糖和膜脂的相互作用：脂质体稳定性的研究

糖对脂有保护作用。在有糖存在的条件下,可使载药脂质体先处于干燥状态,当其再水化时,脂质体内含物不漏出,并完好地保持脂双层结构。本文详细地阐明了糖对脂保护作用的分子机理：阻止膜融合,降低膜脂的主相变温度,抑制侧向相分离,抑制双层→非双层的相变等,并阐述了糖对膜保护作用在实际应用中的前景。     

正交试验法优选PP1脂质体的制备工艺

目的:制备PP1脂质体,筛选最优处方。方法:用薄膜水化法制备PP1脂质体,以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定PP1脂质体的包封率,以包封率为主要指标,选取药脂比、胆固醇磷脂比、温度和水化时间为因素,用正交试验筛选最优配方。结果:用薄膜水法制备的PP1脂质体的最优处方的组成为:药脂比为1:10,胆固醇与二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)比为1:8,温度为40℃,水化时间为3 min。平均包封率为(63.27±3.32)%。PP1脂质体的平均粒径为(157.73±9.74)nm,Zeta电位为(-4.74±0.44)m V。结论:用薄膜水化法制备出的PP1脂质体包封率高,形态和粒径均匀,重现性好,为研究其在眼部的缓释作用奠定了基础。     

Ca~（2＋）与含β－桐酸磷脂脂质体的相互作用

通过测定含β－桐酸（β－ＥＳＡ）的双棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱（ＤＰＰＣ）脂质体在加入Ｃａ（２＋）后浊度,粒度及内包荧光物释放的变化,研究了Ｃａ（２＋）与ＤＰＰＣ／β－ＥＳＡ脂质体的相互作用,结果表明,ＤＰＰＣ／β－ＥＳＡ脂质体是一类对外加Ｃａ（２＋）敏感的脂质体,Ｃａ（２＋）的作用首先是引起脂质体间的集聚然后使脂质体融合;此时加速脂质体内包荧光物的释放。     

Ca~（2＋）与含β－桐酸磷脂脂质体的相互作用

通过测定含β－桐酸（β－ＥＳＡ）的双棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱（ＤＰＰＣ）脂质体在加入Ｃａ（２＋）后浊度,粒度及内包荧光物释放的变化,研究了Ｃａ（２＋）与ＤＰＰＣ／β－ＥＳＡ脂质体的相互作用,结果表明,ＤＰＰＣ／β－ＥＳＡ脂质体是一类对外加Ｃａ（２＋）敏感的脂质体,Ｃａ（２＋）的作用首先是引起脂质体间的集聚然后使脂质体融合;此时加速脂质体内包荧光物的释放。     

羊奶果根瘤侵入线和被侵染细胞的亚显微结构

羊奶果根瘤的侵入线总是在几个相邻细胞的细胞间隙中出现。在根瘤发生部位未根毛的变形。侵入线似一囊状物,其内含物有丝状物和基质,侵和主线的壁部分或全部加厚,并与周围的寄主细胞壁相连。侵入线呈多种形态,在被侵染细胞中,细胞核膨大,并分叉变成指状核。     

羊奶果根瘤侵入线和被侵染细胞的亚显微结构

羊奶果根瘤的侵入线,总是在几个相邻细胞的细胞间隙中出现。在根瘤发生部位未出现根毛的变形。侵入线似一囊状物,其内含物有丝状物和基质,侵入线的壁部分或全部加厚,并与周围的寄主细胞壁相连。侵入线呈多种形态,在被侵染细胞中,细胞核膨大,并分叉变成指状核。随着细胞的衰老,被侵染细胞中的内生菌、细胞器也逐渐消失。     

包有蓖麻毒蛋白的脂质体的制备,性质及毒性研究

以半乳糖神经酰胺（ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｙｌｃｅｒａｍｉｄｅ,ＧＣ）为材料,采用冷冻干燥脱水再水化法（ＤＲＶ法）制成包裹有蓖麻毒蛋白的半乳糖神经酰胺脂质体（ｒｉｃｉｎＧＣＬｓ）并对其性质及体外细胞毒性和动物毒性做了研究,实验结果表明,ｒｉｃｉｎ－ＧＣＬｓ的最大包封率可达７４．１％,粒度分布主要在０．５～０．８μｍ之间,符合静脉注射液的标准,脂质体冻干粉在４℃储存近半年,粒度分布几乎没有变化,体外细胞毒性     

牛胰多肽(BPP)与脂质体的相互作用——对脂质体通透性的影响

本文报导用测量脂质体内含物羧基荧光素(CF)释放的荧光方法,研究BPP对脂质体通透性的影响,结果表明去氧胆盐(DOC)促进CF的漏出,增加脂质体的通透性,BPP抑制CF的释放,降低通透性,保护膜结构.从而进一步闸明BPP具有细胞保护作用的机理.     

