affected area to injury following some slight trauma. Capsular ligaments of the lateral intervertebral joints are especially liable to whiplash injury which may give rise to scars and adhesions that compress spinal nerves. Sympathetic system involvement may cause reflex and referred pain.Detailed neurologic, roentgen and electromyographic studies may be necessary for proper evaluation of injuries. Seemingly psychosomatic pain or disability is likely to have some physical basis in whiplash injuries.In 33 patients with whiplash injury, some recently injured and some chronically disabled with persistent symptoms, good results were observed following hydromassage, hot packs, joint mobilization exercises and, in a few, cervical or pelvic traction.     

运动性急性肾损伤与新型肾功能生物标志物

大强度运动中,非创伤性急性肾损伤（acute kindey injury, AKI）经常发生,表现为血尿、蛋白尿、血红蛋白尿等。一般认为,中低程度的运动性急性肾损伤是可逆的,可完全恢复。但动物实验与人类研究均发现,严重的运动性肾损伤会导致“功能性”急性肾损伤发展为“结构性”急性肾损伤,并增加慢性肾病的风险。运动性急性肾损伤对机体的潜在健康威胁已引起国内外相关领域学者的广泛关注。血清肌酐 (serum creatinine, Scr)和尿量作为肾功能的传统经典标志物,不能特异性反映早期肾损伤,而新型肾损伤标志物可进一步明确损伤的位置及严重程度。在运动领域,利用新型生物标志物进行无创性检查,识别早期运动性急性肾损伤非常必要。本文综述了反映肾小球或肾小管损伤、细胞周期停滞和肾损伤修复的新型生物标志物,着重论述了尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL)和肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1)与肾功能的关系,以及长时间耐力运动、急性运动和高强度间歇阻力运动3种运动形式对肾功能的影响,旨在引起重视,精准识别风险,及时进行早干预。     

运动性急性肾损伤与新型肾功能生物标志物

大强度运动中,非创伤性急性肾损伤（acute kindey injury, AKI）经常发生,表现为血尿、蛋白尿、血红蛋白尿等。一般认为,中低程度的运动性急性肾损伤是可逆的,可完全恢复。但动物实验与人类研究均发现,严重的运动性肾损伤会导致“功能性”急性肾损伤发展为“结构性”急性肾损伤,并增加慢性肾病的风险。运动性急性肾损伤对机体的潜在健康威胁已引起国内外相关领域学者的广泛关注。血清肌酐 (serum creatinine, Scr)和尿量作为肾功能的传统经典标志物,不能特异性反映早期肾损伤,而新型肾损伤标志物可进一步明确损伤的位置及严重程度。在运动领域,利用新型生物标志物进行无创性检查,识别早期运动性急性肾损伤非常必要。本文综述了反映肾小球或肾小管损伤、细胞周期停滞和肾损伤修复的新型生物标志物,着重论述了尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL)和肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1)与肾功能的关系,以及长时间耐力运动、急性运动和高强度间歇阻力运动3种运动形式对肾功能的影响,旨在引起重视,精准识别风险,及时进行早干预。     

Factors influencing final range of motion in the fingers after fractures of the hand.

We evaluated 123 patients in which we treated 150 fractured fingers primarily. Sixty-seven percent of these fractured fingers required open reduction with internal fixation; the remainder had closed reduction with internal or external fixation, or immediate arthrodeses. Active and passive range-of-motion (ROM) exercises were usually begun within 3 days after injury. The active and passive ROM of all joints of each finger in the involved hand were measured at regular intervals until no further change in ROM occurred. An associated crush injury, a flexor or extensor tendon injury, or a skin loss (each) caused a significantly more frequent decrease in the final ROM of the unfractured fingers of the same hand. An associated joint injury, more than one fracture per finger, a crush injury, a flexor or extensor tendon injury, or a skin loss (each) caused a significant decrease in the ROM of the fractured fingers. After treatment of a simple fracture, the ROM in both the fractured and the unfractured fingers was essentially normal.     

Effects of acute upper-body vibration on strength and power variables in climbers

Whole-body vibration training has recently received a lot of attention with reported enhancements of strength and power qualities in athletes. This study investigated whether upper-body vibration would be able to augment muscular attributes for climbing performance. Twelve healthy active climbers volunteered for the study. All participants underwent 3 treatments--arm cranking (AC), upper-body vibration (UBV), and non-UBV (NUBV)--in a balanced random order, conducted on separate days. Upper-body vibration was generated via a commercialized electric-powered dumbbell with a rotating axis that delivered oscillatory movements to the shoulders and arms. The UBV treatment consisted of performing 5 upper-body exercises for a total duration of 5 minutes. The UBV frequency was set at 26 Hz, amplitude 3 mm. For the NUBV treatment, the participants performed the exact exercises and time constraints as UBV; however, the vibration dumbbell was set at 0 Hz and 0 mm amplitude. The third treatment consisted of AC, which was performed at 75 k.min(-1) for 5 minutes. Pre- and postmuscular performance measures of medicine ball throw, hand grip strength, and a specific climbing maneuver were performed after each treatment. There were no significant treatment differences on medicine ball throw, hand grip strength, and the specific climbing maneuver. Acute UBV exposure did not demonstrate the expected potential neuromuscular enhancements on the climbing performance tests selected for this study.     

