Phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of the cycloteline Therevinae (Insecta: Diptera: Thereavidae)

Twenty-one members of the Laurasian group of Therevinae (Diptera: Therevidae) are compared using 65 adult morphological characters. Cladistic analysis using parsimony on the 17 ingroup and 4 outgroup taxa provides a well-supported hypothesis of relationships among taxa within the Gyclotelini, tribe nov. The Cyclotelini is a monophyletic assemblage of mostly New World genera, including Anolinga , gen. nov. , Breviperna Irwin, Coleiana , gen. nov. , Crebraseta , gen. nov. , Cyclotelus Walker, Mesonana , gen.nov. , and Ozodiceromyia Bigot. In addition, three Old World genera, Ammothereva Lyneborg, Bugulaverpa , gen. nov. , and Procyclotelus Nagatomi & Lyneborg, are included in the tribe. These ten genera are divided into two monophyletic genus-groups, the Brevipema-group and the Cyclotelus-group. Keys are provided for the genera of Cyclotelini. The tribe, the two informal genus-groups, and all genera are diagnosed; five new genera and six new species are proposed. The biogeographical histories of the genera are discussed in terms of their cladistic relationships using methods of cladistic biogeography. Two major vicariant events account for the current distribution of the tribe. The first relates to the Beringian land bridge connecting western North America and eastern Asia. Second, New World cyclotelines were profoundly affected by the Early Eocene breakup of the archipelagic bridge between North and South America, and the distributions support the hypotheses favouring the continental origin of the Greater Antilles.     

First description of axymyiid fossils (Insecta: Diptera: Axymyiidae)

Two species of fossil insects from the Daohugou Formation of Chifeng City in Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, northeastern China are described, and recognized as Psocites pectinatus (Hong, 1983) nov. emend., nov. transl. and P. fossilis nov. sp. They are the oldest representatives of the family Callovian or Axymyiidae, and first described of this family in the Mesozoic. Although early the age of the fly-bearing beds is controversial, it is probably Oxfordian or Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) rather than Early Cretaceous or Middle Jurassic.     

Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in freshwater

Mosquitoes that inhabit freshwater habitats play an important role in the ecological food chain, and many of them are vicious biters and transmitters of human and animal diseases. Relevant information about mosquitoes from various regions of the world are noted, including their morphology, taxonomy, habitats, species diversity, distribution, endemicity, phylogeny, and medical importance. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

The Linnaean species of the family Tephritidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Linnaeus described nine species of Musca now placed in the Tephritidae. The Linnaean Collection was examined; a syntype of Tephritis hyoscyami and a possible syntype of Urophora solstitialis were identified. Syntypes of Tephritis arnicae, Urophora cardui and Rhagolelis cerasi were not found; specimens illustrated by Aldrovandi and de Reaumur are designated as lectotypes. No syntypic material of Euleia heracleii, Oxyna parietina, Terellia serratulae or Ensina sonchi could be found.     

Structure of the coxa and homeosis of legs in Nematocera (Insecta: Diptera)

Construction of the middle and hind coxae was investigated in 95 species of 30 nematoceran families. As a rule, the middle coxa contains a separate coxite, the mediocoxite, articulated to the sternal process. In most families, this coxite is movably articulated to the eucoxite and to the distocoxite area; the coxa is radially split twice. Some groups are characterized by a single split. The coxa in flies is restricted in its rotation owing to a partial junction either between the meron and the pleurite or between the eucoxite and the meropleurite. Hence the coxa is fastened to the thorax not only by two pivots (to the pleural ridge and the sternal process), but at the junction named above. Rotation is impossible without deformations; the role of hinges between coxites is to absorb deformations. This adaptive principle is confirmed by physical modelling. Middle coxae of limoniid tribes Eriopterini and Molophilini are compact, constructed by the template of hind coxae. On the contrary, hind coxae in all families of Mycetophiloidea and in Psychodidae s.l. are constructed like middle ones, with the separate mediocoxite, centrally suspended at the sternal process. These cases are considered as homeotic mutations, substituting one structure with a no less efficient one.     