胆碱脱氢酶与脂质体的重组

 用预先制备的脂质体与含Triton X-100的胆碱脱氢酶保温随后用Bio-beadsSM-2去除去垢剂而使酶重组到脂质体,Triton X-100的浓度,磷脂-蛋白比,Mg~(2+),pH等均影响重组,脂质体的大小在重组中不是关键因素,重组酶的活力比纯化酶增加70％,重组酶对PMS的Km,相转变温度及活化能均与线粒体内膜接近而不同于纯化酶。     

害虫防治用玫烟色拟青霉分生孢子粉的干燥工艺优化

用液－固两相法生产的玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Pfr116菌株的分生孢子粉,在高真空冷冻干燥,高真空室温抽干,35℃下烘干和低真空低热干燥条件下进行不同程序的干燥处理,以筛选适合该菌孢子粉生产的干燥工艺条件。结果表明,低真空（0.1MPa),低热（30℃）抽干20－24h的干燥方法最适合用于该菌孢子粉的干燥,既能保证含水量在9.0%以下,又能保证87％以上的活孢率和1130亿－1310亿／g的含孢量,而且操作简便,成本较低,可作为高纯度孢子粉生产的首选干燥工艺,高真空（15.86Pa)条件下无论冻干还是室温抽干,虽然孢子粉的含水量（2．2％－8．7％）和含孢量（1270亿－1360亿/g)指标符合生产要求,但活孢率仅62％,说明该菌孢子不适合在高真空条件干燥,在35℃下烘干24h所获孢子粉含水量,24h萌发率和含孢量分别为9．6％,82．8％和1200亿／g。该方法也可在生产中应用,但其活孢率显著低于（P＜0．05）,低真空低热抽干≤24h的孢子粉。     

透明质酸修饰的绿原酸脂质体对U14宫颈癌荷瘤小鼠的抑制作用

目的:对透明质酸(HA)靶向绿原酸(CA)脂质体(HA-CA脂质体)进行处方筛选,以及对U14宫颈癌小鼠的抑制作用实验。方法:筛选制备HA-CA脂质体的方法,并以磷脂比、药脂比、PBS的p H为单因素考察指标通过正交实验筛选最优处方;采用透析袋法考察HA-CA的体外释放;Bal b/c小鼠右腋皮下接种U14宫颈癌瘤株,连续尾静脉注射给药14 d后,摘取瘤体称重,并计算肿瘤生长抑制。结果:采用薄膜分散法制备脂质体,最优处方为磷脂比为4:1,药脂比为1:30,PBS的p H为7.4。HA-CA脂质体与CA脂质体释放曲线基本一致,都具有一定的缓释效果。48 h时,HA-CA脂质体和CA脂质体的累计释放度分别为78.39%、83.01%。HA-CA脂质体对U14宫颈癌小鼠的抑瘤率为60.39%,与阳性对照组环磷酰胺相当,高于CA和CA脂质体。结论:HA-CA脂质体由于其具有主动靶向配体HA的修饰,使其抑制U14宫颈癌裸鼠的效果明显高于CA和CA脂质体。     

Liposome biodistribution by time resolved fluorimetry of lipophilic europium complexes

The use of conventional fluorophores suffers from some limitations in biological fluids due to low signal/background ratio. Today, this sensitivity issue might be reasonably improved thanks to lanthanide chelates, by selective detection of long decay fluorescence. Use of pulsed light source time-resolved fluorimetry takes into account the fluorescence decay time of the lanthanide chelates to gain sensitivity in biological media. Lipid-DTPA: Eu compounds have been prepared and incorporated into liposomes to evaluate europium based detection of liposomes in biological media. Fluorescence emission was not modified by this incorporation. Europium labelled liposomes were used for biodistribution studies and showed their use in this context.     

Effects of oral administration of positively charged insulin liposomes on alloxan diabetic rats: preliminary study.