Biomechanical outcomes and neural correlates of cutaneous reflexes evoked during rhythmic arm cycling

During walking cutaneous stimulation of the foot yields neural and mechanical reflexes that serve a functional purpose to correct or assist the ongoing movement. Concurrently, while cutaneous stimulation of the hand during rhythmic arm movement parallel the neural responses observed in the legs, studies of rhythmic arm movement have only limited mechanical measurements. Therefore it is difficult to determine whether reflex responses in the arms during rhythmic arm movement serve a functional purpose similar to those seen in the lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanical outcomes of stimulating a cutaneous nerve innervating the hand during arm cycling. We hypothesized that there would be measurable mechanical effects to cutaneous stimulation during arm cycling that function to correct or assist the task of arm cycling. Specifically, kinetic responses measured at the handle would be considered assistive if they were tangential to the arm cycling path in the direction of forward progression. Also, limb kinematic responses would be considered corrective if they allowed limb movement that would result in removal of the limb from stimulus while not altering the kinetic profile at the handle necessary for arm cycling progression. Participants performed seated arm cycling while EMG was recorded from the arm and trunk muscles, kinematic data was recorded from the right arm, and kinetic data was recorded from the handle. Cutaneous reflexes were evoked by stimulating the superficial radial nerve. The results show that there are observable mechanical responses to cutaneous stimulation of the hand during arm cycling. Subjects responded to cutaneous stimulation of the hand during arm cycling with significant changes in backward and lateral forces at the handle as well as wrist abduction/adduction and wrist flexion/extension kinematics. These responses, related to the task and phase of movement, are consistent with the anatomical location of the stimulus and are correlated to the neural responses. Therefore, these responses are comparable to functionally relevant responses in the legs during rhythmic movement. However, while there is a single observation of a kinematic corrective strategy, the kinetics measured at the handle are not tangential to the arm cycling path and therefore not considered an assistive response. Therefore, unlike the observations in the lower limbs, the mechanical responses during arm cycling are not clearly related to the functional context of the ongoing task.     

Efficacy of self-control and patience interventions in adolescents

Self-control and patience are character strengths predictive of positive developmental outcomes, but few interventions targeting their growth have been tested in adolescents. Moreover, interventions based on the limited-strength model of self-control have received considerable criticism, but few studies have tested moderation of interventions by motivational variables fundamental to computational and process models of self-control. To correct this deficiency, we tested the ability of three interventions—using one’s nondominant hand, engaging in cognitive reappraisal exercises, and tracking one’s schedule—to increase self-control and patience in 355 high school students (mean = 16.0 years; 59% female). The nondominant hand and schedule tracking conditions were found to increase self-control, patience, and well-being only when the perceived difficulty was low. Results suggest that the limited-strength model of self-control is insufficient and underscore the explanatory power of computational and process models that account for difficulty. Implications for constructing character interventions for adolescents are discussed.     

Use of Multiple-Site Performance-Contingent SEMG Reward Programming in Pediatric Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Review

We completed a retrospective review of the effectiveness of multi-site, performance-contingent reward programming on functional change in motor performance of 16 treatment resistant children. Patients were previously treated in physical or occupational therapy for head control, standing balance training, sitting and upper extremity use (brachial plexus injury). They then participated in a program that utilized multiple surface electromyography sites the use of which was rewarded with videos for performing the correct constellation of recruitment pattern (e.g., contracting some muscles while relaxing others). Onset of reward was calibrated for each patient and transfer of skill to outside the clinic was encouraged by linking a verbal cue to the correct motor plan. Fourteen of the 16 patients improved. The implications of the use of this technique in the treatment of motor dysfunction is discussed.     

Effect of physical work on the aging process in certain skeletal bones of the extremities]

The long-term investigation of the influence of physical exercise upon the structure of human skeleton revealed certain peculiar features in the process of developmental reconstruction of joints of the upper (humeral joint, hand joints) and lower (knee joint, the joints of the foot) extremities resulting from the occupation of the persons under study. Roentgen-anatomical studies performed in 433 industrial and 430 office workers established the fact of retardation and deceleration of ageing of the extremities bone system in representatives of physical labour as compared with office workers. So the significance of spectal physical exercises compensating the progressing with age hypodynamia in persons of non-physical labour gets special importance.