有瓣蝇类分类、系统发育及演化

有瓣蝇类(Calyptratae)隶属于昆虫纲(Insecta)四大超适应辐射类群之一的双翅目(Diptera),占双翅目已知物种多样性的近20%。有瓣蝇类分布广泛,生物学习性极为多样,在维系生态系统稳定中发挥着重要作用,是媒介、法医、传粉和天敌昆虫学研究领域的热点类群,也是探究双翅目系统演化及其成功适应辐射的关键类群。为了还原有瓣蝇类的演化历史,许多著名昆虫学者先后对该类昆虫开展过不同层面的研究。有瓣蝇类的单系性得到了普遍支持,并被分为3个总科——虱蝇总科(Hippoboscoidea)、蝇总科(Muscoidea)和狂蝇总科(Oestroidea),其中单系的狂蝇总科与多系的蝇总科聚为一支,再与虱蝇总科成为姐妹群。在科级阶元水平,蝠蝇科(Streblidae)(虱蝇总科)、花蝇科(Anthomyiidae)(蝇总科)、丽蝇科(Calliphoridae)(狂蝇总科)、邻寄蝇科(Rhinophoridae)(狂蝇总科)等类群的单系性仍有待验证,且新的科仍在不断被建立［如粉蝇科(Polleniidae)、乌鲁鲁蝇科(Ulurumyiidae)］,因此,有瓣蝇类科级系统发育关系仍不十分明晰。已有研究对虱蝇总科虱蝇科(Hippoboscidae)、蝠蝇科、蛛蝇科(Nycteribiidae),蝇总科蝇科(Muscidae)、粪蝇科(Scathophagidae),狂蝇总科麻蝇科(Sarcophagidae)、狂蝇科(Oestridae)胃蝇亚科(Gasterophilinae)的演化历史进行研究,明确了起源与扩散、寄主转移、取食策略等关键生物学习性的演化历史。但由于部分关键类群生活史信息的缺失,以及尚未有效解决的系统发育关系,有瓣蝇类演化历史仍有许多待解之谜。本文综述了有瓣蝇类分类、系统发育及演化研究进展,是在系统学研究进入系统发育基因组学时代后对该类群相关研究进展的首次全面总结。     

History of tachinid classification (Diptera,Tachinidae)

The history of the classification of the Tachinidae (Diptera) is traced from Meigen to the present. The contributions of Robineau-Desvoidy, Townsend, Villeneuve, Mesnil, Herting, Wood and many others are discussed within a chronological, taxonomic, and geographic context. The gradual development of the Tachinidae into its modern concept as a family of the Oestroidea and the emergence of the classificatory scheme of tribes and subfamilies in use today are reviewed. Certain taxa that have in the past been difficult to place, or continue to be of uncertain affinity, are considered and some are given in a table to show their varied historical treatments. The more significant systematic works published on the Tachinidae in recent decades are enumerated chronologically.     

The Linnaean Species of the Families Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Linnaeus described eleven species in the genera Musca and Conops that are now placed in the Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae. A study is presented of the types and other material of these three families in his collection.     

Ptychopteridae (Insecta: Diptera): History of its study and limits of the family

Paleontological Journal - The history of the study of extant and extinct ptychopterids is reviewed. The morphology of the ptychopterid imago and preimaginal stages is discussed. Synonymy of...     

Immature stages of Polytocus costatus (Diptera: Helosciomyzidae) from The Snares islands,New Zealand

Abstract

The mature larva and puparium of Polytocus costatus Harrison are described, illustrated, and compared with immature stages of other cyclorrhaphous Diptera.     

Local biodiversity and multi-habitat use in empidoid flies (Insecta: Diptera, Empidoidea)

The empidid fauna of four small adjacent biotopes bordering a pond was investigated for 2 consecutive years in Brittany (France). Adult activity was studied using yellow water traps, whereas suitable larval habitats were determined using emergence traps. While 24 species emerged from the soils, 45 flew above the four sites. The number of species emerging from each site was nearly identical. However, the highest number of individuals emerged from the heathland and numbers rapidly declined towards the pond banks. On the contrary, the greatest aerial activity occurred in the woodlot and near the pond banks. Fourteen times less flying activity was found above the dry heathland. The latter appeared to be a site of larval growth but mating and feeding of the adults took place in the woodlot. Reproduction sites and space used by the adults differed among the dominant species. The species assemblage could not be fully explained within the spatial limits of the four sites. Considering the species'behaviour, it is suggested that immigration of species and individuals from other sites should explain these differences. The study, which is supported by four other research works, emphasizes the role of key resource played by ecotonal zones between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the persistence of species over a larger set of habitats. Considering the complementarity of habitats is essential to explain diversity patterns in species which need different space units to complete their life-cycle.     

基于28S rRNA基因序列的常见有瓣蝇类的系统发育

用中国产双翅目有瓣蝇类6科15种和GenBank中登录的5科6种有瓣蝇类昆虫的28SrDNA序列片段组合成7科21种,进行同源性比较。应用Mega3.0软件,探讨了28S rRNA基因在有瓣蝇类的分子进化机制;以黑腹果蝇Drosophilia melanogaster为外群,NJ和MP法构建了上述类群的分子系统树。研究结果表明:在获得的698bp的序列中,有126个变异位点,101个简约信息位点;A T含量平均为68.8%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性。分子系统树中,所有内群聚为一支,支持有瓣蝇类为一单系。内群分别聚为2大支:丽蝇科和麻蝇科关系较近于寄蝇科,组成较进化的狂蝇总科;蝇科与花蝇科聚合的类群为蝇总科,上述结果与现代形态分类系统相同。但粪蝇科和厕蝇科脱离蝇总科,与狂蝇总科聚为一支,与现代形态分类系统不一致。     

Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) from four protected areas in the state of Pernambuco,Brazil

New records and distributional notes of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) are provided for four protected areas in the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Additionally, we also present new records and update of distributional ranges from Brazil and the Neotropical Region. In total, 810 specimens belonging to 35 genera within the subfamilies Chironominae (22 taxa), Tanypodinae (11 taxa) and Orthocladiinae (2 taxa) were found. The subfamilies Chironominae and Tanypodinae predominated. Axarus Roback, 1980 Roback, S.S. (1980), ‘New name for Anceus Roback nec Anceus Risso’, Entomological News, 91, 32.[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] and the Tanytarsus ortoni-group were recorded for the first time in the state of Pernambuco, while Nanocladius Kieffer, 1913a Kieffer, J.J. (1913b), ‘Nouvelle étude sur les Chironomides de l'Indian Museum de Calcutta’, Records of the Indian Museum, 9, 119–197. [Google Scholar] was recorded for the first time in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Our results make evident how much and where current knowledge of the northeastern Brazil chironomids remains fragmentary.     