Insulin encapsulated in liposomes of various lipid compositions were prepared. The amount of insulin trapped in these liposomes increased in the order, negatively charged liposomes less than neutral liposomes less than positively charged liposomes. In positively charged liposomes, the amount of insulin trapped increased with increase in the amount of amphiphile stearylamine. Under the conditions tested, the highest insulin content (about 50%) was obtained with liposomes composed of phosphatidyl choline/cholesterol/stearylamine in a molar ratio of 7/2/2.25. These liposomes were stable on incubation for 3 hr at 37 degrees C in solutions of pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin, and after these incubations, a considerable amount of insulin was still associated with the liposomes. However, the liposomes released almost all the insulin into the medium on treatment with bile. When the liposomes were administered orally to rats in the 3rd phase of acute alloxan diabetes, reduction of the blood glucose level was observed in 7 of 11 animals, the reduction persisted for several hours and was ranging from 30 to 75%. In alloxan diabetic rats showing hyperglycemia for 3 to 6 months, the liposomes also increased the glucose tolerance in half the animals tested.     

Permeability and integrity properties of lecithin-sphingomyelin liposomes.

The properties of multibilayered liposomes formed from mixtures of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine in varying mole ratio (all containing one mole dicetylphosphate per 10 moles of phospholipids) have been studied. The principal findings are: (1) Over the range 0 to 1 mole fraction sphingomyelin the liposomes exhibit multibilayer structure as visualized by electron microscopy using negative staining. (2) The two phospholipids differ in their interaction with dicetylphosphate in a bilayer structure. In mixtures of the two the effect of sphingomyelin is dominant. (3) The ability of sphingomyelin to form osmotically active liposomes depends on its fatty acid's composition. (4) Liposomes of all mole fractions of sphingomyelin are osmotically active if the C24: 1 fatty acid content of sphingomyelin exceeds 10% of the total acyl residues. The degree of osmotic activity, however, depends upon the molar ratio between the two phospholipids. The highest initial rate of water permeability was found for lecithin liposomes. The maximal change of volume by osmotic gradients was obtained for liposomes composed of 1:1 lecithin to sphingomyelin (mole ratio). (5) Permeability to glucose increased with increasing lecithin mole fraction. (6) Liposomes composed of 1:1 lecithin to sphingomyelin have the largest aqueous volume per mole of phospholipid as measured by glucose trapping. (7) The osmotic fragility of liposomes made of sphingomyelin is higher than for those made of lecithin but the highest osmotic fragility was obtained for liposomes containing lecithin and sphingomyelin in 1:1 molar ratio. (8) When the temperature is abruptly lowered to about 2 degrees C, lipsomes formed from phosphatidylcholine release about 20% of trapped glucose during a transient increase in permeability. Liposomes containing 0.5 mole fraction sphingomyelin release about 30% of the trapped glucose under these conditions. Liposomes composed of sphingomyelin alone do not exhibit this phenomenon.     

Cholesterol efflux from bovine sperm. I. Induction of the acrosome reaction with lysophosphatidylcholine after reducing sperm cholesterol

Methods were developed to quantitatively reduce the cholesterol (Chol)/phospholipid (PL) ratio of bovine sperm and to determine the effectiveness of this treatment in capacitating sperm. Washed sperm (2 × 10⁸) were incubated in 1.0 ml of modified Tyrode's solution (TS) containing unilamellar liposomes of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and [¹⁴C]-Chol (35:35:30 molar ratio, 300 nmol total PL). [³H]-triolein was included as a nonexchangable marker. After 90 min at 39°C, a 13% net exchange of [¹⁴C]-Chol from liposomes to sperm was observed (n = 4), and sperm motility was 80%. Sperm were then washed and 50 × 10⁶ sperm were incubated as before with PC/PE liposomes containing no Chol. After 90 min, sperm were separated from liposomes by centrifugation. Measurement of [¹⁴C]-Chol in the liposomes (supernatant) and parallel gas chromatographic analysis of extracted, saponified liposomes (n = 4) indicated that 30% of sperm Chol was removed by this procedure. Chol efflux decreased percent motile sperm by less than 10% but reduced sperm velocity by more than 50%. Sperm incubated with no liposomes (control), with liposomes containing Chol ( + Chol), and with Chol-free liposomes (—Chol) were washed and resuspended in TS with 0.2% BSA and 30 μg lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)/mg bovine serum albumin (BSA). Percent sperm undergoing the acrosome reaction (AR) upon incubation with LPC-BSA was used as a measure of sperm capacitation. After 60 min of exposure to LPC-BSA at 39°C, the mean (± SE) percent motile sperm for control, +Chol, and —Chol treatments was 57.0 ± 4.9, 60.0 ± 4.7, and 57.0 ± 6.8, respectively. Corresponding values for percent AR were 14.0 ± 3.4, 20.3 ± 4.4, and 39.7 ± 1.2. These results suggest that loss of Chol from bovine sperm may be an early step in sperm capacitation in this species.     