Differentiation and diversification of follicular cells in polytrophic ovaries of crane flies (Diptera: Nematocera: Tipulomorpha and Trichoceridae)

To gain insight into the evolution of differentiation pathways that are involved in the follicular cells' morphogenesis in dipteran ovaries we have undertaken the comparative morphological analysis of the follicular cell behavior in crane flies, representatives of more ancestral nematocerous flies. This analysis revealed that initially the organization of the follicular epithelium in the species under study shows significant similarities to that reported in the ovaries of true flies (Brachycera), indicating that the ancestors of dipterans must have evolved a common and specific system of the early patterning of their follicular epithelium. On the other hand, in contrast to Drosophila and other advanced brachycerans, the follicular cells in the studied nematoceran ovaries do not exhibit any migratory activity. Instead, they were found to change their relative position but only within the epithelial layer. These "translocations" appeared to depend merely on cell shape changes. Although the "immobility" of the follicular cells in the ovaries of crane flies results in the lower number of their specialized subgroups when compared with the true flies, the functional homology between particular subsets of follicular cells can be postulated. We suggest that the anterior polar cells and the micropyle forming anterior terminal follicular cells in crane fly ovaries have their counterparts in the brachyceran anterior polar cells and border cells, respectively.     

Phytogeny of the nematocerous families of Diptera (insecta)

The relationships of the nematocerous families of Diptera are cladistieally analysed using the parsimony programs PAUP and Hennig86. An extensive review, as well as a data matrix, is presented for 98 almost exclusively morphological characters (larva, 56; pupa, 6; adult, 36). Four infraorders are recognized, viz , Ptychopteromorpha, Culicomorpha, Blephariceromorpha, Bibionomorpha, and a clade containing the 'higher Nematocera' and Brachycera. Traditionally the family Nymphomyiidae or the infraorder Tipulomorpha (=Tipulidae, with or without Trichoceridae) are considered the most basal clade of the extant Diptera. On the basis of our cladistic analysis it is suggested that the Ptychopteromorpha-Culicomorpha clade is the sister-group of all other extant Diptera. We provide evidence that the Axymyiidae are part of a monophyletic Bibionomorpha. The latter infraorder is proposed as the sister-group of the higher Nematocera and Brachycera. We transfer the Tipulidae (Tipulomorpha) to the higher Nematocera, at a position next to Trichoceridae and near the Anisopodidae-Brachycera lineage. Previous hypotheses concerning nematocerous relationships are reviewed.     

A systematic reappraisal of the Australian Aphroteniinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) with dating from vicariance biogeography

Abstract. The chironomid subfamily Aphroteniinae is revised for the Australian fauna. The larval-based genus Anaphrotenia Brundin is synonymized with Aphroteniella Brundin, and Anaphrotenia lacustris Brundin with Aphroteniella filicomis Brundin, and all stages redescribed and illustrated. A second Australian species, Aphroteniella tenuicornis Brundin, has been reared and the larva is described and the pupa and male redescribed here.
Paraphrotenia fasclpennis Brundin, previously known only from the Australian type locality, is reported from a second site. The pupa and previously unde-scribed female adult are described and figured.
Aphrotenia Brundin, previously known only from Cape Province, South Africa, is recorded from Australia through Aphrotenia australiensis , newly described here and taking the authorship of Hergstrom. An unreared and unnamed larva of Aphrotenia is described and figured.
Aphrotenia , and thus the subfamily, can be dated through a vicariance paradigm substantiated by a Cretaceous fossil record, to a minimum of 120 m.y.b.p.
Keys are given to larva, pupa and adults of the Australian Aphroteniinae.     

应用形态、染色体和分子特征研究我国雷氏按蚊的分类鉴别(双翅目:蚊科)

为确定可靠的雷氏按蚊Anopheles lesteri Baisas et Hu.1936分类鉴别特征,对采自不同地区的雷氏按蚊进行了形态、染色体和分子特征的观察和分析。检视了辽宁、广东现场标本,江苏实验室品系的成蚊、虫卵特征,描述了染色体核型,并测定了采自广东、辽宁、河南和云南4省的现场标本,以及江苏、海南和广西实验室品系的核糖体DNA间隔2区（ITS2）和D3序列。结果显示成蚊、虫卵形态变异较大,不具备稳定、明确的鉴别特征;染色体核型具有多态现象,性染色体X、Y分别有3个和2个类型,可分为染色体型A与B;唯有ITS2分子序列具有客观、稳定的种间差异,系雷氏按蚊可靠、可行的鉴别特征。