Modified and derived ethanol injection toward liposomes: development of the process

A modified and derived ethanol injection (MDEI) process was developed to produce liposomes. The aim of the present study was to more efficiently control the vesicle diameter than with the conventional ethanol injection method. A hot ethanolic solution of lipids (60°C) was injected into a hot aqueous buffer (70°C). Then, ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The size of the liposomes could be controlled by the ratio of ethanol to hydroalcoholic solution before evaporation. The concentration of lipids, the charge of lipids, and the type of aqueous phase had little effect on the vesicle diameter when the process involved a ratio of 33% (v/v) ethanol. In addition, it was possible to obtain lipid concentrations 10- to 30-fold higher that the conventional ethanol injection method. The encapsulation of a hydrophilic compound was feasible with this MDEI process. The observation by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy revealed that these liposomes were predominantly unilamellar at a ratio as high as 33 or 50% (v/v) ethanol. Thus, the results showed that MDEI is an appropriate alternative for the manufacture of liposomes with respect to the ethanol injection process.     

Comparison of cholesterol-phospholipid interaction in bilayers of liposomes and the red cell membrane

The energetics of interactions of cholesterol with phospholipid in simple liposome bilayers were compared with those in the bilayer of the human erythrocyte membrane, by measuring cholesterol distribution between erythrocytes and liposomes prepared from their whole phospholipid extract. With liposomes of a range of initial cholesterol contents, the equilibrium value for $\text{r}$, the ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid in the liposomes to that in the cells, is in the range 1.1–1.2. The closeness of this value to 1.0 indicates that overall cholesterol-phospholipid interaction in the cell membrane is similar to that in liposomes. However, while the deviation from 1.0 is small, and could arise from average cholesterol-phospholipid interactions in the membrane being only 0.06 to 0.1 kcal · mol^?1 weaker than in liposomes, it could also result from 10 to 20% of the cell membrane phospholipid being unavailable to mix with cholesterol.     

Entrapping of hydrophobized plague capsular antigen into large unilamellar liposomes

The entrapping of a plague capsular antigen into the liposomes, prepared by the "reverse phase" evaporating method, was investigated. Both the native antigen and the antigen modified by palmitoylchloride were used. The entrapping of the modified antigen into the liposomes was greater than that of the native one: 46.1 +/- 5.4% and 3.7 +/- 2.7%, respectively. The highest content of the antigen on the membrane surface was observed when using palmitoylized protein and liposomes with egg lecithin, cholesterol and dicethylphosphate in the molar ratio 7:2:1.     

Extemporaneous preparation of large unilamellar liposomes

Direct contact between lipids solubilized by octyl glucoside and Amberlite XAD-2 beads yielded large liposomes (240 nm diameter) with no residual detergent molecules, in less than 10 min. This extemporaneous preparation of liposomes was prepared with a detergent/bead ratio no higher than 0.12 (mumol/mg) and a phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine/cholesterol molar ratio of 1:1:1. The liposomes were mainly unilamellar, as deduced from thin section and freeze-fracture electron micrographs and from measurement of calcein incorporation into the vesicles. The relatively large internal volume of these vesicles (8.9 l/mol lipid) accounts for the high percentage of entrapped material observed. The percentage increased with lipid concentration, but could not be increased above 20% corresponding to 20 mM total lipids.     

Structure Relationship of Cationic Lipids on Gene Transfection Mediated by Cationic Liposomes

The aim of this study was to investigate the transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes formulated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) and novel synthesized diethanolamine-based cationic lipids at a molar ratio of 5:1 in comparison with Lipofectamine™ 2000. Factors affecting transfection efficiency and cell viability, including the chemical structure of the cationic lipids, such as different amine head group (diamine and polyamine; and non-spermine and spermine) and acyl chain lengths (C14, C16, and C18) and the weight ratio of liposomes to DNA were evaluated on a human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) using the pDNA encoding green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-C2). Characterizations of these lipoplexes in terms of size and charge measurement and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed. The results from this study revealed that almost no transfection was observed in the liposome formulations composed of cationic lipids with a non-spermine head group. In addition, the transfection efficiency of these cationic liposomes was in the following order: spermine-C14 > spermine-C16 > spermine-C18. The highest transfection efficiency was observed in the formulation of spermine-C14 liposomes at a weight ratio of 25; furthermore, this formulation was safe for use in vitro. In conclusion, cationic liposomes containing spermine head groups demonstrated promising potential as gene carriers.Key words: cationic lipids, cationic liposomes, gene transfection